Si(111)衬底上生长GaN晶绳的研究

利用热壁化学气相沉积在Si(111)衬底上获得GaN品绳，采用傅里叶红外吸收谱(FTIR)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、选区电子衍射(SAED)、X射线衍射(XRD)和光致发光谱(PL)对晶绳进行组成、结构、形貌和光学特性分析。初步结果证明：在Si(111)衬底上获得择优生长的六方纤锌矿结构的GaN晶绳。SEM显示在均匀的薄膜上出现φ6μm的晶绳，FTIR显示GaN薄膜的主要成分为GaN同时含有少量的C污染，由XRD和SAED的综合分析得出晶绳呈六方纤锌矿单晶结构，PL测试表明晶绳呈现不同于GaN薄膜的发光特性。     

分子束外延生长GaN薄膜的新方法

CaN是一种宽禁带半导体材料,它可以用来制作蓝绿光到近紫外波段的发光器件,近年来在国际上受到很大的重视。外延生长优质GaN薄膜已成为国外在Ⅲ-Ⅴ族半导体外延生长的新的主攻目标之一。生长GaN的技术美键之一是需要有产生高激活率的N源,迄今国际上所采用的N源由于激活率不够高,虽能生长好的六角结构的GaN薄膜,但不能生长结构特性良好的立方GaN     

氨气与温度对HCVD法合成GaN纳米材料的影响

实验以三氯化镓(GaCl_3)为Ⅲ族源,通过自制的卤化物化学气相沉积(HCVD)装置在Si(111)衬底上实现了GaN纳米材料的自催化生长,探讨了氨气(NH_3)流量,反应温度和梯度变温生长工艺对GaCl_3合成GaN纳米材料的影响。利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM),能谱仪(EDS),X射线衍射(XRD)和光致发光(PL)对样品进行表征,结果表明,GaN纳米结构以团簇模式进行生长,符合气-液-固(V-L-S)生长机制。在不同的生长条件下,GaN的表面形貌,晶体质量和发光性能存在明显的差异,当NH_3流量为60 sccm,反应温度为900℃时,GaN表现为规则的六边形结构,晶体质量好,PL图谱中未出现明显的红光峰(680 nm左右),采用梯度变温(800～900℃)生长工艺后,得到GaN纳米材料的复合结构,其比表面积和近带边发光峰强度均得到提高。     

Fe/GaN、Fe3N/GaN的生长及其性能研究

应用金属有机物化学气相沉积(MOCVD)方法,在c轴取向的GaN上生长出Fe颗粒薄膜以及Fe3N薄膜。应用XRD、AFM、XPS以及SQUID等技术对薄膜的结构、表面形貌以及磁学性能等性质进行了分析,结果表明六方结构的GaN上生长的Fe为立方结构,且以Fe(110)//GaN(0002)晶面以及Fe[001]//GaN[11■0]轴的方式存在,而生长的Fe3N为六方结构,且以Fe3N(0002)//GaN(0002)晶面以及Fe3N[11■0]//GaN[1ī00]轴的方式存在。同时,磁学分析表明,平行于薄膜方向为易磁化方向,垂直于薄膜方向为难磁化方向。     

脉冲激光沉积法在GaN基片上制备c轴取向LiNbO_3薄膜

采用LiNbO3单晶靶材,以激光脉冲沉积方法在六方GaN(0001)基片上沉积制备c轴取向的LiNbO3薄膜。利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和原子力显微镜(AFM)研究了沉积温度和氧气压强对生长的薄膜的相组成、外延关系、表面形貌、晶粒大小的影响。结果显示,沉积温度500℃、氧分压20~30 Pa是在GaN基片上生长c轴取向LiNbO3薄膜的最优生长条件。XRD分析表明,生长的LiNbO3薄膜具有两种晶畴结构,其外延关系分别为[1-100](0001)LiNbO3//[11-20](0001)GaN和[10-10](0001)LiNbO3//[-12-10](0001)GaN。SEM和AFM对薄膜的表面形貌表征表明,在最优生长条件下沉积的薄膜表面平整,致密度好。     

GaN—MOCVD设备产业化发展战略研究——Ⅲ族氮化物半导体的热点、难点、机遇和挑战

以氮化镓(GaN)为代表的Ⅲ族氮化物半导体材料已经成为世界范围的研究热点。但是，采用异质外延法生长的GaN，由于衬底材料晶格失配和热失配而存在高密度的位措缺陷和产生龟裂；外延生长所用的源材料之间存在严重的气相预反应以及M0源对氧和水份等杂质十分敏感，因而外延质量和成县率强烈依赖于设备性能和工艺条件。无论是设备还是工艺，都还存在很大的发展空间和机遇，预料3年～5年内国外将推出每批几十片的商用机型，我国相关设备制造和器件开发面临严峻挑战。     

类金字塔状GaN微米结构的生长及其形貌表征

采用金属有机化学气相沉积(MOCVD)技术,在非掺杂GaN层上原位生长SiNx掩模层,制备了形貌可控的类金字塔状GaN微米结构,并系统研究了生长温度、生长时间、反应压力和Ⅴ/Ⅲ比等不同生长参数对其形貌的影响。研究结果表明,在生长温度为1 075℃时,所生长的GaN呈现出类金字塔状微米锥结构;当生长时间由3 min延长至20 min时,微米锥的底面直径由3.6μm增大到19.8μm,密度由3.8×10~3cm~(-2)降低至0.8×10~3cm~(-2);压力及Ⅴ/Ⅲ比共同决定该结构顶部的微观形貌(锥状或截顶锥状)。本工作的研究结果为GaN微钠米结构的原位可控生长奠定了一定基础,并有助于三维GaN基LED器件的进一步发展。     

电泳沉积法制备GaN薄膜的结构和组分分析

采用电泳沉积法在Si(111)衬底上制备出了GaN薄膜.用X射线衍射(XRD)、傅立叶红外吸收(FTIR)谱、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和扫描电镜(SEM)对样品的结构、组分和形貌进行了分析.结果显示所得样品为六方纤锌矿结构的GaN多晶薄膜.     

氨化温度对氨化Si基Ga2O3/Cr膜制备GaN纳米结构的影响

采用磁控溅射的方法在Si(111)衬底上溅射沉积Ga2O3/Cr膜,并通过氨化的方法在Si(111)衬底上成功合成了六方纤锌矿GaN纳米结构材料,研究了不同的氨化温度对合成GaN纳米材料的影响.采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、高分辨透射电子显微镜(HR-TEM)、傅里叶红外吸收(FTIR)光谱来检测样品的形态,结构和成分,并且讨论了GaN纳米结构的生长机理.研究结果表明,在Cr催化合成GaN纳米结构的过程中,氨化温度对其有重要影响,最佳温度是950℃.     

Si基Au催化合成镁掺杂GaN纳米线

通过一种新奇的方法在硅衬底上成功地合成了掺杂镁的氮化镓纳米线,用金属镁粉末作为掺杂源,然后在900℃时于流动的氨气中进行氨化Ga2P3薄膜制备GaN纳米线.X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、选区电子衍射(SAED)和能量弥散X射线谱(EDX)的分析结果表明,采用此方法得到的GaN纳米线为六方纤锌矿结构,纳米线的直径大约在60～100nm之间,纳米线的长约十几个微米.EDX分析表明纳米线掺杂了镁.室温下以325nm波长的光激发样品表面,发现由于镬的掺杂使GaN的发光峰有较大的蓝移.最后,简单讨论了GaN纳米线的生长机制.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from