Radar cross section of arbitrarily shaped bodies of revolution

The radar cross section (RCS) of an arbitrarily shaped, homogeneous dielectric body of revolution (BOR) is evaluated by the surface integral equation (SIE) formulation and the method of moments. Method accuracy is verified by the good agreement with the exact solutions for the RCS of a dielectric sphere. To demonstrate the advantages of this method, the RCS for a complex BOR model of human torso is computed with a nonaxially incident plane wave. Seven Fourier modes are considered in the computation. The SIE and approximate integral equation (AIE) formulations are next given for the RCS evaluation of a composite dielectric and conducting BOR. For the cases considered, both formulations give the same surface currents and RCS results. However, significant savings in computer storage and CPU time are realized for the AIE approach, since only one current (electric or magnetic) need be determined for RCS evaluation     

A full-wave analysis of an arbitrarily shaped dielectric waveguideusing Green's scalar identity

An integral equation analysis is proposed to determine the phase constant of an arbitrarily shaped dielectric waveguide. The main feature of this approach is the use of Green's scalar identity in which only simple contour integrals have to be evaluated. Different scalar Green's functions are considered to satisfy the boundary conditions for the electric and magnetic fields in each region. This approach is combined with the boundary element technique with linear elements for the computation. The case of the rectangular dielectric image waveguide is discussed. and numerical results are shown to be consistent with other theories and experiments. The cases of hollow rectangular and semicircular image waveguides are analyzed, and numerical results are presented     

A tetrahedral modeling method for electromagnetic scattering by arbitrarily shaped inhomogeneous dielectric bodies

A method for calculating the electromagnetic scattering from and internal field distribution of arbitrarily shaped, inhomogeneous, dielectric bodies is presented. A volume integral equation is formulated and solved by using the method of moments. Tetrahedral volume elements are used to model a scattering body in which the electrical parameters are assumed constant in each tetrahedron. Special basis functions are defined within the tetrahedral volume elements to insure that the normal electric field satisfies the correct jump condition at interfaces between different dielectric media. An approximate Galerkin testing procedure is used, with special care taken to correctly treat the derivatives in the scalar potential term. Calculated internal field distributions and scattering cross sections of dielectric spheres and rods are compared to and found in agreement with other calculations. The accuracy of the fields calculated by using the tetrahedral cell method is found to be comparable to that of cubical cell methods presently used for modeling arbitrarily shaped bodies, while the modeling flexibility is considerably greater.     

Numerical solution of time domain integral equations for arbitrarily shaped conductor/dielectric composite bodies

In this work, we present a numerical solution of the coupled time domain integral equations to obtain induced currents and scattered far fields on a three-dimensional, arbitrary shaped conducting/dielectric composite body illuminated by a Gaussian electromagnetic plane wave pulse. The coupled integral equations are derived utilizing the equivalence principle. The solution method is based on the method of moments and involves the triangular patch modeling of the composite body, in conjunction with the patch basis functions. Detailed mathematical steps along with several numerical results are presented to illustrate the efficacy of this approach.     

任意形状天线罩的快速分析

将自适应积分算法与体积分方程相结合分析任意形状天线罩对天线辐射特性的影响。将任意形状的天线罩剖分成四面体，基于体积分方程的自适应积分快速算法求出天线罩上的感应电流，即可求出天线-天线罩系统的总场。自适应积分快速算法的应用提高了矩量法的计算速度，并大大缩减了需要的存储量，从而使该方法可用于分析电尺寸较大的天线罩.最后,分别计算了球形、锥形天线罩存在时理想电振子阵列的辐射方向图。     

Stability analysis of the Green's function method (GFM) used as an ABC for arbitrarily shaped boundaries

The time-domain discrete Green's function of the external region beyond a given boundary has been recently introduced as a discretized version of the impedance condition. It is incorporated within the framework of the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) as a quasi-local, single-layer boundary condition, termed the Green's function method (GFM). The stability characteristics of this method are provided. The analysis is based on the general representation of the method in matrix form, whose eigenvalues are investigated. This formulation helps detect and remove possible instabilities of the algorithm. A demonstration of the ability of the GFM absorbing boundary condition (ABC) to deal with re-entrant corner problems is given.     

Computer-aided analysis of a finite arbitrarily shaped dielectric antenna

A numerical method of analysis is developed to determine the characteristics of a homogeneous dielectric antenna of arbitrary shape based on a general expression of electromagnetic wave scattering by a homogeneous dielectric body derived by Barrar and Dolph. This method is tested on a dielectric-disk antenna.     

Green's function matrices of arbitrarily terminated nonuniform transmission lines

It is shown that the Green's function matrix of an arbitrarily terminated nonuniform transmission line can be readily determined, provided an analytical form of its ABCD parameter matrix is known. The procedure is illustrated with reference to the exponential line.     

Numerical analysis of arbitrarily shaped discontinuities betweenplanar dielectric waveguides with different thicknesses

An approach that combines the finite-element and boundary-element methods is applied to the analysis of arbitrarily shaped discontinuities between planar dielectric waveguides with different thicknesses. The fields interior and exterior to the region enclosing the discontinuities are treated by the finite-element method and the boundary-element method, respectively. The waveguide regions connected to the discontinuities are handled by analytical solutions. In this approach, scattering characteristics of the discontinuities can be accurately evaluated, and far-field radiation patterns can be easily calculated. To show the validity and usefulness of this approach, the scattering characteristics of a step, a staircase transformer, and a tapered transformer are analyzed. Also, a simple equivalent network approach is introduced for estimating the reflection and transmission characteristics of planar dielectric waveguide discontinuities, and the effectiveness of this simple approach is confirmed by comparing the numerical results with those of the approach that combines the finite-element and boundary-element methods     

IR LASER BACKSCATTERING FROM AN ARBITRARILY SHAPED DIELECTRIC OBJECT WITH ROUGH SURFACE

The backscattering of light wave from arbitrarily convex dielectric objects withrough surface is investigated and formulas for calculating the backscattering cross-section of bothcoherent and incoherent fields are obtained.In the infrared wave-band,the influence of the ge-ometry,permittivity and statistical characteristics of the rough surface on LRCS is analyzed,byusing rough sphere and ellipsoids as examples.     

任意形状导体介质混合目标的瞬态电磁散射特性分析

通过建立自由空间内多个导体介质混合目标的理论模型,根据电磁场等效原理和边界条件,建立了求解任意形状导体介质混合目标散射特性的时域电场积分方程(TDEFIE).导出了TDEFIE的时间步进算法(MOT)矩阵方程,并应用基于隐式MOT算法的TDEFIE对任意形状导体介质混合目标进行了瞬态分析,其数值结果说明了该算法的有效性.     

LOT coding for arbitrarily shaped object regions

Two coding methods for arbitrarily shaped objects in still images using the lapped orthogonal transform (LOT) are proposed. The LOT is applied to the projection onto convex sets (POCS) based algorithm and the shape adaptive-discrete cosine transform (SA-DCT) with the even number of basis vectors. Simulation results show improved reconstruction quality compared with the conventional methods.     

Stripline-fed arbitrarily shaped printed-aperture antennas

A full-wave analysis method is presented for modeling the radiation properties of a stripline-fed planar printed-aperture antenna element. In this formulation, both the finite length of stripline and the finite aperture may be of any arbitrary shape since their equivalent electric and magnetic currents are modeled with triangular patch basis functions. Galerkin's method is applied to numerically solve the coupled mixed-potential integral equation (MPIE). Exact spatial-domain Green's functions are used to account for all radiation, surface-wave, and mutual-coupling effects. Interactions between the stripline feed and the radiating aperture are rigorously included. Numerical analysis is presented for the following nonrectangular shapes: an exponentially tapered slot, an annular slot, an annular slot with opposing stubs, and a monofilar Archimedean spiral slot element. Results are shown for input return loss, radiation patterns, and axial ratio for the circularly polarized elements     

Analysis of arbitrarily shaped dielectric radomes using adaptive integral method based on volume integral equation

The adaptive integral method (AIM) is employed to solve the volume integral equation (VIE) for analyzing the radiation of the antenna with an arbitrarily shaped radome. Small dipoles are used as exciting sources. Modeling the radomes by tetrahedron cells, the induced volume current is determined by the AIM based on VIE. The application of AIM significantly reduces CPU time and computer memory requirement. Hence, the method presented in the paper can be applied to simulate electrically large sized radomes. Finally, the radiation patterns of small dipole arrays in the presence of spherical and conical radomes are calculated.     

A method of moments solution for electromagnetic scattering by inhomogeneous dielectric bodies of revolution

A method of calculating the electromagnetic scattering from and internal field distribution of inhomogeneous dielectric bodies of revolution (BOR) is presented. The method uses a typical mode-by-mode solution scheme. The electric flux density is chosen as the unknown quantity, which, together with the special construction of basis and testing functions, enables considerable reduction of the number of unknowns. A key element in this technique is expressing of the azimuthal field components of basis functions in terms of transverse components. A Galerkin testing procedure is used, with special attention put on the efficiency of calculating scalar potential term. Results of calculation for a few classes of dielectric bodies are given and compared with calculations done by other authors.     

A low memory zerotree coding for arbitrarily shaped objects

The set partitioning in hierarchical trees (SPIHT) algorithm is a computationally simple and efficient zerotree coding technique for image compression. However, the high working memory requirement is its main drawback for hardware realization. We present a low memory zerotree coder (LMZC), which requires much less working memory than SPIHT. The LMZC coding algorithm abandons the use of lists, defines a different tree structure, and merges the sorting pass and the refinement pass together. The main techniques of LMZC are the recursive programming and a top-bit scheme (TBS). In TBS, the top bits of transformed coefficients are used to store the coding status of coefficients instead of the lists used in SPIHT. In order to achieve high coding efficiency, shape-adaptive discrete wavelet transforms are used to transformation arbitrarily shaped objects. A compact emplacement of the transformed coefficients is also proposed to further reduce working memory. The LMZC carefully treats "don't care" nodes in the wavelet tree and does not use bits to code such nodes. Comparison of LMZC with SPIHT shows that for coding a 768 /spl times/ 512 color image, LMZC saves at least 5.3 MBytes of memory but only increases a little execution time and reduces minor peak signal-to noise ratio (PSNR) values, thereby making it highly promising for some memory limited applications.     

Computer-aided analysis of arbitrarily shaped, coaxialdiscontinuities

The author proposes a method of analyzing a coaxial discontinuity arbitrarily shaped in two dimensions (radial and longitudinal) but maintaining its axial symmetry. It is shown that under such assumptions the equations to be solved correspond to the equations describing an equivalent planar circuit filled with a nonuniform medium. These equations are solved by a version of the finite-difference time-domain method. The method produces a universal computer algorithm capable of solving a wide range of practical problems with no analytical preprocessing. The examples presented show that the method can be effectively used in engineering applications     

Input impedance of arbitrarily shaped microstrip antennas

Deals with the analysis of arbitrarily shaped microstrip antennas. A powerful and flexible technique is obtained by combining a mixed potential integral equation, successfully used for rectangular patches, with a method of moments, using a division of the patch into triangular cells and overlapping basis functions, defined over cell couples. The resulting computer algorithm is validated by comparing its predictions with the measurements obtained from an equilateral triangular patch     

A new coding algorithm for arbitrarily shaped image segments

In this paper, a new texture coding algorithm for arbitrarily shaped image segments is introduced. In contrast to other methods described in the literature, the proposed coding algorithm has low computational complexity, is based on the widely used 8 × 8 2D-DCT, and thus, can be readily implemented using existing block-based coding standards such as JPEG, H.261, MPEG. And the content based functionalities currently discussed in the MPEG-4 standardization phase can be easily achieved with the proposed algorithm. Computer simulations and comparisons with other results from the literature reveal that our proposed technique is quite promising and competitive.