Focusing characteristics of curvilinear half-open Fresnel zone plate lenses: plane wave illumination

A diffraction field-focusing equation based on a specific conical-segment linearization procedure is derived for the Fresnel zone plate (FZP) lens of arbitrary curved profile and is applied for contrasting plane, spherical, parabolic and conical zone plate lenses, convex-side illuminated by a paraxial plane wave front. Two sets of 100-GHz curvilinear and plane FZP lenses are studied numerically with regards to their dimensions, axial focusing intensity and footprint, and frequency bandwidth. For the first set , where the curvilinear and plane lenses share a common lens base aperture and have equal focal lengths, the following new finding has resulted: regardless of their different in shape profiles the FZP lenses have equal zone numbers and produce similar axial focusing. The second set also consists of plane, spherical, parabolic and conical lenses. They share a common apex, and have equal in diameter base apertures and focal lengths but different thicknesses. For such disposition and proportions, the FZP lenses possess different zone numbers and focusing parameters (gain, efficiency, footprint and bandwidth). The belief that the curvilinear FZP have superior (or inferior) electromagnetic characteristics, compared to those of the plane FZP lens with equal number of zones is not in general true. Their relative focusing qualities can vary significantly depending on the lens positioning and dimensions.     

A Full Electromagnetic Analysis for the Soret and Folded Zone Plate Antennas

Antennas based on the Soret and folded zone plates are analyzed using the body-of-revolution finite-difference time-domain method. Parametric studies of the focusing performance of these antennas are performed by varying the number of zones, the focal length, and the diameter of the zone plate. The results of the studies provide insight into the factors that influence the performance of these zone plate antennas and are used to generate accurate design graphs. The full analysis is validated by comparison with previously measured data for an integrated-circuit zone plate antenna     

Curvilinear Fresnel-Zone Plate Lens Antenna: Vector Radiation Theory

A generalized vector diffraction theory of the half-open curvilinear Fresnel zone plate (FZP) tens antenna that is valid for any lens profile shape is presented. It is an extension to the vector Kirchhoff diffraction theory for the plane half-open FZP lens antenna and is based on the conical-segment lens profile approximation. An equation for the electric far-field vector is derived from which follow the expressions for the co- and cross-polarization radiation patterns and directive gain. The proposed theory is utilized for a numerical analysis and comparison of 140-GHz curvilinear half-open FZP lens antennas grouped in two distinct sets:

1. (a)
   Set I: antennas with different in shape FZP lenses (plane, conical, parabolic and spherical) having the same number of zones. All eurvilinear FZP antenna lenses are designed for similar gain, co- and cross-polarization performance and bandwidth, regardless of the lens-profile.
    
2. (b)
   Set II: antennas with different in shape FZP lenses and different number of zones. Since this affects gain, polarization and bandwidth performance, to make the characteristics of these FZP lens antennas practically equal to those of Set I, antenna feeds with different gain patterns have been used.
    

     

Reconfigurable Fresnel-Zone-Plate-Shutter Antenna with Beam-Steering Capability

A reconfigurable Fresnel-zone-plate (FZP) antenna, capable of dynamic beam scanning, is introduced. The FZP consists of a series of thin metal shutters, which discretize the antenna aperture into a number of reconfigurable transparent and opaque zones. The shutters are individually controlled to focus the beam at a desired location. Beam scanning of at least +40deg from broadside with a small degradation in gain is possible in one plane using this design. This paper examines the effects of zone discretization on the ideal radiation patterns using full-wave numerical modeling. These effects are then verified by the measurements of a prototype antenna designed at 23 GHz.     

A diversity antenna for very small 800-MHz band portable telephones

A diversity antenna comprising a short whip antenna top loaded with a small cylinder and a new built-in antenna has been developed for very small portable telephones in the 800-MHz band. Wire-grid analyses and whip antenna experiments yielded good radiation characteristic results when the equivalent electrical length of the whip antenna equalled a half wavelength. The built-in antenna features extreme compactness, its size being one-third that of a conventional planar inverted-F antenna. The characteristics were investigated experimentally, and an antenna of 3.5 cc volume with a gain of -1 dBd and a bandwidth of 30 MHz was designed at 879 MHz. Finally, the diversity characteristics were subjected to field measurements and a diversity correlation of 0.26 was obtained     

Compound Fresnel Zone Lens Conformal to Truncated Cone: Antenna Application

A millimeter wave antenna consisting of two Fresnel zone plate lenses, plane and conical, is examined numerically by use of the vector diffraction theory. The lenses are of Wood-Wiltse (double-dielectric) or Soret (half-open) type, and are designed for the frequency of 117 GHz. The lenses are made conformal to a truncated circular cone with a base diameter of 500 mm and a plateau diameter of 250 mm. Designs for two opening semi-angles, 45° and 75° each of them with a particular lens thickness are presented. For the angle of 90° the cone lens becomes a plane ring lens, which in combination with the plateau zone lens forms a plane lens of size equal to the cone base diameter. Illuminated by directive feeds set at a focal distance of 525 mm from the cone apex, the double-dielectric and half-open compound and plane lenses, form three pairs of Fresnel zone lens antennas, the co-polar and cross-polar radiation characteristics of which have been compared numerically. The double-dielectric lens antennas examined are about 5 dB superior in gain to the half-open lens antennas, which has a gain of approximately 45 dBi. Because all lenses are of equal transverse aperture, the corresponding lens antennas exhibit the same ?3 dB beamwidth of about 0.33 degrees. The plane zone lens antenna is very thin and simple. Instead, the antenna comprising a 3-D compound Fresnel zone lens is thicker but can be made conformal to a specific surface shape and possesses more levels of design and optimization freedom.     

宽带平面螺旋天线的研究与设计

平面螺旋宽带天线具有频带较宽、体积较小、圆极化性能较好等特点,应用范围很广。但是这种天线增益较低,馈电匹配较难实现,尤其是前者,使得其性能大打折扣。通过研究影响平面螺旋宽带天线增益和馈电匹配的主要因素,设计了2~7GHz范围内的宽频带平面螺旋天线。理论分析和仿真实验结果表明,对改善平面螺旋宽带天线的性能有一定的工程参考价值。     

Conical Double-Dielectric Fresnel Zone Lens and Antenna

A conical double-dielectric phase-reversal Fresnel-zone plate (FZP) lens is introduced. We present the lens design equations as functions of cone opening angle. As an example, the phase-reversal lens has been applied to four millimeter-wave antennas with different lens opening semi-angles: 45deg, 60deg, and 75deg (conical lenses) and 90deg (plane lens). The radiation characteristics of these antennas have been calculated and contrasted one-to-another, and to those with the same semi-angles and linear dimensions binary (half-open) FZP lens antennas. The double-dielectric FZP conical arrangement can serve as a conical antenna lens and a radome simultaneously     

Fresnel zone plate antennas at millimeter wavelengths

The performance characteristics of Fresnel zone plates are described with emphasis on applications at millimeter wavelengths. Recent results are included along with a summary from numerous earlier investigations. Parameters described include design information, efficiency, bandwidth, focal characteristics, off-axis performance, axial intensity dependence, aberrations, and far-field pattern. Both transmission and reflection configurations are discussed, mostly for cases where the focal length and diameter are comparable. This type of zone plate has advantages (compared to a lens or paraboloid) of reduced loss, weight, volume, and cost, as well as simple planar construction, with similar diffraction-limited beamwidth and major sidelobe performance, but lower efficiency.     

Optimum Design of Millimeter-Wave Double-Dielectric Fresnel Zone-Plate Lens and Antenna

The microwave/millimeter-wave Fresnel-zone plate (FZP) lenses differ substantially in construction, technology and applications from their optical analogs and require specific design equations and methods of electromagnetic analysis. In this paper, optimum design equations for double-dielectric lossless FZP lens are derived. The best and worst choices of the permittivity ratio for lossless dielectrics are discussed in detail. In addition, the influence of dielectric losses on the lens thickness for given wavelength and permittivities is examined. Two versions of a 57.5-GHz double-dielectric phase-reversal zone plate are used as focusing elements of FZP lens antenna. The antenna co-polar and cross-polar radiation patterns, aperture efficiency and frequency bandwidth are analyzed numerically and contrasted with those of half-blocked FZP and horn lens antennas.     

一种基于折合式平面反射阵天线的毫米波高增益滤波天线

提出了一种基于折合式平面反射阵天线的毫米波高增益滤波天线设计方法,将极化敏感的频率选择表面替代传统的极化栅,用作折合式平面反射阵天线的副反射面.基于基片集成波导技术设计了极化敏感的频率选择表面,该频率选择表面对于线性极化入射波情况下具有较低的插入损耗,同时可几乎全反射对应正交极化的入射波.得益于频率选择表面的频率选择特...     

平板裂缝天线的结构设计

平板裂缝天线可满足雷达系统对天线增益高、副瓣低、体积小、重量轻的要求,所以它的设计和制造已受到普遍关注。针对雷达系统对平板裂缝天线的要求,从平板裂缝天线的结构组成、结构设计、载荷的确定和力学分析等几个方面介绍了平板裂缝天线的结构设计特点,并提出了平板裂缝天线结构设计今后的发展方向,对类似的天线结构设计有一定的借鉴作用。     

Emitter-wrap-through photovoltaic dipole antenna with solar concentrator

A novel photovoltaic dipole antenna employing a solar concentrator as a reflector is proposed. Four identical emitter-wrap-through rear contact solar cells connected in series as a folded dipole are simultaneously used for power generation and as the antenna radiating element, which is located in the focal line of a parabolic solar concentrator. The parabolic structure acts as a solar concentrator for the photovoltaic cells as well as a reflector for the folded dipole antenna. Full-wave electromagnetic simulation with supportive experimental work validates this design. The measured fractional impedance bandwidth and gain were 21% and 11.1 dBi, respectively. The antenna/solar arrangement provide a power output of 73.7 mW for an irradiance of 1000 Wm^-2.     

金属器件对手机内置单极天线性能的影响

提出一种常规的平面双频单极天线,在折叠手机闭合模式下,重点从天线的谐振频率、带宽和增益3个参数角度出发,分别研究了金属器件:扬声器、电池与该平面双频单极天线的相对位置关系,以及对天线性能的影响。并利用HFSS软件优化功能,寻找出扬声器和电池板对平面单极天线性能影响最小的位置组合关系。最后制作了实际模型,与测试验证的仿真结果基本吻合。     

An analysis of the performance of a handset diversity antennainfluenced by head, hand, and shoulder effects at 900 MHz .I. Effectivegain characteristics

A diversity antenna for portable telephones, which Is composed of a whip antenna and a planar inverted F-antenna (PIFA) operating at 900 MHz, has been analyzed. The analysis includes the electromagnetic effects of a human operator. Wire-grid analysis yielded the radiation efficiency, mean effective gain, correlation coefficient, and diversity gain characteristics under various incident wave propagation environments with whip length, head-to radio separation, and inclination of the radio from the vertical as parameters. The analysis has been carried out using a homogeneous human phantom model, which includes a head, a hand, and a left shoulder. The effective gain characteristics in multipath propagation environments is described. The analytical results indicate the structural and environmental requirements for designing the diversity antenna with a high diversity effect under practical use conditions     

Design and measurement of beam reconfigurable antenna based on folded dipole structure

A reconfigurable antenna based on a folded dipole structure has been designed to operate at 2.45 GHz. The antenna consists of a folded dipole and a reflector. Depending on the states of the switches, the antenna symmetrically changes its shape and thus steers the beam pattern. The measured reflection coefficient and radiation pattern are presented. Also, the antenna is shown to have a larger gain with the reflector than without.     

一种新型宽频带折合平面单极子手机天线的设计与分析

本文设计了一种新型微带馈电的折合平面单极子手机天线，采用时域有限差分法（FDTD）计算并分析了新型折合平面单极子天线几何参数对其性能的影响．实际测试发现，FDTD方法分析所得结果与实验结果基本一致,该天线具有结构简单、宽频带、馈电方便、便于集成等特点，为第三代移动通信手机天线增加了一种新选择.     

60 GHz triple folded reflector antenna

A planar reflectarray is used in a triple folded configuration to realise an antenna with low profile and ease of fabrication. At 60 GHz, design and results of two antennas with a diameter of 90 mm and a height of 12.5 mm only are presented     

一种用于卫星电视接收的FZP天线

本文用物理光学法对ＦＺＰ反射器的聚焦场、聚焦效率及偏轴扫描特性等进行初步分析，并由此提出一种使用ＦＺＰ天线实现多颗卫星信号同时接收的技术方案。原理性样机实际接收结果证实了其可行性     

加载介质透镜的超宽带平面螺旋天线设计

针对乳腺癌检测、成像等医疗领域对天线高增益及宽频带的需求,研究设计了一款加载介质透镜的超宽带平面螺旋天线。该天线采用双臂平面阿基米德螺旋天线作为辐射单元,在辐射臂外围间隔一定距离处加载金属圆环以改善驻波性能,并由指数渐变式微带巴伦作为馈电结构。天线顶部加载介质透镜,底部设置金属圆台形反射背板,实现了调整波束形状和提高天线增益的目的。加装圆柱形天线罩后天线高度约为87.53 mm,直径约为46.50 mm。仿真结果显示,天线在3－12 GHz 工作频带内回波损耗小于-10 dB,辐射方向图呈现良好的定向辐射特性,实测结果与仿真结果基本一致。