二维三相循环流化床液体停留时间分布的研究

用脉冲示踪法对二维三相循环流化床液体停留时间分布(RTD)进行了测定。在气速2～3m／s,液体循环量0～0．35m^3／h,固体循环量1．5～1．75g／s的范围内测得的液体停留时间分布曲线均有明显的3峰分布。其中前两峰分布是由于提升管中颗粒与液体之间和液体与气体之间共同作用改变了液体轴向速度分散程度的结果。第三个峰的分布是由于液体进入循环仓循环后在出口处检测的RTD曲线,并且提出一维两组分扩散物理叠加模型,模型的预测结果与实验获锝的RTD曲线平均误差小于5％,可较好地描述提升管中液体停留时间分布曲线。     

流量控制方式对离心泵停留时间分布的影响

采用脉冲示踪法研究离心泵的停留时间分布(RTD),将离心泵与等径等体积空管对比,定性描述了离心泵的返混特征,考察了泵前阀控、泵后阀控、转速控制对RTD的影响. 结果表明,RTD曲线呈单峰分布,泵内有死区存在,返混大于等径等体积空管,无因次方差为0.39~0.61;离心泵的返混程度既不靠近平推流,也不靠近全混流,受流量影响显著,随流量增大,返混显著减小. 3种流量控制方式对离心泵返混有一定影响,转速控制的返混情况明显大于2种阀控方式,2种阀控方式的影响较接近;随流量减小,流量控制方式引起的RTD差异更显著,3种方式的无因次方差的最大相对偏差达13.6%.     

水泥生料停留时间分布的测定

水泥生料停留时间分布是悬浮预热与窑外分解设备的一个重要参数。本文基于示踪激发——应答技术,提出了一种脉冲式重铬酸钾(K_2Cr_2O_7)示踪测试方法,在实验室冷态模试研究中,可以有效地测定水泥生料通过这类模型设备的停留时间分布及其数字特征,据此可对这类设备的开发研究、设计放大与结构改进等提供有用的信息和依据。本文着重介绍脉冲式K_2Cr_2O_7示踪原理、实验装置与步骤,并举实例叙述测试方法的过程。     

停留时间分布理论中脉冲响应法的前置条件研究

脉冲响应法是化工设备中流体停留时间分布(RTD)最常用的测试方法。通过数值模拟和实验,采用脉冲响应法测试了设备中流体的RTD,分析了脉冲时间对RTD测试结果的影响,并提出了有效脉冲时间范围。     

脉冲式油水乳化器的停留时间分布研究

应用计算机技术对ＷＭＨ－Ｉ型脉冲式油水乳化器的停留时间分布进行了在线测定。结果表明：这种乳化器的混合性能、操作弹性和操作稳定性均优于无脉冲元件的同类管道混合器。其停留时间的无因次方差在０．４以内，物料在乳化器的流动状态接近于置换流。     

浅谈origin在停留时间分布实验中的应用

停留时间分布实验的数据的处理比较复杂,还需要用到微分与积分,用origin软件中设置好的命令可以很方便地解决这些难题,使求解的结果更准确、更精确。本文中,以升阶法测定一定条件下的停留时间分布规律,并用origin软件对数据进行一定的处理,得到总平均停留时间为-t=0.0211h,δ2θ=0.65,多釜串联模型参数为N=1.5,彼克列数Pe=3.08。     

非啮合双螺杆挤出过程停留时间分布实验研究

通过对非啮合双螺杆挤出过程常规螺纹纹元件螺杆组合及引入轴向循环段的螺杆组合下的停留时间的实验研究，分析了轴向循环段的引入对非啮合双螺杆过程中停留时间及其分布的影响。     

啮合同向双螺杆挤出过程停留时间分布实验研究

通过对啮合同向双螺杆挤出过程常规螺纹元件螺杆组合及引入轴向循环段的螺杆组合停留时间的实验研究，分析了轴向循环段的引入对啮合同向双螺杆挤出过程停留时间及其分布的影响。     

组态王在停留时间分布实验数据采集系统的应用

针对反应工程教学中釜式与管式反应器的停留时间分布测定的实验特点,以宇电的智能仪表为核心,采用组态软件对停留时间实验装置进行改造,开发出在windows平台上稳定运行的管式与多釜串联停留时间分布实验测定系统,系统能提供图形化用户录、实验数据实时采集、过程操作界面、实验数据处理和实验报告的图形化操作界面。系统图形界面友好、数据采集准确可靠、大大提高了本科实验教学水平。     

化学反应工程课程停留时间分布理论的教学案例

停留时间分布理论是化学反应工程课程教学中的重要内容之一,用于刻画实际反应器的非理想流动特性。相对于理想反应器的内容,停留时间分布概念抽象,学生理解和掌握难度较大。在教学过程中,我们引入流体力学数值模拟方法,使用COMSOL软件实现反应器内流体流动的瞬态模拟,通过数值实验演示阶跃式和脉冲式示踪剂注入的停留时间分布测量过程,并在反应器出口统计示踪剂浓度随时间的变化,从而计算出反应器的停留时间分布函数。此教学案例可使学生直观理解停留时间分布的概念,深入理解流体流动的模型基础,学习使用功能强大的COMSOL软件,为之后的科研和学习打下基础。     

Residence time distribution in continuous crystallisers

The theory of continuous crystallisation (especially of sucrose) in crystallisers connected in series, in which a suspension of growing crystals is fed forward through the system without backmixing, is presented, and the calculation of the minimum coefficient of variation that can be attained under stated conditions is described. Two cases specifically considered are: (1) stirred reactors of equal mean residence times connected in series, and (2) tubular reactors in which the residence time distribution is given by a Gaussian error function. Reduction of coefficients of variation either by connecting reactors in series or by extending a tubular reactor in the axial direction is considered. Series connexion is always superior to extension because it prevents backmixing at the points of connexion.     

Residence time distribution in twin-screw extruders

Twin screw extruders are finding increased usage in reacting and devolatilizing applications. Using self-wiping profiles, the twin screws fulfill the requirement that there be no “dead” or “unmixed” zones. Agitator design must be chosen with care so that a reasonable balance can be obtained between forwarding rate, surface-generation rate, vapor passageway, power, and axial mixing. Techniques have been developed for measuring residence time distributions and characterizing axial flow behavior. The method also permits direct determination of the holdup in starved barrel applications. Data on residence time distribution are presented for 4-in. diameter twin screw equipment with a variety of rotor configurations.     

自热转化炉停留时间分布

以氢气作为示踪剂,运用脉冲法测定自热转化炉内停留时间的分布。实验结果表明:随着催化剂床层的增高,停留时间分布密度函数变窄,平均停留时间和量纲一方差均减小;当进口气量增大时,平均停留时间减小,量纲一方差增大。应用N个全混流反应器(CSTR)、轴向混合模型和平推流模型串联建立自热转化炉停留时间分布模型,由Laplace变换法和阻尼最小二乘法对模型参数进行估算,模型估计停留时间曲线与实验测量曲线吻合良好。     

Residence time distribution of solids in multistage fluidisation

The residence time distribution of the solids in multistage fluidisation, wherein downcomers for transferring the solids from stage to stage are provided to the horizontal perforated plates, is experimentally investigated covering a wide range in process variables using flat, baffle and spiral plates developed in the study. The RTD data is modelled using (i) the multiple parameter model, (ii) the diffusional mixing model and (iii) the fractional tank extension model when it is noted that over certain conditions of operation both spiral and baffle plates indicate near piston-flow for the solids without hampering the fluidisation characteristics.     

Residence time distribution of gas in spouted beds

Stimulus-response experiments have been carried out, using helium gas as tracer, to measure the residence time distribution of gas in spouted beds. The data obtained, under a variety of experimental conditions, are compared against predictions from a two-region gas flow model. The model postulates plug flow of gas in the spout and axially-dispersed plug-flow in the annulus, the extent of axial dispersion being accounted for by a coefficient, D, which is an adjustable parameter of the model. The values of D thus determined were found to increase with gas flow rate, to be relatively insensitive to bed path, and to be much larger for beds of wheat than of polystyrene.     

Residence time distribution in a commercial twin-screw extruder

The residence time distribution of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) polymers in a counterrotating twin screw commercial extruder was determined and analyzed. The experimental technique involved the use of manganese dioxide as a tracer after being neutron activated and was injected into the extruder during normal operation without interrupting the poly(vinyl chloride) compound production. The experimental results enabled us to better understand the flow and mixing conditions in the extruder.     

Residence time distribution in non-intermeshing counter-rotating twin-screw extruders

This paper deals with the residence time distribution (RTD) in a non-intermeshing counter rotating twin screw extruder. The RTDs were measured in three vent zones of the extruder sparately, and in the adjacent zones combined, using a soluble dye as the tracer. Assuming that the RTDs in the adjacent zones are independent of each other, the overall RTD was also calculated using a previously developed statistical theory. The theory has also confirmed the consistency of the present measurements. A predictive RTD model for the non-intermeshing twin screw extruder, based on the flow analysis of the individual screw zones and their statistical superposition, was also developed. The predictions are in good agreement with experiment.     

Residence time distribution in a twin screw extruder

The residence time distribution (RTD) in a fully intermeshing, corotating twin screw extruder was determined with a stimulus-response technique. In addition to varying three process parameters (i.e. throughput, screw rotational speed, and barrel temperature), two screw configurations were also studied: one containing four kneading block mixing sections, and the other consisting only of regular screw bushings. Although screw configuration was an important variable, it was found that for both configurations the throughput had the largest effect on RTD. The screw rotational speed was second in importance, and the barrel temperature change produced no effect. A fluid mechanical model based on the fluid flow in a partially-filled rectangular channel was used to explain the experimentally observed dependence of RTD on the process parameters. Reaction engineering approaches were adopted to compare the RTD results of two screw configurations with two idealized flows.     

高通量催化精馏填料的停留时间分布研究

介绍了高通量催化精馏规整填料(HCCP),是一种模块化催化精馏规整填料。停留时间分布(RTD)是催化精馏填料的重要性能参数,同时影响着填料的分离效果和塔内化学反应的进行,着重研究了高通量催化精馏填料的RTD问题。实验在内径为400 mm的冷模塔内进行,常温常压下以空气-水为介质,氯化钠水溶液作为示踪剂,通过脉冲注入的扰动-响应技术获得RTD曲线。采用轴向扩散模型分析RTD曲线,可得出模型参数彼克列数PeL及填料的持液量、轴向扩散因子Dax。结果表明,该填料内的返混现象较轻微。分析计算的结果即可用于填料性能的评价,为填料的进一步改进提供理论基础;也可用于催化精馏塔的设计和优化。