新型高性能粉末高温合金的研究与发展

粉末高温合金由于在高温下表现出一系列优越的性能而成为制造高推重比航空发动机涡轮盘等部件的首选材料,本研究总结和分析了国外第三代新型高性能粉末高温合金的研究成果,重点描述了这些合金的制备工艺和力学性能,并提出研制高性能粉末高温合金的重点发展方向.     

热障涂层技术在航空发动机涡轮叶片上的应用

经济和技术的快速发展有效地推动了我国航空发动机发展,新时期高推重比航空发动机已经成为航空发动机发展的主要方向,在提高航空发动机推重比的众多措施中最直接方式是提高航空发动机涡轮进口温度,以使得航空发动机在工作过程中能够更好地加热、压缩空气,从而使得航空发动机能够产生更高推重比。而航空发动机涡轮进口温度主要受航空发动机涡轮叶片承温能力影响。热障涂层应用于航空发动机涡轮叶片上将有助于提高航空发动机涡轮叶片承温能力。本文将就航空发动机涡轮叶片热障涂层的特点及技术应用进行分析阐述。     

单晶高温合金发展现状EI

从８０年代初第一代单晶高温合金研制成功以来，单晶合金的发展甚为迅速，第二代、第三代单晶合金相继出现和应用，为航空发动机和地面燃气轮机的性能大幅度提高作出了重大贡献。单晶合金及其工艺的发展具有一系列重要特点。其应用范围日益扩大。预计今后相当长一段时期，单晶高温合金仍将是先进燃气涡轮发动机最主要的叶片材料。我国在单晶合金及工艺研究方面已取得显著成绩，但是仍落后于当前国际先进水平。     

陶瓷基复合材料激光加工工艺研究获进展

正航空、航天发动机的推重比与其热端部件的工作温度密切相关。长期以来,工程界致力于发展高温合金以提高工作温度。发动机的核心热端部件主要包括燃烧室、涡轮和加力燃烧室。下一代航空发动机的推重比大于12,要求提高热端部件的工作温度到接近2000K。这要求更新设计,使用陶瓷基复合材料(CMC)、单晶叶片等新材料和     

饮用水安全问题及净水技术发展

回顾了城市饮用水净水技术发展的历史足迹,即20世纪初的第一代工艺——常规工艺和20世纪70年代的第二代工艺——深度处理工艺,并提出了第三代工艺——以超滤为核心技术的组合工艺;提出了城市水源突发污染的技术对策——针对污染物投加多种药剂;介绍了30年来由哈尔滨工业大学引领开发的新的饮用水净化技术——高锰酸钾及其复合剂净水技术。     

Laves相合金的力学性能

不断提高航空发动机的效率和推重比是航空技术发展的要求，而发展高温结构材料是提高航空发动机效率和推重比的关键因素。由于镍基高温合金的使用温度已达到其熔点的0．8～0．9倍，继续提高其使用温度的空间已很小，故提高发动机的工作温度就必需开发能承受更高温度的新材料，即发展新型高性能高温结构材料。     

高温钛合金的应用及其发展前景

<正>随着经济的迅速发展和生产力的不断提高,钛(Ti)及钛合金的可应用范围越来越广阔。就当前来说,钛合金的主要作用仍然是作为高温合金在航空发动机中使用,其应用领域有待进一步拓宽。从使用温度来说,在21世纪初虽然已经突破了20世纪50年代的400℃极限,提升到600℃。但是如何解决600℃以上的钛合金蠕变抗力和高温抗氧化性会随温度不断升高而迅速下降这一难题,成为高温钛合金发展必须突破的瓶颈。     

热障涂层性能检测技术发展现状

1 前言提升涡轮进口温度是提升航空发动机推重比的重要途径.国内外研究表明,在维持其他条件不变的前提下,涡轮进口温度每升高50℃,可提升航空发动机推力7%~8%.随着技术不断发展,当前最先进的涡扇航空发动机的涡轮进口温度已经超过1900K,该温度远超常用高温合金材料的熔点.因此,如何提升航空燃气涡轮发动机热端部件的耐高温性能成为航空发动机发展的焦点问题之一.从20世纪50年代至今,国内外众多科研工作者针对这一问题开展了大量研究,最终形成了提高航空发动机涡轮叶片耐久性与可靠性的3大技术:高温合金等耐高温结构材料技术、高效气冷技术以及热障涂层技术.     

高推重比航空发动机用新型高温钛合金研究进展

综述了我国航空发动机用高温钛合金材料体系的发展状况。针对未来高推重比航空发动机对新型轻质耐高温结构材料的需求,重点介绍了TiAl合金和SiC纤维增强钛基复合材料2种关键的新型高温钛合金国外研究进展和应用情况。目前我国航空发动机主要应用的是α+β型钛合金,工作温度均在500℃以下,在更高温度使用的近α型钛合金(如600℃高温钛合金)尚处于研发阶段。国外对TiAl合金的研究已近20年,在航空发动机领域已公开报导了10多种TiAl零部件,并且完成了地面装机试验,试验结果非常理想。SiCf/Ti复合材料在航空发动机上的典型应用是叶环类和轴类零件,美、英等国均研制出了多个零部件,并进行了发动机考核试验。TiAl和SiCf/Ti复合材料将是新一代高推重比航空发动机用的2种关键结构材料。     

基于第四代国际航运中心的沪港对比研究

本文通过基于第四代国际航运中心概念、内涵及发展历程对上海和香港在第四代国际航运中心的建设中做对比研究，提出沪港协调，共同发展的思路，使我国在未来国21世纪全球海洋与航空经济，乃至全球经济政治格局中竞争中赢得先机。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...