Water Allocation for Economic Production in a Semi-arid Region

As water demand surpasses water availability, the problem of who will have access to water and who will be rationed is inevitable. This is already the case in arid regions or where the economic uses of water exceed water capability. This work contributes to the understanding and resolution of this decision-making process. Several allocation mechanisms are discussed and an allocation model based on the opportunity cost of water for different users is presented. This model leads to both a water pricing scheme and a method for compensating rationed parties.     

An Interval Parameter Model for Cooperative Inter-Basin Water Resources Allocation Considering the Water Quality Issues

In this paper, a new methodology based on interval optimization and game theory is developed for optimal operation of an inter-basin water transfer system considering efficiency, equity and sustainability criteria. A linear version of the agricultural water production function is proposed and used for incorporating deficit irrigation. The interval programming and cooperative game theory are utilized for equitable reallocation of benefits to water users in both water donor and receiving basins. To assess the sustainability of water allocation policies, water quality and environmental flow in the donor basin and groundwater table drawdown in the receiving basin are taken into consideration. The effectiveness of this methodology is examined by applying it to a large scale case study of water transfer from the Karoon river basin in south-west to the Rafsanjan plain in the central part of Iran.     

An Inexact Two-Stage Water Resources Allocation Model for Sustainable Development and Management Under Uncertainty

In this study, an inexact two-stage water resources allocation (ITWR) model is put forward for supporting sustainable development and management of water resources in Sanjiang Plain, China, which is in such a situation, with multi-water source, multi-water supply subarea, multi-water user and multi-planning goal. The costs of net system, water supply and recourse are analyzed. The developed ITWR model, which shows a strong ability in tacking with various uncertain factors in probability distributions and discrete interval numbers, mixes the techniques of interval-parameter programming (IPP) and two-stage stochastic programming (TSP) within a general optimization framework. And it also has formed an effective link in such a conflict between the policy scenarios and the associated various levels of economic penalties, when the pre-allocation targets of water resources are violated. Based on this model, a series of scenarios under different levels of pre-allocation water is done and different degrees of water surplus and shortage are obtained correspondingly. The results indicate that the reasonable distribution plans with maximum system benefit and minimum system-failure risk have been generated. And these results are valuable for saving water resources to realize its sustainable development and mitigating the penalty to gain economic benefits maximum, and thus some desired results are provided for decision makers in tackling with a complex and uncertain water-resource system.     

南水北调中线水量分配准市场模型研究

现重点探讨了在准市场情况下南水北调中线水量分配的理论和模型,在比较计划分配与市场分配的基础上,从理论上说明中线建立准市场水量分配的必要性和可行性。结合政府宏观调控和水市场机制两种配置方式的优势和中线水量调度自身特点,建立了中线准市场水量分配模型。通过求解非线性最优化方程,研究了模型求解思路和方法,证明求得的解是Nash均衡解。最后阐述了准市场模型对中线水量调度的理论意义和应用价值。     

A Model for Optimal Allocation of Water to Competing Demands

The present study develops a simple interactive integrated water allocation model (IWAM), which can assist the planners and decision makers in optimal allocation of limited water from a storage reservoir to different user sectors, considering socio-economic, environmental and technical aspects. IWAM comprises three modules—a reservoir operation module (ROM), an economic analysis module (EAM) and a water allocation module (WAM). The model can optimize the water allocation with any of two different objectives or two objectives together. The two individual objectives included in the model are the maximization of satisfaction and the maximization of net economic benefit by the demand sectors. Weighting technique (WT) or simultaneous compromise constraint (SICCON) technique is used to convert the multi-objective decision-making problem into a single objective function. The single objective functions are optimized using linear programming. The model applicability is demonstrated for various cases with a hypothetical example.     

鄂北工程受益区效益分析预测

采用数据包络分析法等方法对鄂北地区水资源配置工程受益区可能获得的经济、社会、生态、综合效益及投入产出效益进行了比较系统的分析预测,认为鄂北工程将极大地改善受益区生活用水质量,基本解决鄂北地区生活用水需求,有利于改善和维系当地的生态环境,促进经济社会发展。     

南水北调与黄河未来水量分配

未来南水北调工程的实施,将会置换出一部分黄河水量,这部分水量在流域上中游的再分配将会对整个黄河流域水资源的合理开发利用产生极为深刻的影响。根据黄河流域上中游各省（区）实际情况,在保证经济社会用水和必要的生态环境用水的前提下,运用层次分析和模糊决策理论相结合的方法,对南水北调东线、中线和西线工程不同水平年、不同调水规模情况下,黄河可置换水量在流域上中游的再分配问题进行了探讨。     

Development of a Fuzzy Multi-Objective Heuristic Model for Optimum Water Allocation

Water Resources Management - A challenging issue in optimal allocating water resources is uncertainty in parameters of a model. In this paper, a fuzzy multi-objective model was proposed to maximize...     

水资源分配模型及模拟求解技术

建立了以供水满足程度最大化为目标,供水系统的供水能力、输水系统的输水能力、用水系统的供需变化和非负约束为约束条件的水资源分配模型;提出了模型的模拟求解技术;最后以焦作市为例,求解了2020年规划年75%来水频率下焦作市水资源的分配量.计算结果满足用水户的要求,体现了水源的时空分配过程.     

A Conditional Value-at-Risk Based Inexact Water Allocation Model

A conditional value-at-risk (CVaR) based inexact two-stage stochastic programming (CITSP) model was developed in this study for supporting water resources allocation problems under uncertainty. A CITSP model was formulated through incorporating a CVaR constraint into an inexact two-stage stochastic programming (ITSP) framework, and could be used to deal with uncertainties expressed as not only probability distributions but also discrete intervals. The measure of risks about the second-stage penalty cost was incorporated into the model, such that the trade-off between system economy and extreme expected loss could be analyzed. The developed model was applied to a water resources allocation problem involving a reservoir and three competing water users. The results indicated that the CITSP model performed better than the ITSP model in its capability of reflecting the economic loss from extreme events. Also, it could generate interval solutions within which the decision alternatives could be selected from a flexible decision space. Overall, the CITSP model was useful for reflecting the decision maker’s attitude toward risk aversion and could help seek cost-effective water resources management strategies under complex uncertainties.     

水资源的生态经济价值模型分析

从对生态经济系统结构分析研究出发，阐述了生态的经济学价值和水资源的生态经济价值。对Freeman水的生态经济价值模型进行了改进与应用，指出水体对人类用途的变化，对工业、农业生产条件的改善、人居环境的改善、投资环境的改善，都会带来巨大的效益。     

Development of a Dynamic Long-Term Water Allocation Model for Agriculture and Industry Water Demands

Demands growth and water resources limitation, enforce water sector policy makers to integrate water supply–demand interactions in a coherent framework for efficient water allocation. Water supply–demand interaction, changes long-term trend of water demands, which in turn has a substantial influence on water allocation. Researches on water allocation modeling lack adequate projection of relationship between water supply and demand. Socio-economic factors representing water allocation stakeholders’ benefits, account for the main share of water supply–demand interaction. Identification, representation and consideration of these factors in a water allocation model, is the main limitation of researches on this issue. In this paper a new long-term water allocation model at basin level is developed and introduced. This model considers water supply–demand interaction in agriculture and industry sectors, by use of socio-economic parameters; such as, production, cultivated land area, revenue and employment. The model main advantage is its ability to reflect the interrelationship between essential hydro-system and supply–demand components. It can explore both socio-economic and water allocation consequences of various policy choices. The model is used to assess two different development policies at basin level. The first one is fourth 5-year development plan of Iran, which fixes predefined growth rate for different sectors. The second one assumes the present state continues up to the end of planning horizon. A typical multi-reservoir water basin is modeled and analyzed for two policies. Indices that summarize long-term state of hydro-system and stakeholders are defined and used in policies assessment and decision making. Results of these assessments show fourth 5-year development policy provides opportunities for substantial improvement in water allocation and stakeholders’ benefits.     

鄂北工程试验段PCCP管道水压试验研究分析

鄂北地区水资源配置工程在老河口孟楼镇和枣阳七方镇岗地之间有72 km低凹地段,该段为倒虹吸工程,采用了3根PCCP同槽埋设。PCCP倒虹吸工程在湖北省首次应用,为确保工程质量和安全,先期在襄州黄集镇太山村开展了5 km试验段水压试验,并对试验结果进行了分析。通过试验,验证了管道的密封性,为后续主体工程PCCP管道安装提供了宝贵的技术数据。     

A Nonlinear Interval Model for Water and Waste Load Allocation in River Basins

In this paper, a new methodology is proposed for simultaneous allocation of water and waste load in river basins. A nonlinear interval number optimization model is used to incorporate the uncertainties of model inputs and parameters. In this methodology, the bounds of the uncertain inputs are only required, not necessarily knowing their probability density or fuzzy membership functions. In the proposed model, the existing uncertainties in water demands and monthly available water are considered in the optimization model. Also the economic and environmental impacts of water allocation to the agricultural water users are taken into account. To have an equitable water and waste load allocation, benefits are reallocated to water users using some solution concepts of the cooperative game theory. Results of applying the methodology to the Dez river system in south-western part of Iran show its effectiveness and applicability for water and waste load allocation in an uncertain environment.     

南水北调东线工程山东段水量分配方案研究

对南水北调东线工程山东段水量调度方式进行了研究,建立了水量分配的概化模型,提出了分配方案编制模型的功能要求,进行了模型设计,建立了模型与方案编制系统的接口,以及方案编制系统的功能模块。该模型可以制订年、月、旬不同时段长度的分水口门水量分配计划,并将细化的旬计划下发到实时调度模型。本模块上与日常业务处理子系统衔接,下与实时调度子系统衔接,并可以根据用水户的反馈意见滚动修正水量分配计划。     

鄂北工程PCCP管桥施工工艺

针对鄂北地区水资源配置工程夹河套PCCP管桥特点,介绍了PCCP管桥施工工艺流程、施工方法,并对管桥现场施工中的难点及应注意问题进行了说明,为今后类似工程提供宝贵的施工经验。     

规划阶段水资源配置模型和配置风险研究

分析了水资源规划阶段的两次水资源配置思路,即在考虑流域生态环境用水和流域公共用水的前提下,将流域水资源量分配到各个区域;按照各省分配的份额,在省内进行再配置。针对不同的配置阶段,给出了相对缺水量最小和相对综合效益最大的配置模型。同时,对水资源配置中存在的不确定性和风险进行了分析。     

供应链管理与南水北调水资源的优化配置

南水北调工程是解决我国目前水资源空间分布不均的一项重大的基础设施项目,该工程的水资源配置是一项复杂的系统工程.随着时代的发展,传统的水资源配置理论的弊端逐渐显现出来,所以需要引入新的管理理念来进行南水北调工程的水资源配置与管理.提出了在南水北调工程水资源配置与调度中引入供应链管理的思想,从供应链的结构设计,各节点之间供水契约的订立,物流、资金流及信息流内涵的界定等方面论述了供应链管理的思路和框架.     

海南东方电厂冷却水工程模型试验研究

对海南东方电厂附近海域潮流特性分析的基础上,采用物理模型对电厂冷却水的影响范围及取水温升进行了研究.工程建设的防波堤阻挡了热水回流取水口的流路,在原设计方案的基础上提出工程量较小的比较方案,对各方案进行了对比分析和优化,供设计参考.