Geotextiles in India

Applications of geotextiles in civil engineering have been successfully developed and offer benefits in terms of economics, durability and p performance. Geotextiles play an important role in geotechnical engineering works, especially highways and railroads, reinforced soil, stabilisation of soil or rock slopes, drainage control, embankments and dams, tunnel constructions, reservoirs, coastal engineering and canals. This paper mainly gives information about the development and use of geotextiles in India.     

加筋垫层承载性能和工程应用综述

随着土工合成材料技术在我国的应用和发展,土工合成材料加筋垫层已经在土木工程中得到广泛的应用,经济效益显著。但目前加筋垫层的作用机理与承载性能的研究远远落后于工程实践,加筋垫层设计计算还没有一套相对成熟的方法,直接影响了加筋垫层的进一步推广应用。本文在阅读大量国内外文献的基础上,归纳和总结了加筋垫层的承载性能和设计方法研究现状,指出目前存在的主要问题,并提出了进一步研究的方向。     

面向新工科的土木工程专业改造升级路径探索与实践

在新工科背景下,土木工程专业面临着由传统工科专业向新型土木工程专业转型、升级、改造的问题。结合国内外土木工程行业发展趋势,对传统土木工程专业如何向新型土木工程专业转型、升级进行了探讨,在新工科背景下将OBE教育理念运用到土木工程专业的升级和改造,开展面向新工科的土木工程人才培养方案研究与实践。研究内容包括校企共建"智慧建筑学院";建立面向新工科的人才培养目标与毕业要求;将互联网+、云计算、大数据、智能化、虚拟现实等信息技术、智能化技术,尤其是BIM技术用于多学科交叉的课程体系设置;建立多专业融合的智慧建筑仿真实验中心,构建"3+1"的校企合作教育平台,实现新工科背景下的新型土木工程专业内涵式发展,培养面向未来的新型智慧建筑人才。     

A new method based on the theory of fuzzy sets for obtaining an indication of risk

This paper concludes that traditional methods used in risk analysis have to be modified for adaption to the civil engineering industry. The main reason is that civil engineering systems are humanistic systems while traditional methods have been developed for mechanical systems. Consequently, the proposed method, indication of risk, is based on traditional methods such as fault tree analysis but modified according to the needs of the civil engineering industry. For humanistic systems, the method is based on the theories of possibility and fuzzy sets instead of the traditional theory of probability. The method is intended to be used to identify critical phases of the analysed systems and for optimizing system control. The method presented is exemplified by a risk analysis of a computer calculation. It is concluded that the method fulfils its intentions and deserves to be developed and examined further.     

新形势下我国地下人防工程特色及发展理念

随着高新技术的迅猛发展,对现代军事防御和未来战争形态产生了深远影响,也对传统人防工程体系提出了全新考验。聚焦我国地下人防工程体系,首先,系统归纳了我国地下人防工程发展及特色,并指出其适应现代化战争要求存在的不足;而后,明确了现代化战争新特点与新要求,提出现代化战争对现阶段人防工程新要求;接着,归纳国外地下人防工程的发展特点及现状,提出了我国未来地下人防工程的借鉴策略;最后,提出未来地下人防工程发展若干理念,并构思未来军民融合城市应急避难示范中心设计蓝图。本研究综述及发展理念可为新形势地下人防工程发展提供借鉴思路,也将为新形势地下人防工程应急避难、救援、机动疏散等融合设计提供模式参考。     

Reexamination of traditional testing techniques for determining WRCs of woven geotextiles in full suction range

Woven geotextiles have been widely used in soil infrastructures for the reinforcement purpose. The hydraulic properties of a woven geotextile are not major reinforcement design parameters and the water retention capability of a woven geotextile is often ignored. The traditional testing techniques were designed for soils or nonwoven geotextiles, but not for woven geotextiles. Nowadays, a new type of woven geotextile with wicking fibers was developed which could be used for both drainage and reinforcement purposes. However, there are no proper testing techniques to determine the full-range water retention curve (WRC) for a woven geotextile, let alone for the wicking geotextile.This paper aimed at proposing a proper testing technique to determining the full-range WRC for the wicking geotextile and to compare the water retention capability of wicking and non-wicking geotextiles. Firstly, the traditional testing techniques were re-examined to check the suitability for characterizing the WRCs of woven geotextiles whose pore size distributions were anisotropic. Secondly, a proper testing technique was proposed and the WRCs of different types of woven geotextiles were determined. Thirdly, the WRCs of wicking and non-wicking geotextiles were compared to demonstrate the advantages of the wicking geotextile to hold and transport water under unsaturated conditions. Finally, the effect of wicking fiber on the water retention capability of the wicking geotextile was quantified.     

新工科背景下土木工程专业研究生交叉创新能力培养及导师团队建设探索

"新工科"是中国工程教育应对新技术和新发展的重大战略决策,土木工程作为传统工科专业需要调整行业未来发展方向。以土木工程学科全日制研究生培养为例,阐述了土木工程专业新工科建设的必要性,分析和总结了当前研究生能力培养环节存在的问题。在此基础上,提出研究生交叉创新能力的培养目标和培养举措,包括实践创新能力、科研创新能力和学科交叉能力等,并以研究生导师团队建设为辅,协同促进研究生能力培养,旨在提高全日制研究生的整体素质。     

FRP约束混凝土柱的研究和应用简述

纤维增强复合材料(FRP)在土木工程中的研究应用是目前国内外土木工程领域研究开发的一个热点。本文总结了目前FRP约束混凝土柱的研究现状,并对其应用中的几个关键问题进行了探讨,同时对其今后的发展与应用进行了展望。     

土木工程结构试验实践环节自主学习的探索

随着土木工程科技化程度的提高和服役结构性能的降低,对工程结构进行试验研究越来越重要。随着信息技术的发展,工程结构试验过程也逐渐依赖网络进行设备、材料的购置,该方式可引入土木工程结构试验的课程教学中。传统土木工程结构试验教学方法以课内理论和试验为主,学生缺乏独立思考的空间。文章提出设置网络信息平台进行试验材料购置的实践环节,通过网络的互动,增加学生试验参与度,增强学生对结构试验的认识。     

我国钢管高强混凝土结构技术的最新进展

对我国钢管高强混凝土结构技术的发展现状作了简要介绍，着重评述了在高层建筑，大跨度桥梁工程中应用钢管高强混凝土结构的成就，工程实践表明，钢管高强混凝土既是一种高强，高性能结构材料，也是一种高效施工技术，它将对新世纪土建工程技术进步产生深远的影响。     

Engineering geomorphology: A UKuk perspective

Engineering geomorphology has developed at a rather disappointingly slow rate in the UK since publication of the earlier applications in the 1970’s. Among the more notable contributions of geomorphological techniques and expertise to civil engineering have been the various landslide mapping surveys carried out for road construction projects overseas and in the UK. However, while geomorphological mapping has proved to be a useful tool for landslide assessment and the planning of geotechnical ground investigations there are four main constraints that currently limit the professional application of engineering geomorphology to civil engineering practice. First, the subject has not received universal acceptance by civil engineers who often see it as too academic and not directly applicable to engineering design. Second, when geomorphological mapping has been used it has often been applied at the beginning of a project and frequently continual geomorphological interpretation is not allowed to take place as the geotechnical ground investigation and design take place. Third the technique of geomorphological mapping is the most familiar geomorphological tool known to the civil engineer and the valid and often cost-effective contributions that geomorphologists can make to other civil engineering studies using different techniques are frequently not recognised. Finally, so-called engineering geomorphologists trained in the UK often do not have sufficient knowledge of engineering design criteria to be gainfully employed on civil engineering projects. Some of these problems may be resolved by a reconsideration of the training given to potential engineering geomorphologists in the UK, possibly by the British Geomorphological Research Group and the Engineering Group of the Geological Society, and a greater awareness among civil engineers of the full potential that engineering geomorphology can offer.     

铝合金及FRP-铝合金组合结构在结构工程中的应用

首先介绍了铝合金材料及其铝合金构件的形式,分析了铝合金作为一种建筑材料的特点,并介绍铝合金桥梁结构、大跨空间结构和其它结构形式.考虑到铝合金的弹性模量相对钢材来说较低,因此铝合金结构往往受变形控制,这在一定程度上影响到其应用的范围.为此,本文提出了FRP-铝合金组合结构,不仅可以显著提高铝合金构件的刚度,也可显著提高其承载力,且仍保持铝合金构件的延性特征.本文针对这种新型高强轻质耐久的组合结构在国内外的应用现状进行了介绍,并讨论了其今后的发展.     

土木建造类研究生学科交叉融合培养体系研究与实践

基于大工程观的复合型、国际化人才已经成为土木工程专业研究生培养的目标需求,因此,文章旨在探索学科交叉融合的土木建造类研究生培养途径。以重庆大学土木建造类研究生培养为例,通过目标需求分析,打造良好的多学科融合研究生培养条件,构建智慧赋能、学科交叉土木建造类研究生的培养体系。通过十余年的改革与实践,创新了培养理念、培养模式和培养体系,并在人才培养质量、培养能力、教学改革成果等方面取得了突出成效。通过智慧赋能土木、创新助力建造,有效提升了土木建造类研究生的创新能力和国际化视野,实现研究生培养从传统土木到智慧建造的复合式发展,开辟了土木建造类研究生人才培养改革新方向。     

Reclamation of abandoned open mines with innovative meandrically arranged geotextiles

For over fifty years, geosynthetics have been used for land reclamation of degraded areas. Several years ago for this purpose innovative geotextiles formed from meandrically arranged thick ropes were invented. The geotextiles were used for reclamation of abandoned lignite open-mine in Germany and disused gravel pit in Poland. The geotextiles were installed in abandoned mines. In next years positive influence of geotextiles on slopes behaviour and vegetation was observed. It was stated that the geotextiles provide stabilization of steep unstable slopes and significantly accelerate vegetation development. The innovative geotextiles perform functions unobtainable for other traditional products. The products are useful in an effective reclamation of open mines and constitute a valuable extension of the geosynthetic assortment applicable in land reclamation.     

土工布在工程实践中的应用

介绍了我国土工布的发展及应用现状,分析了土工布的工程特性,通过工程实践体现了其广阔的应用领域,最后提出其施工要点,从而推广土工布的应用使土工布充分发挥工程价值。     

The place of expert systems in civil engineering

Engineering is concerned with much more than calculation and numeric analysis. It is concerned with ideas, concepts, judgement and deploying experience which cannot be represented numerically. All of these appear to be outside the realm of traditional engineering computing. Engineers make use of knowledge about objects, events and processes and make declarative statements about them which are often written down symbolically. These limitations of traditional computing in civil engineering can be overcome by expert systems. In this paper we present a number of expert systems dealing with analysis, design and knowledge acquisition in the field of civil engineering.     

新工科背景下农林院校土木与水利专业研究生培养质量的监控与提升

随着“新工科”理念的提出，我国研究生教育迎来了结构调整的关键时期，然而，当前土木与水利工程专业研究生的培养因为受到各类因素的影响而出现了质量下降的问题。立足于农林院校的办学特点和基础条件，通过问卷调查的方式收集福建农林大学土木与水利工程专业研究生的发展现状，引入灰度预测模型预测问卷数据的未来发展趋势。研究结果表明：土木水利专业研究生创新能力质量系数与实践水平质量系数均呈现出明显的下滑趋势，外语能力也未得到有效提升。为此，从学校和教师层面出发，详细阐述了提升创新能力、实践水平及外语能力的改进措施和建议。研究成果在一定程度上揭示了当今土木与水利工程专业研究生培养过程中存在的主要问题，提出了符合“新工科”理念和农林院校特点的研究生质量提升方法，这将有助于高校有针对性地培养适应未来发展格局的高素质土木与水利工程专业人才。     

工程哲学视角下土建类专业人才非技术能力体系构建——以重庆大学为例

科学构建工科学生非技术能力培养体系,不仅能够有效提升工程教育人才的培养质量,更关乎我国工程界未来的发展水平和方向。基于工程哲学视角,以土建类专业为例,深入分析了高校在本科学生非技术能力培养方面存在的问题,从培养目标、课程体系、教学模式和教学资源保障四个维度构建土建类专业人才非技术能力培养体系,并系统介绍重庆大学土建类专业人才非技术能力体系的实践内容和经验,以期为推动工程教育改革提参考。     

对我国城市人防工程建设的思考

虽然当前全球相对处于和平时期，但近年来连续爆发的几场大规模局部战争及持续不断的地区；中突和恐怖袭击对城市的破坏和对居民的生产生活影响均很大。面对突如其来的危险与灾难，人们开始重新审视城市人防工程的地位和作用。简要回顾了国内外城市人防工程的发展历程，重点分析在现代战争技术条件下人防建设的发展趋势，并对我国城市人防工程建设提出些新的看法。     

结构试验与检测中的若干新技术

结构试验与检测是土木工程结构研究、设计、施工,以及工程安全鉴定、评估中的重要环节。随着土木、材料、测量、计算机网络等技术的发展,传统测试方法的局限性变得日益明显,难以满足结构工程技术进一步发展的需要,由此产生了一些新的结构试验与检测技术。文章主要介绍了几项当前被广泛研究和关注的新技术,包括虚拟仪器技术、分布式应变测试技术、网络远程协同试验技术以及物联网技术。