WALL JET DEVELOPMENT IN A TURBULENT RECIRCULATING CAVITY FLOW

A turbulent wall jet within a confining recirculating cavity was examined using flow visualization, particle image velocimetry (PIV), and laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV). The PIV technique was used macroscopically for flow visualization as well as at a much finer resolution to determine detailed velocities within the developing wall jet. Comparison data collected using laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV) was used for validation purposes. The wall jet was well characterized using conventional unbounded wall jet parameters. Wall jet velocity profiles collapsed onto a single profile with the application of the appropriate parameters, indicating some degree of similarity after the initial jet region and up to the mid wall distance. Distances past this region were characterized by a rapid decay in the jet caused by the adverse pressure gradient created by the bounding wall. It was found that the wall jet growth rate within the recirculating cavity was greater than that of an unbounded wall jet in a stagnant fluid. This phenomenon is attributed to the recirculating flow, confining boundaries, and the initial jet exit velocity conditions.     

WALL JET DEVELOPMENT IN A TURBULENT RECIRCULATING CAVITY FLOW

A turbulent wall jet within a confining recirculating cavity was examined using flow visualization, particle image velocimetry (PIV), and laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV). The PIV technique was used macroscopically for flow visualization as well as at a much finer resolution to determine detailed velocities within the developing wall jet. Comparison data collected using laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV) was used for validation purposes. The wall jet was well characterized using conventional unbounded wall jet parameters. Wall jet velocity profiles collapsed onto a single profile with the application of the appropriate parameters, indicating some degree of similarity after the initial jet region and up to the mid wall distance. Distances past this region were characterized by a rapid decay in the jet caused by the adverse pressure gradient created by the bounding wall. It was found that the wall jet growth rate within the recirculating cavity was greater than that of an unbounded wall jet in a stagnant fluid. This phenomenon is attributed to the recirculating flow, confining boundaries, and the initial jet exit velocity conditions.     

AN EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF TURBULENT RECIRCULATING FLOW IN A CAVITY WITH AN INLET WALL JET

Recirculating turbulent flow within a cavity with an inlet wall jet was examined. In steady water flow profiles were constructed with measurements taken with a Laser Dopplcr Anemometer system mounted on a traversing mechanism for two different inlet velocities. The results are presented in terms of mean velocities and turbulent kinetic energy distributions. Comparisons are then made with results obtained using a finite difference computational scheme based on the k-ε turbulence model. In general, good agreement was obtained between the computer code predictions and the experimental data. However, the agreement between measurements and the code predictions was much better for the mean velocity field as compared to the turbulent kinetic energy field.     

TURBULENT MIXING IN THE IMPINGEMENT ZONE OF DUAL OPPOSED FREE JETS AND OF THE NORMAL WALL-IMPINGING JET

Marker nephelometry has been used to study the concentration fields of two jet-mixing systems: (i) equal opposed turbulent round free jets impinging upon each other, and (ii) the turbulent round free jet impinging upon a plane wall normal to its axis. Attention is focussed upon the impingement or deflection zone. The fields of mean concentration, concentration fluctuation intensity, and concentration intermittency were measured. Two-point correlations and frequency spectra were determined at selected points. Integral spatial scales were estimated. In the case of the opposed jets, the extent of mixing between the two jet source fluids was mapped. The results are of interest in relation to chemical reactors and combustors and for applications in heat and mass transfer.     

A MODEL OF THE TURBULENT BURST PHENOMENON: TRANSITIONAL TURBULENT FULLY DEVELOPED FLOW IN CIRCULAR TUBES

The surface renewal approach is used in this paper to analyze transitional turbulent, fully developed flow in circular tubes. The analysis involves a minimum level of empiricism and gives rise to calculations for mean velocity distribution and friction factor that are consistent with experimental data for laminar, transitional turbulent, and fully turbulent conditions.     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF THE EFFECT OF VELOCITY RATIO ON THE FLOW CHARACTERISTICS IN A COAXIAL JET

Previous experimental work shows that velocity ratio is the principal independent variable to determine the flow behavior of coaxial jets. This study focusing on the effect of velocity ratio on the flow characteristics such as the velocity and kinetic energy profiles, centerline velocity decaying, flow growing and entraining of the jet, presents a detailed numerical simulation of a coaxial jet with a secondary parallel moving stream. It is found that radial profiles of the mean velocity component u depending on the velocity ratio show good similarity in the fully developed zone. Compared with available experimental data, the results show that the use of standard κ-ε model leads to good agreement between the numerical results and experimental data.     

MICROMIXING AND FAST REACTION IN THE CORE OF TURBULENT PIPE FLOW

Most work on micromixing within the last decade has considered stirred tank reactors. Here the core region of turbulent flow in a pipe is studied experimentally and theoretically. A neutralization as well as the azo coupling between 1-naphthol and diazotised sulphanilic acid were conducted in the core and, combined with a micromixing model, led to local rates of turbulent energy dissipation. These were compared with values available in the literature and determined from physical measurements. The chemically determined values were somewhat greater, possibly due to the radial movement of the reagents from the centre line and additional turbulence generated by the feed pipe. Nevertheless Eq. (11) should apply to micromixing in the core. Total average rates of energy dissipation greatly exceeded the turbulent rates in the core.     

NUMERICAL PREDICTION OF A RECTANGULAR TURBULENT JET IN A CROSS FLOW

The trajectories and decay of the maximum velocity for turbulent jets in a cross flow were simulated by means of the κ — ? two-equation turbulence model in which differential equations were solved for the kinetic energy of turbulence and for the rate of its dissipation. The solution procedure employed an elliptic finite-difference scheme with the three velocity components and the pressure as the main dependent variables. The essential properties of the jet were discussed in the case of different ratios of the rectangular orifice length to the width H/B, ratios of the jet injected velocity to the main stream velocity R; and different injection angles α. The numerical prediction results were presented in the form of equivalent diameter. Lastly, two correlation equations were obtained and the numerical predictions are shown to agree well with the experimental data.     

TURBULENT TRANSPORT OF A PASSIVE SCALAR FIELD

Several statistical theories of the transport of a passive scalar quantity make use of a Green's function and statistical properties of the fluid velocity field. The theories are applied to the problems of mean gradient transport in a turbulent fluid and of turbulent transport to a wall or a fluid interface. For the case of mass transfer by a uniform mean concentration gradient in homogeneous turbulence, a weak mixing hypothesis leads to results similar to those of Kraichnan's direct interaction approximation (D1A). Further use of a smoothing hypothesis leads to an algebraic expression for the eddy diffusivity which compares well with the DIA and with laboratory experiments.     

TURBULENT FLOW IN A PIPE WITH INTERMITTENT ROUGH PATCHES: AN ANALOGUE OF ANNULAR TWO-PHASE FLOW

The response of turbulent pipe flow to sudden changes in wall roughness and flow cross-sectional area has been studied experimentally and numerically. Changes typical of those encountered by the gas phase in annular gas-liquid flow have been considered. The results show that the flow field and the pressure field can be significantly distorted at these transitions. Good agreement has been obtained between the measured results and those calculated using the Harwell-FLOW3D computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code.     

VELOCITY MEASUREMENTS OF TURBULENT TWO-PHASE FLOW IN A HIGH-PRESSURE HOMOGENIZER MODEL

The effect of disperse phase volume fraction on the turbulence in a scale model of a high-pressure homogenizer was studied experimentally. Velocity fields of the continuous phase were measured using particle image velocimetry. Refractive index matching combined with digital filtering enabled measurement with disperse phase present. Geometry and physical properties were carefully scaled in order to ensure turbulent flow and disperse phase modulation comparable to that of a technical high-pressure homogenizer. The results show a widening of the jet downstream of the gap and increased Reynolds stresses in the region of high turbulence intensity. This is consistent with previous experiments under similar conditions. Furthermore, the spectra of turbulent kinetic energy were investigated, indicating that the increase in turbulent kinetic energy is mainly due to an increase in energy of eddies of large length scales.     

CHARACTERISTICS OF TURBULENT TWO-PHASE FLOW

The characteristics of turbulent bubbly regime of gas and liquid flow in a horizontally oriented large pipeline have been presented. Various techniques such as hot film anemometer, Pitot tube, miniature pressure transducers and orifice meters were successfully employed to measure the two-phase flow parameters, void fraction, mixture velocity and wall pressure fluctuations.

Different semi-empirical correlations have been developed for predicting the turbulent characteristics in radial and axial directions in terms of the volumetric flow ratio. Spectral analysis was performed to study the turbulent flow fluctuations and their distributions over different wave numbers. Finally, the fully developed flow has been analytically and spectrally studied.     

A PSEUDO-THREE-DIMENSIONAL TWO-PHASE TURBULENT FLUID MECHANICAL MODEL FOR THE PREDICTION OF LIQUID FLOW PATTERNS WITH A FREE SURFACE IN A SHALLOW CHANNEL

A closed-loop analysis is presented for a turbulent multiphase fluid mechanical model of flow along a shallow channel, which is capable of accurately predicting free surface elevations at any point within the computational domain. It is shown that simulations based on a finite difference method and the mixing length hypothesis, effectively account for turbulent effects, with good agreement between theoretical predictions and recently performed experiments. The proposed model has many applications in everyday engineering.     

STUDY OF THE TURBULENT FLOW IN AN UNBAFFLED STIRRED TANK BY DETACHED EDDY SIMULATION

Detached eddy simulation (DES) of the liquid-phase turbulent flow in an unbaffled stirred tank agitated by a six-blade, 45°-pitched blade turbine was performed in this study. The tank wall is cylindrical with no baffle and the fluid flow problem was solved in a single reference frame (SRF) rotating with the impeller. For the purpose of comparison, computation based on large eddy simulation (LES) was also carried out. The commercial code Fluent was used for all simulations. Predictions of the phase-averaged turbulent flow quantities and power consumption were conducted. Results obtained by DES were compared with experimental laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV) data from the literature and with the predictions obtained by LES. It was found that numerical results of mean velocity and turbulent kinetic energy profiles as well as the power consumption are in good agreement with the LDV data. When performed on the same computational grid, which is under-resolved in the sense of LES, DES allows better accuracy than LES in that it works better in the boundary layers on the surface of the impeller and the stirred tank walls. It can be concluded that DES has the potential to predict accurately the turbulent flow in stirred tanks and can be used as an effective tool to study the hydrodynamics in stirred tanks.     

A MODEL FOR THE SOLID CIRCULATION RATE IN A RECIRCULATING FLUIDIZED BED

The present work is an experimental study on the solid circulation rate in a recirculating fluidized bed and mathematical modeling of the same based on the experimental results and existing literature. The effects of particle size, spacing between the draft tube bottom and distribution plate, inventory of solids, and superficial gas velocity on the solid circulation rate are studied experimentally on a semicircular cold model recirculating fluidized bed. A mathematical model is developed for the solid circulation rate incorporating the effect of the various operating and design parameters. The model is based on the present experimental work and data available in the literature for the same kind of reactors. Dimensional analysis and nonlinear regression models are used to develop the model. The final model equation is a non linear relationship between the different operating and design variables. The model equation gives good results for the same kind of systems and can be used with reasonable accuracy for a wide range of operating parameters.     

浮法玻璃熔窑烟气处理系统流场数值模拟

本文采用湍流κ-ε模型及随机轨道模型,运用通用的计算流体力学软件Fluent进行脱硫塔内流场模拟.从模拟结果上看,喷雾液滴极大地影响了塔内的流场.混合喷雾效果比单排效果好,高位喷雾效果比低位效果好,根据这一结果做出了相应的设计和优化,为研究脱硫过程提供了一种可行的方法.     

A MODEL FOR THE SOLID CIRCULATION RATE IN A RECIRCULATING FLUIDIZED BED

The present work is an experimental study on the solid circulation rate in a recirculating fluidized bed and mathematical modeling of the same based on the experimental results and existing literature. The effects of particle size, spacing between the draft tube bottom and distribution plate, inventory of solids, and superficial gas velocity on the solid circulation rate are studied experimentally on a semicircular cold model recirculating fluidized bed. A mathematical model is developed for the solid circulation rate incorporating the effect of the various operating and design parameters. The model is based on the present experimental work and data available in the literature for the same kind of reactors. Dimensional analysis and nonlinear regression models are used to develop the model. The final model equation is a non linear relationship between the different operating and design variables. The model equation gives good results for the same kind of systems and can be used with reasonable accuracy for a wide range of operating parameters.     

THE COLLISION RATE OF PARTICLES IN TURBULENT FLOW

A review of previous derivations of particle collision rates in turbulent fluid flow shows that these are applicable only to limited cases. A more general derivation is given, taking into account the effects of the inertia of the particles and the difference in densities of the fluid and the particles. A universal solution for the relative velocity of two particles due to turbulent accelerations in a gaseous or liquid system is presented. In gaseous systems the acceleration mechanism becomes predominant at particle sizes far below the Kolmogorov microscale of turbulence. In liquid systems, the particle inertial and added mass effects become important above the Kolmogorov microscale. Here the particle collision rate cannot be estimated from the fluid turbulent velocity fluctuations only.     

COMPUTATION OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL FLOW AND HEAT TRANSFER IN GAS AGITATED REACTORS

Equations have been written, and a computational scheme developed, for predicting flow fields and heat transfer phenomena associated with asymmetric gas-driven flows in systems of cylindrical geometry. Cases considered include axisymmetric gas injection wherein the gas-liquid plume is either of constant radius, or expands in a cone-like manner towards the surface. It is, thereby, shown that the model compares reliably with existing axisymmetric computations. Non-central gas flows are then considered and resulting 3-D liquid flow patterns computed. Finally, the temperature fields in an initially stagnant and thermally stratified liquid resulting from the local introduction of gas on the bottom surface is illustrated