Indicators of Land and Water Productivity in Irrigated Agriculture

A set of four comparative performance indicators is defined, which relates outputs from irrigated agriculture to the major inputs of water and land. These indicators are presented with the objective of providing a means of comparing performance across and within irrigation systems. They require a limited amount of data that are generally available and readily analysed. Four typical applications of these indicators are illustrated: cross-system comparison; temporal variations in performance at one system; spatial variations within one system; and comparing performance by system type. Results of application of the indicators at 40 irrigation systems show large differences in performance among and within systems. In spite of uncertainties in estimation of indicators, the large differences discerned by the indicators justify the approach taken.     

Institutional Arrangements to Improve Water Quality in Irrigated Agriculture 1

Irrigated agriculture is closely linked to water quality problems throughout the western United States. In this paper it is argued that the market failure paradigm is not adequate as an environmental policy guide, especially for water quality problems involving individual irrigators. An alternative stewardship paradigm is developed and applied to nitrate pollution of groundwater in central Nebraska. This paradigm holds that producers are not profit maximizers, that information is imperfect and that producers care enough about the environment to voluntarily substitute some environmental quality for income. The analysis suggests that education can produce significant improvements in environmental quality, and that in some circumstances education may be more effective than regulations or incentive-based strategies.     

井灌类型区农业高效用水模式及产业化示范

农业高效用水管理示范工程是国家科技部在“九五”期间批准立项的重大科技产业工程项目。井灌类型区农业是我国重要的灌溉农业类型区一，提高井灌区的灌溉水利用率和单方水的生产效率，对节约用水，提高农业生产水平具有重要的意义。河北省三河市通过提高井灌区水的利用率，创建和发展了相关产业，使该项目成为农业高效用水科技产业示范工程。     

Economic Benefits of Reservoirs in the Irrigated Agriculture

Abstract

In the Jordan Valley of Jordan, the demand for water and ability to control its location, timing, quality, and quantity are becoming critical. The competition for water between the urban and agricultural sectors is increasing. There is a general trend in Jordan to reduce water allocated for agricultural use. Increasing the price of irrigation water or restricting the planted areas of water consuming crops, such as bananas, has been implemented during the recent growing season. The main objective of this paper is to highlight the impact of optimal allocation of irrigation water by building storage capacity on the economy of Jordan Valley. A linear programming technique is used, and the main results show that for proper management of water storage capacity, the suggested cropping pattern would generate $88.2 million, whereas the actual cropping pattern generated $74.4 million. The optimal water demand schedule is distributed according to the needs of the planted crops, and water demand has been allocated in an efficient way. In addition, appropriate management of storage capacity has solved the problem of water scarcity during the summer months, when peak production takes place. Storage-transfer system between locations played a significant role in reallocating irrigation water through the storage system. This compensates to a high degree in keeping the agricultural production more stable in physical and monetary units.     

关于人民渠一处灌区农业水费征收情况的调查

本文针对都江堰灌区农业水费严重拖欠现象的调查，分析了产生拖欠水费的原因及存在问题，提出了解决灌区拖欠农业水费问题应建立几个运行机制的思路，以供讨论。     

灌区高效用水

中国农业在极其有限的耕地上,在水资源总量不足、时空分布不均、水土资源组合不协调的条件下,养活了占世界22%的人口,这一奇迹是在中国共产党的领导下,依靠水利基础设施的巨大发展和农业科技的投入与进步而取得的.……     

健全水价形成机制规范供水价格管理

依据《中华人民共和国价格法》《中华人民共和国水法》,国家发展和改革委员会与水利部共同制定了《水利工程供水价格管理办法》(以下简称《水价办法》),并以国家发展和改革委员会第4号令发布,自2004年1月1日起施行。2003年5月,国务院下发了《关于废止水利工程水费核订、计收和管理办法的批复》,明确《水利工程水费核订、计收和管理办法》(以下简称《水费办法》)自《水价办法》施行之日起废止。《水价办法》按照社会主义市场经济体制下商品价格管理的基本要求,结合水利工程供水收费的实际情况,明确了水利工程供水价格的形成机制和水价构成,明…     

Crop Water Productivity of Irrigated Teff in a Water Stressed Region

In water stressed regions such as the Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia, increasing Crop Water Productivity (CWP) is imperative for sustainable food and water security. This paper presents CWP of Teff (Eragrostic Tef), a staple food in Ethiopia and an important export crop. Field experiments were conducted under irrigated agriculture during the dry seasons in the periods: 1) November 2010 to March 2011; and 2) December 2011 to April, 2012 at Melkassa Agricultural Research Centre in Ethiopia. Teff crop was irrigated at sixteen different water application depths ranging from 100 to 25 % of the optimum Crop Water Evapotranspiration (ETc.) during the four growing stages, the initial, development, mid season and late season. The effect of seeding rates of 25 kg/ha and 10 kg/ha on lodging and yield of the crop was also determined. The main results were: 1) At 25 % deficit irrigation applied for the whole growth period, Teff CWP was the highest at 1.16 and 1.08 kg/m³ respectively for the seeding rates of 25 kg/ha and 10 kg/ha; 2) the CWP slightly decreased to 1.12 and 1.07 kg/m³ when the 25 % deficit was applied during the late season stage; 3) the crop yield response factor (K_y) of 1.09 and 1.19 was obtained for seeding rates of 25 kg/ha and 10 kg/ha respectively; the equivalent biomass response factor (K_y) was less at 0.88 and 0.96 respectively.     

升钟灌区节水农业发展的机遇与措施

本文分析了升钟水库灌区发展节水农业的紧迫性、必要性及面临的良好机遇。并根据灌区实际，从节水工程技术、节水管理技术、节水农业技术等三方面，提出易于在灌区推广的多种措施来发展节水农业。     

贯彻实施《水价办法》全面推进水价改革

在全国兴起学习贯彻“三个代表”重要思想新高潮,全面落实党的十六大精神的重要时刻,国家发展和改革委员会与水利部依据《中华人民共和国水法》《中华人民共和国价格法》联合发布了《水利工程供水价格管理办法》(以下简称《水价办法》),将于2004年1月1日起施行。这是我国水利改革与发展的一件大事。水资源是国家基础性的自然资源和战略性的经济资源。党中央、国务院高度重视水资源问题和水价改革工作。温家宝总理指出:“要抓紧改革水价形成机制。水是一种特殊的商品,要运用价格杠杆来达到节约使用的目的,现行的水价偏低,不利于节约用水,也不…     

统一论是水价改革的指导思想

水价改革是水管单位体制改革的一项重要工作，自上而下的、全国性的水价改革工作正在紧锣密鼓地展开之中．诚如汪恕诚部长所说：“推进水价改革已成为水利发展的历史性任务”（汪部长致全国水价工作座谈会的信）．水价改革是水管单位自身的需要，更是实现水资源永续利用，经济社会永续发展的需要．可以说水价与水费改革是水利部门一个永恒的主题，尤其是当前中国正处于社会转型期，这就更需要水利工作者致力于研究．在探讨水价改革方案时首先要追求的是对策的良性后果，而不仅仅是对策的抽象合理性．为此，本文试图从新的视角，并运用可能会…     

认真贯彻《通知》精神努力推进水价改革

2004年4月19日,国务院办公厅印发了<关于推进水价改革促进节约用水保护水资源的通知>(国办发[2004]36号,以下简称<通知>).这是我国水利改革与发展中的一件大事,对于全面推进水价改革,促进节约用水和保护水资源,建设节水型社会,促进水资源可持续利用具有重要意义.     

中南四省一区水价调研报告

为进一步促进水价改革,了解基层的实际情况,增强制定政策的针对性,更好地为基层服务,国家计委价格司和水利部经济调节司于2002年6～7月组织开展了“全国百家大中型水管单位水价调研”。 本次调研的重点是检查《国家计委关于印发改革水价促进节约用水的指导意见的通知》和《国家计委关于印发改革农业用水价格有关问题的通知》的贯彻落实情况及当前水价改革进展情况,总结推广各地、各单位水价改革的经验,分析水管单位水价改革中存在的主要问题,研究进一步推进水价改革的政策建议。 本次调研共分成5个调研组,调研组分别由国家计委价格司,水利部经济调节司,水利部发展研究中心,中国水利经济研究会以及部分省物价、水利部门组成。调研组通过实地考察、召开座谈会、走访农户、发放调查问卷等形式,分别听取了水管单位、当地政府部门、农民用水者协会、农户代表的意见和建议,收集了大量水价改革的第一手材料。本刊分两期刊出各组的调研报告。     

Optimal Water Metering and Pricing

Marginal cost pricing of running water and sewerage services haslong been the default recommendation of economists and natural resource specialists to firms and local governments. However, optimal water rate calculation considering the optimal number ofmeters has not been thoroughly treated in the literature. The socially optimal number of meters crucially depends on the price of water charged by the Water Company. This is because whether or not metering is justified in economic terms will depend on the decline in water consumption and therefore in water production costs. This paper combines the optimal pricing and theoptimal metering issues in one optimization problem. Both in a centralized and in a decentralized way, the optimal number of meters is determined simultaneously with the optimal per unit water rate. The Rateable Value System (RV) (i.e. the Status Quo or benchmark regime) is confronted with Universal Metering (UM),Optimal Metering (OM) and Decentralized Metering (DM) in terms of optimal water rates and the socially optimal number of meters.Except for RV, the results of (UM), (OM) and (DM) all suggest that price should be set equal to marginal cost and that the optimal number of meters will be determined by a functional form combining water, metering costs and water demand characteristics. Conclusions and policy recommendations are drawn from the theoretical analysis.     

Water Footprint of Grain Product in Irrigated Farmland of China

China faces the dual challenge of grain production pressure and water scarcity. It is significant to reduce water footprint of grain product (WFGP, m³/t) in irrigated farmland. The focus of grain production and agricultural water use, and the precondition is to determine the WFGP and its composition. This paper estimates the WFGP in irrigated farmland of 31 provinces (including municipalities, autonomous regions) a by collecting actual data of 443 typical irrigation districts in 1998, 2005 and 2010, and analyses its temporal and spatial variation in irrigated farmland of China. The result shows that the WFGP in each province decreases with time except in Jiangxi and Hunan, and the average value of all provinces reduced from 1494 m³/t in 1998 to 1243 m³/t in 2010. The WFGP decreases faster in more developed municipal cities and major grain production provinces. The annual average WFGP in irrigated farmland is 1339 m³/t and the blue and green water account for 63.5 % and 36.5 % of the total, respectively. The WFGP and its composition are significantly different between provinces. Generally, provinces distributed inside and beyond Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, have a higher water productivity, lower WFGP and blue water footprint of grain product, while most provinces located in northwest, northeast, southeast and south China have a higher WFGP and lower proportion of green water in the WFGP as a whole. Portion of the blue water footprint (BWFGP) is not consumed for crop evapotranspiration (BWFGP _ET ) but conveyance loss (BWFGP _cl ). The national averaged BWFGP _cl decreases with time and but still remains up to 466 m³/t in 2010, making up 34.8 % of the WFGP. In order to safeguard grain security and ease the water resource pressure, the Chinese government should increase investment and apply advanced technology for developing water-saving agriculture, improve the efficiency of water use and further reduce the WFGP. Considering also the contribution of grain output and the relatively high WFGP, the government should give priority to developing water-saving agriculture in the Northeast of China.     

水价理论与应用分析

通过对有关资源理论局限性和差异性的分析，探讨水资源具有价值的理论依据，研究水资源价值与价格特性和国内外水价实施形式，提出从资源管理和资产关系两方面实现水价格，并根据水资源的自然特性、社会特性和经济特性，运用政府调控和市场调节手段调整水价格。     

关于水权价格的探讨

一、水权价格的影响因素 　　影响水权价格的因素主要有自然因素和社会经济因素,而影响终端用户最终水价格除了上述两因素之外,还有工程因素.这些因素从不同侧面,不同程度地影响着水权价格和商品水价格的确定,直接或间接地影响着水资源的供求关系,决定着水权价格和商品水价格的高低.……     

Water Pricing Under Joint Benefits

Abstract

A cubic functional form of an econometric model for residential water demand estimation is used in order to accommodate different price elasticities for different levels of water demand. Precise estimates of these different price elasticities offer a useful tool to water authorities for urban water demand management through price-based policies. Panel estimation methods (fixed and random effects) are employed to estimate model parameters. The results show that a cubic form of the demand equation can provide appropriate estimates of price elasticities for different “consumption groups” of residential customers. In addition, the effect of public awareness and information on water conservation is also evaluated after controlling other parameters affecting demand for water. Thus, another implication of this study is that well-informed consumers, aware of issues of water conservation and of techniques for water efficient use, may be more inclined to reduce their water consumption.     

灌溉水利用系数综合测定法

对任何一种节水措施进行分析、评价都离不开灌溉水利用系数.目前,各地、各灌区给出的灌溉水利用系数不具备可比性,难以作为比较和衡量节水措施的标准.灌溉水利用系数综合测定法选择具有代表性的典型渠道,而不是只测量典型渠段,并在测流断面、测量方法、测定条件、渠道数量、典型渠段长度等方面提出具体要求,既使得测量的灌溉水利用系数比较符合实际,又使得不同灌区的灌溉水利用系数具有可比性.综合测定法测定的灌溉水利用系数需要根据渠道越级输水、渠道布置形式等情况进行修正,并用首尾测定法校核.