不同形貌碳酸钙颜料粒子的制备及在喷墨印刷中的应用

目的研究碳酸钙颜料粒子的形貌对喷墨打印涂层性能的影响。方法通过改变分散剂的种类制备不同的碳酸钙颜料粒子,并通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FT-IR)、粒径分析仪对制备的颜料粒子进行表征,研究分散剂种类对颜料形貌和粒径的影响。将4种不同形貌的碳酸钙分别作为颜料,将其应用于喷墨打印纸的表面涂层,并测试涂布纸张的动态渗透性、物理性能、喷墨打印性能。结果 CMC作为分散剂有助于形成粒径分布均匀的球形碳酸钙颜料粒子;纺锤形碳酸钙颜料粒子有助于提高涂布纸的平滑度和光泽度;球状体碳酸钙颜料粒子有助于改善涂布纸的喷墨印刷性能和渗透性;颜料粒子的粒径分布均匀性对涂布纸的动态渗透性影响较大,其影响超过颜料粒子形貌对涂布纸渗透性的影响。结论粒径分布均匀的球状体碳酸钙颜料粒子最适合用于喷墨印刷涂层,可以提高纸张的物理性能、印刷性能和动态渗透性能。     

Stability study of nanopigment dispersions

The use of organic pigments rather than dyes for printing ink applications in aqueous systems gives an adequate response in terms of image durability. The main issue with pigments for printing applications is the low stability of their suspensions. Due to the hydrophobic character or high surface energy of the particles, they tend to aggregate into bigger particles with eventual settling. In this paper we present a study of particles size, zeta potential (ζ), absorbance and other properties of suspensions prepared with hybrid (intercalated dye-clay) pigment. A stability study was carried out by an encapsulation with anionic PSS [poly (sodium 4-styrenesulfonate)] and cationic PDADMAC [Poly (diallyldimethylammonium-chloride)] polyelectrolytes to improve the stability of the pigment particle suspensions. Preliminary studies indicate the ionic characteristic of the pigment particle, and the stability of their suspension in aqueous media can be improved by the coating with PDADMAC.     

Kinetics of depletion of a population of hydrating cement particles

In this paper the effects of the particle size and distribution of a population of hydraulic cement particles, and the rate of growth of the hydrating layer or coating surrounding the individual cement particles on reaction kinetics are presented. The shrinking core model is incorporated to yield a relationship between the volume percentage hydration and the initial particle size distribution. Subsequently, the coating growth velocity as a function of the hydrate layer thickness is deduced.     

降低超细高氯酸铵感度的方法研究

为了降低超细高氯酸铵(AP)的机械感度,以十八烷胺为包覆剂,经气流粉碎工艺,制备了超细AP包覆粒子。通过对超细AP包覆粒子进行粒度分析、SEM分析、DSC分析及感度检测,研究了超细AP包覆粒子的包覆效果、热分解特性及感度特性。试验结果表明:超细AP包覆粒子,粒度为D50=5.8μm,表面有包覆层存在;超细AP包覆粒子的感度,与超细AP样品相比,当包覆剂质量分数为1%时,撞击感度降低31.2%,摩擦感度降低12.0%;当包覆剂质量分数为3%时,撞击感度降低34.5%,摩擦感度降低22.0%,且包覆剂用量越大,撞击感度和摩擦感度越低;但包覆剂对AP的热分解会产生一定的负面影响,质量分数应≤1%。     

Microencapsulation by a Solvent-Free Supercritical Fluid Process: Use of Density, Calorimetric, and Size Analysis to Quantify and Qualify the Coating

Coating of microparticles or microencapsulation is a widely used operation in which a thin layer of a coating agent is deposited onto a solid particle. Currently, the technique faces two challenges: being solvent-free and being applicable for coating particles smaller than 80 microns. In this work, several techniques are used to test the feasibility of a new solvent-free coating process using supercritical fluid technology. Some model microparticles, glass beads, and an active compound (AC) are coated with Precirol®, which is a mixture of fats. The process involves two steps: first supercritical CO₂ is dissolved in molten Precirol®, then the melt solution is sprayed onto the host particles by a rapid expansion. The particles coated in this way are examined by particle size analysis, environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM), and IR spectrophotometry. Also mass ratios of host particle to coating are evaluated using both helium pycnometry to determine sample density and calorimetry to measure the heat of fusion of the coating agent. The results show that these analytical techniques can be used for qualitative analysis as well as quantification of the coating. Thus they give relevant information on reproducibility and feasibility of the new process.     

Flexible ceramic-reinforced polyurethane composite coatings on synthetic fibres: Process of continuous liquid film coating and its influence on the coating thickness

A concept for the realisation of composite layers on the surface of synthetic fibres by continuous liquid film coating of spread roving or monofilaments with a slurry containing ceramic particles and a polymeric binder is successfully demonstrated. Polyamide 6 monofilaments were coated with alumina particles and a polyurethane elastomer based binder system to achieve higher abrasion resistance. Under frictional load, the coating is abraded in small units consisting of some particles and the surrounding polyurethane matrix, which predetermines it to be used as sacrificial layer. The slurries showed shear thinning behaviour. Increasing the content of the rheological agent (carboxymethylcellulose [CMC]) led to an exponential increase of the viscosity, which therefore can be tailored by varying the CMC content. An increase of fibre radius, slurry viscosity or withdrawal speed led to an increase of the coating thickness, which is in accordance to published results of Newtonian or non-Newtonian coating fluids.     

Use of a polymer-treated mineral pigment in paper coatings

Mineral particles intended for the coating of paper and board were surface-treated with a copolymer based on styrene and acrylic acid. The mineral pigment used was ground CaCO₃. The polymer was grafted to the mineral by first adsorbing the acrylic acid to the surface and then allowing this monomer to take part in the polymerization with the styrene. The grafting was performed in the aqueous phase, which was considered to be a prerequisite. The surface treatment of the mineral particles markedly improved the surface strength of papers coated with these pigments. This was interpreted as being a result of improved compatibility between the surface-treated pigment and the synthetic binder used in the coating layer. The surface treatment caused some decrease in the gloss of the coated papers but appeared otherwise not to impair important properties of the coated product. To some extent the surface treatment was also applied to kaolin particles. An improvement in the surface strength of papers coated with the modified particles was also observed with this pigment.Originally presented in part at the TAPPI Coating Conference, Montreal, Quebec, 19–22 May 1991.     

碱土铝酸盐长余辉发光颜料表面包膜的研究

采用四乙氧基硅(TEOS)为硅包膜剂,在SrAl₂O₄:Eu²⁺,Dy³⁺发光颜料颗粒表面进行包膜,通过扫描电镜(SEM)、粒度测量、BET比表面积测试及X射线光电子能谱(XPS)分析,证实发光颜料颗粒表面包覆了一层厚度约为14nm的致密均匀的SiO₂纳米膜.耐水性能及发光性能测试表明,包膜后发光颜料耐水性明显改善,发光性能变化较小.分析表明包膜过程实际上是水合二氧化硅在颜料颗粒表面的溶胶-凝胶过程,其最佳工艺条件为:包膜溶液pH约为10;包膜温度控制在80℃;包膜时间为3.0h.     

Corrosion protection and formation mechanism of anodic coating on SiCp/Al metal matrix composite

The corrosion protection from sulfuric acid anodized coatings on 2024 aluminum and SiC particle reinforced 2024 aluminum metal matrix composite (SiC_p/2024Al MMC) in 3.5 wt.% NaCl aqueous solution was investigated using electrochemical methods. The results show that the anodized coating on 2024Al provides good corrosion protection to 3.5 wt.% NaCl, and the anodized coating on the SiC_p/2024Al MMC provides some corrosion protection, but it is not as effective as for 2024Al because non-uniformity in thickness and cavities present are associated with the SiC particulates. Cavities above SiC particles are the reason that the anodized coating on the MMC cannot be completely sealed by hot water as with anodic Al alloy. SiC particle anodizes at a significantly reduced rate compared with the adjacent Al matrix. This gives rise to alumina film encroachment beneath the particle and occlusion of the partly anodized particle in the coating. It was found that the barrier layer of anodized Al MMC is not continuous, and it is composed primarily of the barrier layer of anodized Al matrix and a barrier-type SiO₂ film on occluded SiC particles in the coating. A new formation mechanism of coating growth during anodizing of a SiC_p/2024Al MMC was proposed.     

Polar studies of the sphericity degree of V/HTR nuclear fuel particles

Advanced nuclear power reactor designs such as (Very) High Temperature Reactors (V/HTR) employ TRISO fuel particles that typically have a sub-millimetre U-based fuel kernel coated with three isotropic ceramic layers—a layer of silicon carbide sandwiched between pyrocarbon layers of different density. Evaluation of the ceramic layer thickness and of the degree of sphericity of these typical nuclear fuel particles is required at each step of the fabrication, in order to estimate future fuel performance under irradiation conditions. This study is based on the image processing of polished cross-sections, realized near the equatorial plane. From these 2D images, some measurements are carried out, giving an estimation of the diameter values for a sample of particles at each step of the coating process. These values are then statistically extended to the third dimension in order to obtain the thickness of each layer and the degree of sphericity of each particle. A representation of diameter and layer thickness in polar coordinates enables one to identify steps for which the coating process is defective or deviating from nominal objectives.     

Effect of coating of graphite particles with polyaniline base on charge transport in epoxy-resin composites

Investigations of charge transport, in epoxy resin composites of graphite particles coated with a non-conducting polyaniline-base layer, showed that particle shape and surface structure may crucially affect the percolation behaviour of the systems. In contrast to the gradual increase in the DC conductivity of composites in the range 20–52 vol.% for pure graphite particles, due to their fragmentary nature, a steep rise of several orders of magnitude in conductivity, appeared in composites of graphite particles coated with 10 wt.% of polyaniline base at a particle concentration 50 vol.%. The frequency and temperature dependences indicate that, in both cases, at the maximum loading used (52 vol.%), the obtained material had ohmic conductivity. In contrast, the conductivity of epoxy composites of graphite particles, coated with 20 wt.% of polyaniline base, only slightly increased over the whole range of particle concentrations. These findings suggest that, in the case of 10 wt.% polyaniline coating, due to the irregular surface structure, a certain amount of uncoated material is present, which enables the formation of conducting contacts with ohmic conductivity in the percolation area. The 20 wt.% polyaniline coating forms a compact non-conducting layer on the surface of the graphite particles, thus preventing electrical contact.     

钛合金表面氩弧熔覆原位合成TiB_2-TiN显微组织与形成机理

以BN和Ni60A合金粉末作为预置涂层,采用氩弧热源在Ti6Al4V合金表面原位合成陶瓷颗粒复合涂层。经过热力学计算和扫描电子显微镜线扫描分析,利用X射线衍射仪进行涂层物相分析,确定陶瓷颗粒为TiB2和TiN。利用扫描电子显微镜观察微观组织形貌,并探讨TiB2-TiN颗粒的形成机理。实验结果表明,采用适宜的熔覆材料合金粉末成分和熔覆工艺参数,可以获得TiB2-TiN颗粒复合涂层,TiB2形态呈棒状和细条状,TiN形态呈颗粒状。颗粒尺寸细小,分布均匀,且与基体冶金结合。复合涂层的显微组织沿层深方向分为熔覆区、结合区和热影响区。     

热处理对二氧化钛表面二氧化硅包膜的影响

通过单流匀速滴定法在二氧化钛颗粒表面均匀包覆一层二氧化硅,系统地研究热处理温度对这层硅包覆层的形貌和相组成的影响;采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)和傅立叶红外光谱仪(FTIR)等手段对包硅二氧化钛颗粒进行表征。结果表明:150℃热处理形成连续致密的硅二氧化硅覆层;500℃热处理3 h后形成岛状二氧化硅膜;700℃热处理后形成不连续的硅二氧化硅覆层,并有脱落的倾向;当温度升到1 000℃时,硅二氧化硅覆层会脱落,二氧化钛的粒径增大,大约在1 000℃,二氧化硅包覆层结晶化。     

Microstructural investigation of plasma-sprayed aluminum coatings

Although plasma-sprayed coatings have been used extensively in industry, limited studies have been carried out on the microstructural details. In this program scanning and transmission electron microscopy, combined with other techniques, were used to examine the grain morphology in plasma-flame-sprayed aluminum coatings.In plasma spraying, the initial particles which impinge onto the cold substrate solidify at rates comparable with those obtained by splat quenching. Since such particles are responsible for the bonding between the coating and the substrate, the first layer has received the central emphasis in this study. Because subsequent layers experience lower cooling rates, a non-uniform grain morphology is obtained which is substantially affected by the particle morphology.The topography of the surface on which the particles impinge is shown to play a decisive role with respect to the orientation of the grains within each particle. These morphological details are considered in the light of models proposed for splat quenching. Another important factor in grain morphology is the position of the particle within the coating. For aluminum, the layers adjacent to the substrate contain highly oriented elongated grains, with the longitudinal axis perpendicular to the substrate. However, because of heating by the flame itself, the particles located away from the substrate are composed of large, equiaxed and randomly oriented grains.Finally, the reaction of the molten droplets with the plasma effluent and the surrounding environment is considered. Oxidation and porosity result when aluminum is sprayed in air. The oxidation of the particles results in a thin layer of oxide which (i) hinders particle-particle interaction and thus results in the formation of interparticle pores and (ii) provides a path for crack propagation and failure, which can occur by delamination. The pore structure of the coating was investigated and correlated with fractography.     

Construction and characterization of a sputter deposition system for coating granular materials

In many modern ceramic or metal matrix composites the interface between the matrix and the reinforcements (particles or fibres) plays an important role. Either no or only weak mechanical bonding is observed or severe reactions between the matrix and the filler during the manufacturing process take place. A method to promote adhesion or to avoid severe reactions is to use coated reinforcements. A uniform film can act as an adhesion promoter, a compliant layer, a reaction inhibitor or a promoter of thermal transport across the interface.The aim of this work was to construct a particle coating system based on magnetron sputter deposition which allows to keep the particles or the granular material in motion during the deposition process to guarantee a homogenous coating on every single particle. As particles to be coated diamond granulates and carbon fibres were investigated. For transparent diamond particles the uniformity of a metallic coating could be evaluated by transmission optical methods and was found to be quite high. Carbon fibres, on the other hand, could only partially be coated due to agglomeration and shadowing effects. The system presented here can be considered as suitable for coating spherical or close to spherical granular matter.     

Controlled adsorption of titanium(IV) oxide particles on electroplated zinc coatings to improve the corrosion resistance of chromium(VI)‐free conversion layers

Adsorption of nano‐scaled titanium(IV) oxide particles on electroplated zinc is performed by a simple dip‐coating technique in an aqueous titanium(IV) oxide suspension prepared with a stirred media mill. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and X‐ray fluorescence spectroscopy are carried out to investigate the composition of the zinc surface and the thickness and porosity of the adsorbed titania films. The zinc surface formed during the electrodeposition process is of oxyhydroxide nature and the thickness of the adsorbed titania particle layer is controlled by the pH value and the solid concentration of the suspension. In the range of 10 wt.%–30 wt.% titanium(IV) oxide, a linear dependence between the titania film thickness and the solid content of titania particles in the suspension is found. Highest film thicknesses are obtained in alkaline media (pH≥9). At 13.5 wt.% titania particles and pH values below pH = 2.4, the titania particle film is not closely packed and the zinc layer underneath is still visible in electron microscopy, which is a prerequisite for imbedding these particles by a thin second zinc layer for formation of a robust chromium(VI)‐free passivation layer containing the titania particles.     

Performance of multilayered particles: influence of a thin cushioning layer

Nowadays, oral dosage forms with controlled release kinetics have known an increasing interest. The polymer coating of drug-loaded particles is one of the most common methods used for controlling drug delivery. Such multilayered particles could be either filled into capsules or compressed into tablets for their oral administration. However, many studies have noticed that coating films are damaged during the compression process, leading to significant changes in drug release profiles. The aims of this study were to investigate the effects of a thin cushioning layer [made of HydroxyPropylMethyl Cellulose (HPMC)] applied on coated theophylline particles upon particle characteristics, tablet properties, and then upon their dissolution performance. If no significant effect was shown with particles, this thin HPMC layer played an important role in the tablets. Tablet cohesiveness was decreased due to HPMC cushioning properties and moreover, the theophylline release rate was increased, as HPMC is a water-soluble polymer creating channels in polymer film for dissolution medium. Therefore, a cushioning layer helped to protect polymer coats from fracture during compression but could also affect drug release and so, both effects must be checked in such a drug delivery system.     

核壳结构型纳米CaCO3-SiO2.nH2O复合粒子的制备

在搅拌槽式反应器中,以用超重力法合成的纳米 ＣａＣＯ３和 Ｎａ２ＳｉＯ３为原料,用溶胶－凝胶技术制备具有核壳结构的纳米 ＣａＣＯ３－ＳｉＯ２·ｎＨ２Ｏ复合粒子　用 ＸＰＳ、 ＴＥＭ、 ＸＲＤ等方法对粒子的化学组成、形貌、晶型等作了分析和表征     

STABILITY OF CONCENTRATED COLLOIDAL DISPERSIONS IN APOLAR MEDIA

The stability of concentrated colloidal dispersions of submicron carbon black particles in solutions of Aerosol-OT in p-xylene is discussed. Electrostatic and electrodynamic forces compete leading to coagulation of the primary particles resulting in increasing particle radius. Growth continues until electrostatic stabilisation dominates. These stable dispersions are characterised by particle size, electrophoresis and Theological measurements. The effect of ionic strength is studied and discussed in terms of fundamental electric double layer theory. This work is of significance to practical concentrated dispersions in media where the dielectric constant is very low     

Infrared emittance of medium containing nonsphere-shaped particles

The scattering and absorption sections of cylinder- and sheet-shaped particles in a binder have been investigated. The IR emittance of a coating layer composed of randomly arrayed particles embedded in the binder has been calculated in terms of the size of the particles, the volume fraction occupied by the particles, and the complex refractive indices of the particle and the binder as well as the emittance of the substrate. The calculation shows that the inhomogeneous medium including sheet-shaped particles can have lower emittance than that including cylinder- or sphere-shaped particles.