定向凝固过程的热分析EI

本文用热分析方法测定了DZ3合金试板定向凝固的冷却曲线,并计算出定向凝固过程的G、R和G/R比值,结果得出:在距结晶器高度80～120mm处,G和G/R比值出现凹坑,枝晶粗化,性能降低,但大于120mm后,G、G/R比值和持久寿命有所回升,枝晶变细。     

AZ91镁合金的凝固冷却速度与二次枝晶间距的定量关系研究

通过设计制作一套可获得不同凝固冷却速度的镁合金熔炼与浇注装置,采用多通道连续温度记录仪,获得了对应不同凝固冷却速度下的AZ91镁合金试样.用定量金相分析之截线法测定了各个试样的二次枝晶间距,并对不同凝固冷却速度下的组织特征做了简要分析.用数学回归的方法得到了AZ91镁合金的凝固冷却速度与二次枝晶间距的定量关系式.     

6.5%Si高硅钢铸锭凝固组织的CAFE法模拟研究

应用CAFE法对6.5%Si高硅钢铸锭凝固组织进行了模拟研究,确定出了适合高硅钢组织模拟的模型。进一步用该模型研究了过热度及冷却条件对凝固组织的影响,结果表明,随着过热度的降低,凝固组织中柱状晶比例和晶粒平均面积均减小。水冷条件下,高硅钢铸锭凝固组织几乎全是柱状晶,而且晶粒粗大。空冷条件下,等轴晶区扩大,但柱状晶仍占主要部分。缓冷条件下,等轴晶区占主要部分,晶粒平均面积和空冷条件下相当。     

12CrNi5MoV锻钢焊接热影响区组织与性能研究

采用热模拟技术研究了12CrNi5MoV锻钢焊接热影响区粗晶区的组织与性能。结果表明,经历一次焊接热循环后,材料粗晶区的抗拉强度与原始态试样相比显著升高,而冲击韧性明显降低;冷却过程中冷却速度加快引起材料组织中孪晶马氏体与残余奥氏体含量的增加是其粗晶区力学性能变化的主要原因。     

游离晶与凝固界面间的相互作用对晶区形成的影响

应用铸件在凝固时的倾出方法详细观察了工业纯铝试样中晶区的形成过程。研究结果表明,在低过热度浇注时,游离晶的运动速率和凝固界面生长速率之间的相互作用决定了晶区的形成以及晶粒的尺寸与形状。当游离晶的沉降堆积速率V大于底部凝固层增长速率R时,将形成尺寸、形状都较均匀的等轴晶。当界面生长方向与游离晶游离运动方向一致时,如果界面生长速率R与游离晶垂直于界面方向的运动速率V之差远远大于界面捕获游离晶的临界速率V临,即R—V》V临,被捕获的游离晶将形成尺寸、形状均匀的等轴晶;如果R—V仅稍大于V临,则形成拉长状等转晶;如果R—V小于V临,则形成柱状晶。对游冷等轴晶区的形成也以游离晶的捕获进行了解释。     

磁场作用下偏晶合金凝固组织演变的数值分析

建立偏晶合金难混溶区凝固过程的两相数学模型,模拟研究了有、无磁场Al-10%Bi过偏晶合金微观组织演变,研究了温度、速度、第二相体积分数等物性参数对凝固组织宏观偏析的影响。结果表明,在磁场作用下温度场为中心对称分布,更有利于第二相液滴的均匀分布;电磁力抵消了部分重力和Marangoni力,使无磁场时外环流的速度场变为有磁场时斜向下的速度场,且速度明显降低,从而减轻了强对流导致的重力偏析;在磁场的作用下,试样底部第二相的体积分数减小,凝固组织宏观偏析得到改善。     

定向凝固TWIP钢的微观组织及力学行为

利用液态金属冷却定向凝固技术,获得了柱晶TWIP钢试样,并对比研究了传统等轴晶与柱晶TWIP组织特征、基本力学行为及应变率敏感性。结果表明,定向凝固TWIP试样随着抽拉速率的减小枝晶间距增加,晶粒形貌简化。与传统试样相比,定向凝固试样沿着柱状晶纵向的综合力学性能明显提高,其中抽拉速率为120μm/s试样断裂延伸率及强塑积分别提高了30%及22.8%,两者的延伸率及强塑积随着应变率的增加均有所降低,而后者对应变率变化敏感性更低,意味着材料在遭受高速碰撞或冲击时,定向凝固试样仍能保持较高的能量吸收特性。     

电渣重熔工艺对GCr15轴承钢凝固组织的影响

基于CAFE法(元胞自动机-有限元模型),采用ProCAST对电渣重熔方法生产的GCr15轴承钢钢锭的微观组织进行数值模拟,得到了电渣钢锭的晶粒生长过程、熔池形状变化和晶区分布情况,并分析了不同的工艺参数对熔池形状以及凝固组织的影响.熔池深度随着钢锭固相区的扩展而变得越来越深,当钢锭长到一定高度,熔池深度和晶粒生长方向均不再变化.研究结果表明:结晶器冷却强度越大,熔池温度越低,熔池深度与钢锭半径之比h/R越小,而晶粒平均尺寸增大且柱状晶越多;渣池温度越高,h/R越大,晶粒平均尺寸增大;重熔速度是最显著的影响因素,熔速增大,h/R显著增大,柱状晶尺寸增大且数量增多.经过对电渣锭的凝固组织观察试验发现,模拟结果与试验结果有较好的一致性.     

SCM435钢大方坯凝固过程组织的模拟

为了模拟不同冷却状态下的连铸坯的凝固组织,利用反算确定了SCM435钢325 mm×280 mm连铸坯的换热系数,采用有限元法模拟了连铸传热过程,获得了连铸坯的温度场及冷却速率,在此基础上与元胞自动机耦合模拟了连铸坯的凝固组织.研究发现,表面细晶区很大,且在连铸结晶器中完成形核并长大形成,而柱状晶开始形核于结晶器末端.降低形核数,晶粒密度、最大晶粒面积、平均半径存在不同程度的改变,其中晶粒的最大截面积增加了2.7倍,而微调成分对晶粒密度与平均半径影响较小,但同样凝固条件下晶粒不均匀程度有所加剧.     

强磁场对过共晶铝硅合金中初晶Si分布的影响

对Al-18% (质量分数) Si合金进行磷盐变质处理,分别在变质剂反应温度保温20,40min,发现不施加强磁场条件下,凝固组织中的初晶Si相集中在试样周边附近,试样中心处为共晶组织.施加强磁场条件下,凝固组织中的初晶Si相分布在整个试样中.施加强磁场后试样中的初晶Si的尺寸比没有被施加强磁场的试样中的初晶Si尺寸大.     

Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷中添加成分的研究现状

简要介绍了Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷的基本结构和组成,重点阐述了各种添加成分的加入方法和加入量对材料组织和性能的影响。     

Mechanism of arsenate coprecipitation at the solid/liquid interface of ferrihydrite: A perspective review

Arsenate (As(V)) is a toxic element in acid mine drainage and has to be removed during the neutralization process. Coprecipitation with ferrihydrite is the main mechanism for As(V) removal from acid mine drainage. To improve treatment efficiency, a quantitative understanding of the coprecipitation mechanism is required. Coprecipitation can incorporate more As(V) into ferrihydrite than adsorption. The results of XRD (X-ray Diffraction) and XANES (X-ray Adsorption Near Edge Structure) analysis confirmed that the formation of poorly crystalline ferric arsenate increased when the initial As/Fe molar ratio increased in the coprecipitation with ferrihydrite. EXAFS (Extended X-ray Adsorption Fine Structure) analysis at the iron K-edge showed that the proportion of octahedral structures in ferrihydrite increased when the initial As/Fe molar ratio increased. Moreover, EXAFS analysis at the arsenic K-edge, assuming three kinds of surface complexes for the AsFe bond, revealed that the coordination number for AsFe with an atomic distance of 2.85 × 10⁻¹⁰ m increased and that for As-Fe with an atomic distance of 3.24 × 10⁻¹⁰ m decreased as the initial As/Fe molar ratio increased. Thus, for more efficient wastewater treatment, active control of coprecipitation phenomena according to mechanistic details is essential.     

Electronic structure of YBa2Cu3O7 and YBa2Cu3O6—charge-self-consistent band structure calculations

Charge self-consistent LCAO band structure (CSCBS) calculations are reported for orthorhombic YBa₂Cu₃O₇ and tetragonal YBa₂Cu₃O₆ assuming ordered vacancy models. The effective atomic charges are used to study the charge transfer. In YBa₂Cu(1)₁Cu(2)₂O₇, the two types of copper atoms have their energy bands almost overlapping with effective valency of each copper as 7/3 (or effective valency of each oxygen as approximately — 13/7), so that electron hopping can take place without any loss or gain of energy while in YBa₂Cu(1)₁Cu(2)₂O₆, Cu(1)₁ is monovalent and Cu(2)₂ are divalent with significant difference in their bands. Therefore, YBa₂Cu₃O₇ should conduct much better compared to YBa₂Cu₃O₆. This corroborates the experimental observations that YBa₂Cu₃O₇ is a (super)conductor while YBa₂Cu₃O₆ is not. The calculated effective charges and DOS support the above view.     

Recent progress in the design and fabrication of multifunctional structures based on metamaterials

Metamaterials, with unconventional properties realized through various ingenious designs of micro-architectures, have become a recent research hotspot in the fields of electromagnetics, acoustics, mechanics, and physics. Since the integration of mechanical features and specific functions is still a challenge, the application of metamaterials has so far been limited. The research in relevant areas has shown a clear trend of incorporating the multifunctional design into a single integrated structure. Here, we review the latest advances in the design and fabrication of multifunctional structures based on metamaterials, covering three main aspects, i.e., the direct design of mechanical metamaterials and their multifunctional structures, the intelligent multifunctional structures with shape-shifting capabilities, the metamaterials-based design to achieve both the load bearing capability and other specific functions. We emphasize the important roles that the mechanics-driven designs play, as well as the mechanisms and other key aspects behind the multifunctional structures. The structure-level innovations could not only improve multifunctional features, but also pave the way to function fusion structures that allow the incorporation of ‘conflicting’ functions into a single structure.     

从结构鉴定看照相有机物的发展

本文回顾了近二十几年来感光材料生产技术发展和进步的历程中，在研究开发新型照相有机物方面所取得的重大进展，通过对国外先进彩色胶片中新颖有机物的剖析和结构研究，阐述了当今世界上照相有机物的最新发展动态。     

粘弹性阻尼器控制的框架结构弹塑性地震响应分析

针对框架结构，采用粘弹性阻尼器来控制其地震响应，提出了粘弹性阻尼器的等效刚度矩阵和等效附加粘弹性力向量的概念，推导了子结构平面内的粘弹性阻尼器的有限元计算公式，在此基础上，提出了结构等效附加粘弹性力荷载的概念，采用拟外荷载法对安装了粘弹性阻尼器的框架结构的弹塑性地震响应进行了计算分析，开发了计算受粘弹性阻尼器控制的框架结构的动力特性、受控框架结构的地震弹性响应、受控框架结构的地震弹塑性响应的计算机程序。应用所开发的计算程序对一框架结构在粘弹性阻尼器控制下的地震响应进行了计算，计算表明，粘弹性阻尼器可以有效地控制框架结构的地震响应、采用拟外荷载法可以有效地求解受控结构的运动方程。     

Microstructure Characteristics of Cathode Materials for Rechargeable Magnesium Batteries

Rechargeable magnesium batteries (RMBs) that use pure Mg or Mg alloy as anode and materials allowing Mg ions to insert/extract as cathode have many advantages such as high energy density, environmental friendliness, low cost, and safety of handling. RMBs are regarded as a promising candidate for portable power sources and heavy load energy devices. However, there are still some technological issues impeding their commercial application. The most important issue is the absence of applicable cathode materials because of the high charge density, strong polarization effect, and very slow insertion/extraction speed of Mg²⁺ ions. In recent years, the research reports on the cathode materials of RMBs have increased significantly. Here, an extensive number of research papers are reviewed in terms of the microstructure characteristics of cathode materials for RMBs. The status and issues of cathode materials are analyzed and discussed in detail. The future development directions and perspectives are prospected for providing an understanding of the related research activities on RMBs.     

闪锌矿结构YB的半金属性的第一性原理研究

采用广义梯度近似加优化的贝克-琼森势作为交换关联势进行第一性原理计算,研究闪锌矿结构YB化合物的电子结构和半金属性。结果表明闪锌矿结构YB是一个典型的半金属铁磁体,其半金属隙为2.7meV,体系的总磁矩为每分子2.00μB。体系的总磁矩主要源于B原子的p轨道电子,B原子的p轨道电子和Y原子的d轨道电子杂化是形成半金属性质的主要原因。稳定的铁磁相、晶格常数压缩稳定性以及负的结合能,都预示着闪锌矿结构YB是具有潜在应用前景的半金属铁磁体。     

六方硼碳氮制备方法研究进展

B-C-N 材料的提出是由于氮化硼和碳材料具有特殊的优异性能,通过对不同结构 B-C-N 材料的研究发现,组成结构的差异导致其物理化学性能发生很大变化。其中,h-BCN 由于其禁带宽度和半导体特性可调而尤为引人关注。h-BCN 有平面和层状两种结构,基于目前两种结构的 h-BCN 制备方法的最新研究进展,简述了材料的结构、生长机理、性质和应用前景,分析了反应原料、温度和时间对 h-BCN 形成的影响,最后介绍了 h-BCN 亟待解决的问题和发展方向。     

面向百兆瓦级应用的电池储能系统拓扑与控制方法

随着新能源占总装机的比重不断提高,电池储能电站的容量和规模不断扩大,提升电池储能系统(battery energy storage system,BESS)单机容量具有重要的工程实践意义。为探究面向百兆瓦级应用更具优势的BESS拓扑,首先,分析了传统集中式BESS存在的问题及其单机电压等级和容量提升受限的原因;然后,通过计算分析了星型结构、三角形结构和模块化多电平结构3种高压直挂式BESS的单机容量;最后,以星型结构为例,展开详细研究。介绍了星型结构的拓扑结构和数学模型,分析了高压直挂式BESS的控制方法,包括网侧功率控制和荷电状态均衡控制。通过搭建35 kV/10 MW的仿真模型,验证了控制方法的有效性。研究结果表明,高压直挂式BESS在单机容量和扩容方面具有明显优势,更适用于高压、大容量的应用场合。