Der einfluß eines magnetischen feldes auf die zinkabscheidung aus alkalischem elektrolyten

In the presence of an applied magnetic field the hydrogen overvoltage of a zinc coated iron electrode decreases. This decrease in hydrogen overvoltage is caused by paramagnetic iron ions, contained in the electrolyte as impurities, which concentrate in the vicinity of the electrode. This concentration of paramagnetic ions gives rise to the strong evolution of gas at a given applied potential. The evolution of gas results in increased convection of the electrolyte and the deposition of zinc and iron.     

Untersuchung über die agglomeration von polymerisatlatices

Different polymer latices are often incompatible, even when the emulsifying agent is the same in each. If one polymer has a proportion of hydrophilic groups (type ?A”? latex) and the other does not (type ?S”? latex), a mixture of the two latices may coagulate within seconds of mixing. Quite small proportions of type ?A”? will cause agglomeration of the particles of a type ?S”? latex. If 1% of a latex prepared from ethyl acrylate and acrylic acid (95:5) is added to a poly(butylacrylate) latex, D?_w, = 800 Å, and the pH is adjusted to 8–9, the resulting latex is characterized by D?_n, = 6300 Å, D?_w, = 7300 Å; addition of any given type ?S”? latex increases the average particle size still more. The mechanisms involved were studied by observing changes in particle size distribution, by the use of polymerizable dyes as markers, and by electron microscopy. The results of these investigations are : The latices are protected only in some respect by the emulsifier. The protective ionic doublelayer formed by the emulsifier around a type ?S”? particle repels other particles, but not type ?A”? particles. If a collision occours between particles of type ?A”? und type ?S”? they stick together; this process is repeated as often as a type ?S”? particle hits the surface of ?A”?. All the type ?S”? particles of the associate combine to one big particle in such a way that the ?A”? particle stays at the surface and remains active for further agglomeration.     

Untersuchungen über die Lipide von Kartoffeln

Investigations on the Lipids of Potatoes Gas chromatographic investigations on the fatty acid composition of the total lipids of freeze-dried potato showed that 90% of the fatty acids consist of linolenic, linoleic, palmitic and stearic acids. In all, 31 different fatty acids were detected and identified. Noticeable amounts of odd-chain fatty acids and those having more than 20 C-atoms (up to C₃₀) were found. Eight different varieties of potato were investigated. Difference in the fatty acid composition of the individual varieties was not appreciable. Experiments on the group separation of lipids showed that they contain a large amount of phospholipids (especially lecithin and cephalin). Appreciable amounts of triglycerides were also found, however, the sterol esters, sterols and free fatty acids were present to a lesser extent.     

Untersuchungen über die Autoxydation von Margarine

Investigations on the Autoxidation of Margarine The authors investigated the influence of storage temperature, packing and of the quality of dispersion on the oxidative stability of margarine. The oxidative stability of margarine is improved with increasing fineness of the dispersion. The autoxidation can be prevented to a great extent by employing low storage temperature and suitable packing material. Packing materials containing traces of heavy metals promote the autoxidation in the upper layer of margarine.     

Kinetische Untersuchungen über die Addition von Halogenwasserstoffen an Olefine

Kinetic Studies on the Addition of Hydrogen Halides to Olefins The relative rates of the reactions of olefins with hydrogen bromide and iodide were determined in acetic acid solution. The kinetic data of the substituted styrenes were correlated by means of the Hammett equation, those of the open-chain aliphatic olefins were correlated by means of the three- and the five-parameter Taft equations. All correlations show the transition state to be similar to an open carbenium ion.     

Kinetische Untersuchungen über die Autoxidation von Olefinen

Kinetic Studies on the Autoxidation of Olefins The oxidabilities \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ {{{\rm k}_{\rm p} } \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{{\rm k}_{\rm p} } {\sqrt {2{\rm k}_{\rm t} } }}} \right.\kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {\sqrt {2{\rm k}_{\rm t} } }} $\end{document} at 50°C were determined for 37 olefins, using chlorobenzene as the solvent and azodiisobutyronitril as the initiator. In the group of acyclic aliphatic olefins the oxidability rises with increasing number of alkyl groups bound to the double bond. This is also true for cyclic olefins, but in this case the ring size has also a great influence on the oxidability. So the oxidability decreases from five-ring to eight-ring cycloolefins. Particularly high oxidabilities are found in the case of olefins in which a phenyl group is attached directly to the C C-double bond.     

Untersuchungen über die toxikologischen Eigenschaften von Waschmittelenzymen

Investigations on the Toxicological Properties of Enzymes Used in Washing Agents Enzymes used in washing agents and enzyme-containing washing agents were tested in animal experiments for their general and local tolerance. The results of these investigations confirm that enzymes employed in washing agents are not toxic. The amounts of enzymes that are added to washing agents do not alter the local tolerance of such products. Similar observations were made in dermatological investigations on testpersons. From the results, it may be concluded that enzyme-containing washing agents do not present any hazard to the health of consumers. The same is also true for allergic reactions. Enzymes used in washing agents do have histamine-and kinin-liberating properties, however, only at such concentration-ranges that are insignificant for the practice.     

Untersuchungen über die Haltbarkeit der Struktur von Margarine

Studies on the Structural Stability of Margarine In certain cases the stability of the structure of margarine is considerably impaired due to recrystallization of the solid phase. Microscopic studies, differential thermoanalysis and chemical methods were employed in order to gather an insight in the relationship between the composition of margarine fats and the occurrence of such structural alterations.     

Biokinetische Untersuchungen über die Resorption von Aminosauren beim Menschen

Biocinetic Investigations of Resorption of Amino-Acids in Human Beings Biocinetics — as pharmacocinetics For years an unrenouncable part of the clinical pharmacology — is a procedure to gain quantitative statements about conversion factors and resorption processes by means of calculation models. For that purpose two basic requirements are necessary: 1. It should be possible to describe the elimination of the investigated compounds from blood by equations of first order, that means increase in concentration and velocity of elimination have to be proportional. This is given for most of the investigated substances, and for amino-acids, too. Key factor is a compound specific elimination constant (k₂) of the exponential equation. 2. The distribution volume of the substance must be known. It is to determine by intravenous infusion of known quantities of the compound. For aminoacids it ranges from 674 (PHE) to 212 (TRP) ml/kg body weight. By mathematical operations like eliminating the elimination processes from concentration/time curves after oral application qualitative and quantitative informations about the entry of resorbed amino-acids into the periphere circulation and by that about the biological use of the applicated amino-acids can be gained.     

Studien über die Vergilbung und Vergrauung von verschiedenen Faserstoffen

Studies on the Yellowing and Greying of Different Fibres To determine the possible detergent sorption, cotton, rayon, polyamide and polyester texiles were washed repeatedly under different conditions and at the end extracted with benzenemethanol. In the further set of experiments, the washed samples were stored at 60° C for 30 hrs. Large changes in the degree of whiteness appeared, dependent on the storing influence. On washing in the presence of soot, different types of textiles showed noticeably different greying tendencies due to the soot sorption.     

Untersuchungen über die Wirksamkeit von Konservierungsmitteln in anionaktiven Tensiden II

Investigations on the Efficacy of Preserving Agents in Anion Active Surfactants II The authors investigated the preserving action of p-chloro-m-cresol and of pHB-methyl/ethyl ester combination (1 + 1) in solutions of anion active surfactants. The preservatives were employed at two different concentrations. The concentration of the surfactants (lauryl sulfate and protein-fatty acid condensate as sodium, potassium and triethanolamine salts) was varied from 0.1 to 10.0 g/100 g. The pH of the solutions was 7. The deactivation of the preservatives investigated here by the anion active surfactant occurs only after a certain ratio of surfactant to preservative is reached. Under this ratio the preservatives are fully effective; above this, however, are the preservatives deactivated.     

Untersuchungen über die Wirksamkeit von Konservierungsmitteln in anionaktiven Tensiden I

Investigations on the Effectiveness of Preservatives in Anion Active Surfactants The preserving action of five preservatives was tested at pH values of 6, 7 and 8 in 10% solutions of the anion active surfactants sodium lauryl sulfate, protein-fatty acid condensate and sodium laurylether sulfate. It was found that the three difficultly water-soluble compounds p-chloro-m-cresol, pentachlorophenol and the combined methyl and ethyl esters of the p.H.B. esters are ineffective at usual concentrations. Both of the watersoluble preservatives polyoxymethyleneglycol and chloroacetamide were effective. Furthermore, it was observed that the preservative action of chloroacetamide is enhanced by anion active surfactants. The inactivation of the difficulty watersoluble preservatives is traced back to the solubilization of these compounds by the micelle of the anion active surfactants.     

Untersuchungen über die Verseifungsfarbzahl

Studies on the Saponification Colour Number Oxidized fats give yellow to brown solutions on saponification with alcoholic potassium hydroxide. Studies reported here were directed towards determining the causes of such reactions. The results indicate that at least two multiple bonds which are conjugated in relation to the carbonyl group, or a α,β-dicarbonyl group give a strong reaction on heating with alcoholic potassium hydroxide. It is shown that under certain conditions of reaction the saponification colour number is suitable as a measure for the degree of oxidation of heated fats. The method employed is described.     

Über die Wechselwirkungen zwischen Blut und Sauerstoffbleichmitteln sowie über die Problematik von enzymatischen Vollwaschmitteln

Interaction between Blood and Oxygenating Bleaching Agents and Problems Involving Enzyme-Containing Washing Agents Haemoglobin catalyzes the decomposition of perborate during the action of washing agents on blood, thus leading to fixation of denaturated blood. The formation of cystine bridges alone does not explain this fixation. The splitting of H₂S followed by cross-linking in blood protein over the double bonds are considered by the author as important processes as well. Fixed blood can only be decomposed by prolonged action of proteases, enzymatic soaking in the absence of perborate being optimum. The injurious action of perborate on enzymes is not the determining factor in the difficulty encountered in the washing of some blood stains by enzymecontaining washing agents.     

Überblick über die Anwendungsmöglichkeiten von Festelektrolyten

Applications of solid state electrolytes – a survey . Ionic conduction in solids has numerous potential applications in the fields of instrumentation, energy storage, energy conversion, and production of chemicals. The present state of development of the various processes and devices ranges from industrial maturity via application tests and R & D work to projects in the concept stage. The state of the art is briefly reviewed.