濮阳市部分食品中3种致病菌污染状况调查

为掌握河南省部分食品污染物的污染情况,对濮阳市部分食品中的沙门菌、单核细胞增生李斯特菌、O157:H7大肠埃希菌进行污染状况调查.共采样4类261份,检出3种致病菌27株,沙门菌11株(4.2%),单核细胞增生李斯特菌9株(3.4%),O157:H7大肠埃希菌7株(2.7%).生肉类污染最严重,检出率17.3%;其次为生食蔬菜,检出率14.5%;散装熟肉和生牛奶检出率较低,分别为4.3%和3.6%.11株沙门菌血清分型为:肠炎沙门菌6株,阿贡纳沙门菌3株,德比沙门菌2株.7株O157:H7均为肠出血性大肠埃希菌(EHEC).监测结果提示食品卫生工作者要提高对单增李斯特菌和O157:H77的认识,加强基层防疫站的监测能力,及时发现3种致病菌的血清型变迁和污染食品的种类变化,及时采取防治措施.     

冷冻鱼糜中金黄色葡萄球菌生长预测模型的筛选

为建立冷冻鱼糜中金黄色葡萄球菌生长预测模型,将金黄色葡萄球菌接种到冷冻鱼糜制品中,分别采用Gompertz模型、Logistic模型、Richards模型,拟合金黄色葡萄球菌在10,15,20,25℃条件下的生长数据,通过残差分布以及拟合度(RSS、RSE、AIC)等统计指标,分析比较4种模型的拟合能力,建立各温度条件下金黄色葡萄球菌最适一级生长模型。结果表明:10℃条件下Logistic模型拟合的RSS、RSE、AIC值最小,分别是0.742,0.352,-4.458;而Gompertz模型在15,20,25℃条件下拟合的RSS、RSE、AIC值最小,分别是0.403,0.259,-9.961;0.285,0.239,-13.089和0.273,0.234,-13.473。综合比较,10℃条件下,冷冻鱼糜中金黄色葡萄球菌最适一级生长模型为Logistic模型,而15,20,25℃适合采用Gompertz模型。     

Application of the Weibull model to describe inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli by citric and lactic acid at different temperatures

Inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli by citric (10‐150 g L^?1) and lactic (1‐60 mL L^?1) acids at different temperatures (4, 20, 40 °C) has been investigated. Bactericidal effect of both acids was dependent on time and temperature of exposure and acid concentration. Survival curves of L. monocytogenes treated by lactic acid were concave downward and those treated by citric acid were linear. On the other hand, survival curves of E. coli treated by both organic acids were concave upward. Shape of survival curves depended on the type of acid but not on the treatment temperature. A mathematical model based on the Weibull distribution accurately described the kinetics of inactivation of both microorganisms by both acids. This model allowed quantification and comparison of the acid resistance of L. monocytogenes and E. coli. Lactic acid was more effective than citric acid and E. coli was more sensitive to both acids than L. monocytogenes. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry     

广东省江门市区2004-2008年食源性致病菌的监测

目的了解江门市区2004-2008年食品中沙门菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、单核细胞增生李斯特菌、副溶血性弧菌及肠出血性大肠肝菌(EHEC)O157∶H7的污染状况,确定上述致病菌可能污染的高危食品,为食源性疾病监测提供科学依据。方法依据国标方法,并按《广东省食源性致病菌监测计划》检测技术要求,对采集的食品样本分别进行沙门菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、单核细胞增生李斯特菌、副溶血性弧菌及EHECO157∶H7分离、生化及血清学鉴定。结果从9类626份食品中,5年共检出致病菌54株,总检出率为8.63%。其中金黄色葡萄球菌3年检出14株,检出率最高为4.83%;其次为沙门菌5年检出23株,检出率为3.67%;单核细胞增生李斯特菌5年检出16株,检出率为2.56%;副溶血性弧菌5年中仅检出1株,检出率为0.16%;未检出EHECO157∶H7。以非定型包装熟肉、生肉类污染较为严重。结论应加强非定型包装熟肉和生肉类食品食源性致病菌污染的监测。     

Methods to determine the growth domain in a multidimensional environmental space

Data from a database on microbial responses to the food environment (ComBase, see www.combase.cc) were used to study the boundary of growth several pathogens (Aeromonas hydrophila, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Yersinia enterocolitica). Two methods were used to evaluate the growth/no growth interface. The first one is an application of the Minimum Convex Polyhedron (MCP) introduced by Baranyi et al. [Baranyi, J., Ross, T., McMeekin, T., Roberts, T.A., 1996. The effect of parameterisation on the performance of empirical models used in Predictive Microbiology. Food Microbiol. 13, 83–91.]. The second method applies logistic regression to define the boundary of growth. The combination of these two different techniques can be a useful tool to handle the problem of extrapolation of predictive models at the growth limits.     

Listeria monocytogenes: Occurrence in beef and identification of the main contamination points in processing plants

This study aimed to establish the occurrence of Listeria spp., especially L. monocytogenes and its main serotypes, in beef and processing plants. A total of 443 samples were obtained from equipment, installations and products from 11 meat processing establishments from Paraná state, Brazil. All samples were analyzed using USDA methodology for Listeria spp. detection, followed by species identification. The occurrence of Listeria spp. in the samples was 38.1% of which 51.4% were from equipment, 35.4% from installations and 30.2% from products. The identified species were: L. monocytogenes (12.6%), L. innocua (78.4%), L. seeligeri (1.2%), L. welshimeri (7.2%) and L. grayi (0.6%). The identified serotypes of L. monocytogenes were 1/2a and 4b. The results demonstrate the significance of equipment and installations as sources of contamination by Listeria spp. and L. monocytogenes in the processing of beef and meat products.     

大肠埃希菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的最低生长水分活度测定

目的探索大肠埃希菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的最低生长水分活度(water activity,A_w)。方法分别采用定性和定量试验,研究在NaCl、蔗糖、甘油3种水分活度调节剂作用下,水分活度对大肠埃希菌和金黄色葡萄球菌生长规律的影响。结果大肠埃希菌的最低生长水分活度为0.922～0.950,金黄色葡萄球菌的最低生长水分活度为0.864～0.900。根据对生长曲线的分析,随着水分活度下降,大肠埃希菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的总生长量降低,停滞时间延长,比生长速率下降。结论水分活度调节剂会影响细菌的最低生长水分活度,大肠埃希菌对甘油更为耐受,而金黄色葡萄球菌对氯化钠更为耐受。2种菌的比生长速率呈线性下降规律,且在氯化钠和蔗糖的比生长速率下降规律基本一致。     

Design of challenge testing experiments to assess the variability of Listeria monocytogenes growth in foods

The assessment of the evolution of micro-organisms naturally contaminating food must take into account the variability of biological factors, food characteristics and storage conditions. A research project involving eight French laboratories was conducted to quantify the variability of growth parameters of Listeria monocytogenes obtained by challenge testing in five food products. The residual variability corresponded to a coefficient of variation (CV) of approximately 20% for the growth rate (μ_max) and 130% for the parameter K = μ_max × lag. The between-batch and between-manufacturer variability of μ_max was very dependent on the food tested and mean CV of approximately 20 and 35% were observed for these two sources of variability, respectively. The initial physiological state variability led to a CV of 100% for the parameter K. It appeared that repeating a limited number of three challenge tests with three different batches (or manufacturers) and with different initial physiological states seems often necessary and adequate to accurately assess the variability of the behavior of L. monocytogenes in a specific food produced by a given manufacturer (or for a more general food designation).     

Comparison of the hydrophobic grid-membrane filter DNA probe method and the Health Protection Branch standard method for the detection of Listeria monocytogenes in foods

The standard Health Protection Branch (HPB) method for the detection of L. monocytogenes in foods involves lengthy enrichment, selection and biochemical testing, requiring up to 8 days to complete. A hydrophobic grid-membrane filter (HGMF) method employing a digoxigenin-labelled listeriolysin O probe required 5 days to complete, and included an image-analysis system for electronic data acquisition. A total of 200 food samples encompassing 8 high-risk food groups (soft and semi-soft cheeses, packaged raw vegetables, frozen cooked shrimp, ground poultry, ground pork, ground beef, jellied meats, and pâté) were screened for the presence of L. monocytogenes by the two methods. Overall, 32 (16%) and 30 (15%) of the naturally-contaminated food samples tested positive for L. monocytogenes by the HPB and DNA methods, respectively. The DNA probe method was highly specific in discriminating L. monocytogenes from other Listeria spp. present in 50 of the samples tested. Results showed 94% sensitivity and 100% specificity between the two methods. The HGMF DNA probe method is an efficient and reliable alternative to the HPB standard method for detecting L. monocytogenes in foods.     

Changes in growth kinetics and motility characteristics of Escherichia coli in the presence of sulphoraphane isolated from broccoli seed meal

In this investigation, the purified sulphoraphane from broccoli seed meal was evaluated in a range of 5–400 μg mL⁻¹ against Escherichia coli. The results showed that levels above 200 μg mL⁻¹ can inhibit 100% growth of 10⁶ CFU mL⁻¹ up to 5 h and cause a deformation of sigmoid behaviour in the growth kinetics, and even the bacterial population is reduced. On the other hand, low sulphoraphane levels such as 5–25 μg mL⁻¹ also have effects on the bacterium, such as the decrease in the maximum specific growth rate and the loss of ability to adjust to a growth model when maintained in isothermal conditions. In addition, sulphoraphane has an effect on swimming motility and swarming motility in semi-solid medium. The interaction of natural sulphoraphane–E. coli and the effect in the short periods can draw attention in research on food science and technology.     

餐饮食品中6病原菌叠氮丙啶-定量聚合酶链反应检测方法开发与检验数据分析

目的建立叠氮丙啶-定量聚合酶链反应法(propidiummonoazide-quantitativepolymerasechain reaction,PMA-qPCR)快速检测餐饮食品中6病原菌的方法。方法开发6种病原菌前增菌通用型培养基,采用热裂解方法提取样品DNA,采用PMA技术鉴别活菌与死菌,运用分子生物学技术检测样品中目标菌的特异性基因片段,建立病原菌的PMA-qPCR检测方法,开展餐饮食品样品病原菌筛查检测。结果本方法特异性良好,灵敏度较高, 1533份餐饮食品样品中检出病原菌71株,检出率为4.63%(71/1533)。结论本研究运用PMA-qPCR开展病原菌活菌检测技术研究,所建立研究方法可广泛应用于餐饮食品及相关食品中病原菌的快速筛查检测,具有较好的应用前景和现实意义。     

培养条件对金黄色葡萄球菌-大肠杆菌混合生物被膜的影响

以常见食源性致病菌金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌为研究对象,采用微孔板法对混合生物被膜形成过程中的不同影响因素进行了研究。结果表明：在25 ℃或30 ℃条件下,采用质量分数0.8%的胰酶大豆肉汤（TSB）或0.8%的脑心浸出液（BHI）培养基培养时,生物被膜形成量较高;添加适量的葡萄糖、乳糖、麦芽糖和蔗糖可提高混合生物被膜形成能力;培养基中NaCl质量分数＞8%时,混合生物被膜的生长明显受到抑制。     

2015~2017年广州市某食品厂低温肉灌肠生产加工过程微生物污染状况及风险分析

目的 了解低温肉灌肠生产加工过程中主要食源性致病菌的污染状况, 分析生产加工过程存在的微生物污染风险。方法 采集2015～2017年广州市某食品厂低温肉灌肠生产加工过程不同环节样品362份, 按食品安全国家标准规定的检测方法对菌落总数、大肠菌群、沙门氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌进行检测, 并对结果进行分析。结果 生产加工过程采集的样品沙门氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌检出率分别为1.10%(4/362)、0.55%(2/362)和25.97%(94/362)。原辅料、中间产品、成品和终产品单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌检出率分别为48.00%、39.13%、20.00%和0.00%, 差异有统计学意义(χ2=22.57, P<0.05)。结论 低温肉灌肠生产加工过程存在微生物污染风险, 以单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌污染风险最高, 二次杀菌可有效降低低温肉灌肠终产品微生物污染。     

鲜切果蔬中食源性致病菌污染研究进展

鲜切果蔬是一种新型果蔬加工产品,通过分级、整理、清洗、切分、去皮(核)、修整、保鲜和包装等加工程序制成的即食食品,有新鲜、营养、方便、安全的特点.然而在加工过程中,机械加工手段易使鲜切果蔬受食源性致病菌侵染,导致食源性疾病的暴发,制约了鲜切产业的发展.本文旨在调查研究即食鲜切果蔬中主要引起食源性疾病的5种食源性致病...     

The Impact of Carvacrol on Ammonia and Biogenic Amine Production by Common Foodborne Pathogens

The impact of carvacrol at different levels (0.1%, 0.5%, and 1%) on ammonia (AMN) and biogenic amines (BAs) production by 8 common foodborne pathogens (FBPs) (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Listeria monocytogenes, Aeromonas hydrophila, and Salmonella Paratyphi A) was studied using a rapid high‐performance liquid chromatography method. Significant differences among bacteria (P < 0.05) in AMN and BA production were observed using a tyrosine decarboxylase broth. Tyramine, dopamine, agmatine, spermine, and putrescine were the main amines produced by the bacteria. Tyramine production by P. aeruginosa was the highest (967 mg/L), whereas K. pneumoniae was the poorest tyramine producer (6.42 mg/L). AMN and BA production varied significantly depending on carvacrol levels and the specific bacterial strains. Tyramine production for all bacterial strains was significantly suppressed by addition of carvacrol at levels of 0.5% and 1%, but not 0.1%. Consequently, the effect of carvacrol on BA and AMN formation by FBP was dependent on bacterial strain as well as carvacrol level.     

Predictive model for growth of Clostridium perfringens during cooling of cooked uncured meat and poultry

Comparison of Clostridium perfringens spore germination and outgrowth in cooked uncured products during cooling for different meat species is presented. Cooked, uncured product was inoculated with C. perfringens spores and vacuum packaged. For the isothermal experiments, all samples were incubated in a water bath stabilized at selected temperatures between 10 and 51 °C and sampled periodically. For dynamic experiments, the samples were cooled from 54.4 to 27 °C and subsequently from 27 to 4 °C for different time periods, designated as x and y hours, respectively. The growth models used were based on a model developed by Baranyi and Roberts (1994. A dynamic approach to predicting bacterial growth in food. Int. J. Food Micro. 23, 277-294), which incorporates a constant, referred to as the physiological state constant, q₀. The value of this constant captures the cells’ history before the cooling begins. To estimate specific growth rates, data from isothermal experiments were used, from which a secondary model was developed, based on a form of Ratkowsky’s 4-parameter equation. The estimated growth kinetics associated with pork and chicken were similar, but growth appeared to be slightly greater in beef; for beef, the maximum specific growth rates estimated from the Ratkowsky curve was about 2.7 log₁₀ cfu/h, while for the other two species, chicken and pork, the estimate was about 2.2 log₁₀ cfu/h. Physiological state constants were estimated by minimizing the mean square error of predictions of the log₁₀ of the relative increase versus the corresponding observed quantities for the dynamic experiments: for beef the estimate was 0.007, while those for pork and chicken the estimates were about 0.014 and 0.011, respectively. For a hypothetical 1.5 h cooling from 54 °C to 27° and 5 h to 4 °C, corresponding to USDA-FSIS cooling compliance guidelines, the predicted growth (log₁₀ of the relative increase) for each species was: 1.29 for beef; 1.07 for chicken and 0.95 log₁₀ for pork. However, it was noticed that for pork in particular, the model using the derived q₀ had a tendency to over-predict relative growth when the observed amount of relative growth was small, and under-predict the relative growth when the observed amount of relative growth was large. To provide more fail-safe estimate, rather than using the derived value of q₀, a value of 0.04 is recommended for pork.     

鱼肉中沙门氏菌生长预测模型的建立

目的：研究沙门氏菌在鱼肉中的生长情况并拟合了一级和二级生长预测模型。方法：以鱼肉样品为研究对象,接种4种不同血清型的沙门氏菌混合菌,并置于不同温度下培养。选择修正的SGompertz和修正的SLogistic的模型为一级模型,用origin8.5软件拟合生长数据,通过拟合的模型参数,计算出最大比生长速率μmax和迟滞期λ。再选用二次多项式和平方根模型为二级模型,分别拟合μmax和λ与温度之间的二级模型并使用参数相关系数R²、准确度(Accuracy factor,Af)、偏差度(Bias factor,Bf)进行模型验证。结果：SGompertz模型相关系数R²均在0.99以上。以平方根模型建立的二级模型中,μmax的R²、Bf和Af分别为0.937、1.056和1.507,λ的R²、Bf和Af分别为0.653、0.752和1.772;以二次多项式模型建立的二级模型中,μmax的R²、Bf和Af分别为0.730、0.874和1.426,λ的R²、Bf和Af分别为0.105、1.449和2.313。结论：通过SGompertz模型建立的一级模型和二次多项式拟合的二级模型可以对鱼肉样品中沙门氏菌的生长情况进行较好的模拟,为掌握沙门氏菌在鱼肉样品中的生长繁殖规律以及为鱼肉样品的贮藏保鲜提供科学依据。     

应用改良的Jameson-effect模型建立植物乳杆菌对单增李斯特菌的抑制模型

本文旨在研究植物乳杆菌对单增李斯特菌的抑制作用,并建立植物乳杆菌对单增李斯特菌的抑制模型。通过稀释法获得植物乳杆菌纯菌培养液及植物乳杆菌/单增李斯特菌的混合培养液,分别置于7℃、14℃、21℃、28℃与35℃恒温培养箱中培养并适时取样计数,单增李斯特菌纯培养数据从Com Base数据库获得。基于两种菌的混合培养数据,应用Baranyi模型为初级模型,拟合得到两种菌的最大比生长速率和迟滞期,进而应用改良的Jameson-effect模型建立植物乳杆菌对单增李斯特菌的抑制模型,并对模型进行数学检验。结果显示,7℃时植物乳杆菌不生长;14℃、21℃、28℃与35℃条件下,植物乳杆菌对单增李斯特菌有显著抑制作用。抑制模型数学检验结果为均方误差值在0.07~0.10之间,偏差因子值在0.98~1.04之间,准确因子值在1附近,表明所建立改良的Jameson-effect模型能够较好地预测植物乳杆菌作为抑菌剂存在条件下单增李斯特菌的生长情况。     

Ultraviolet light and Ultrasound as non-thermal treatments for the inactivation of microorganisms in fresh ready-to-eat foods

The effects of two non thermal disinfection processes, Ultraviolet light (UV 254 nm) and Ultrasound (US) on the inactivation of bacteria and color in two freshly cut produces (lettuce and strawberry) were investigated. The main scope of this work was to study the efficacy of UV and US on the decontamination of inoculated lettuce and strawberries with a cocktail of four bacteria, Escherichia coli, Listeria innocua, Salmonella Enteritidis and Staphylococcus aureus. Treatment of lettuce with UV reduced significantly the population of E. coli, L. innocua, S. Enteritidis and S. aureus by 1.75, 1.27, 1.39 and 1.21 log CFU/g, respectively. Furthermore, more than a 2-log CFU/g reduction of E. coli and S. Enteritidis was achieved with US. In strawberries, UV treatment reduced bacteria only by 1–1.4 log CFU/g. The maximum reductions of microorganisms, observed in strawberries after treatment with US, were 3.04, 2.41, 5.52 and 6.12 log CFU/g for E. coli, S. aureus, S. Enteritidis and L. innocua, respectively. Treatment with UV and US, for time periods (up to 45 min) did not significantly (p > 0.05) change the color of lettuce or strawberry. Treatment with UV and US reduced the numbers of selected inoculated bacteria on lettuce and strawberries, which could be good alternatives to other traditional and commonly used technologies such as chlorine and hydrogen peroxide solutions for fresh produce industry. These results suggest that UV and US might be promising, non-thermal and environmental friendly disinfection technologies for freshly cut produce.     

Inactivation Kinetics of Listeria monocytogenes by High-Pressure Processing: Pressure and Temperature Variation

The enhanced quasi-chemical kinetics (EQCK) model is presented as a methodology to evaluate the nonlinear inactivation kinetics of baro-resistant Listeria monocytogenes in a surrogate protein food system by high-pressure processing (HPP) for various combinations of pressure (P= 207 to 414 MPa) and temperature (T= 20 to 50 °C). The EQCK model is based on ordinary differential equations derived from 6 "quasi-chemical reaction" steps. The EQCK model continuously fits the conventional stages of the microbial lifecycle: lag, growth, stationary phase, and death; and tailing. Depending on the conditions, the inactivation kinetics of L. monocytogenes by HPP show a lag, inactivation, and tailing. Accordingly, we developed a customized, 4-step subset version of the EQCK model sufficient to evaluate the HPP inactivation kinetics of L. monocytogenes and obtain values for the model parameters of lag (λ), inactivation rate (μ), rate constants (k), and "processing time" (tp). This latter parameter was developed uniquely to evaluate kinetics data showing tailing. Secondary models are developed by interrelating the fitting parameters with experimental parameters, and Monte Carlo simulations are used to evaluate parameter reproducibility. This 4-step model is also compared with the empirical Weibull and Polylog models. The success of the EQCK model (as its 4-step subset) for the HPP inactivation kinetics of baro-resistant L. monocytogenes showing tailing establishes several advantages of the EQCK modeling approach for investigating nonlinear microbial inactivation kinetics, and it has implications for determining mechanisms of bacterial spore inactivation by HPP. Practical Application: Results of this study will be useful to the many segments of the food processing industry (ready-to-eat meats, fresh produce, seafood, dairy) concerned with ensuring the safety of consumers from the health hazards of Listeria monocytogenes, particularly through the use of emerging food preservation technologies such as high-pressure processing.