聚磷酸铵阻燃聚丙烯的研究

采用聚磷酸铵(APP)对聚丙烯(PP)进行了填充改性，研究了APP对PP阻燃性能和力学性能的影响，还研究了200℃下APP对PP阻燃复合材料的流变行为及结晶性能的影响。结果表明：在PP中加入适量的APP，可改善体系的阻燃性能，同时对材料的力学性能会产生影响，使复合体系的弯曲强度与弯曲模量明显提高，却使断裂伸长率，特别是冲击强度降低；在200℃时，较低剪切速率范围内，APP的加入有利于复合材料流动性能的改善，但在高剪切速率范围内对复合材料的流动性能影响不大；APP在PP中具有成核剂作用，可使PP的结晶过程在较高温度下进行，结晶速率也大大提高，但对PP的结晶度和熔点影响不大。     

成核剂改性聚丙烯的研究

研究了增强型成核剂A和β型成核剂B对不同种类的聚丙烯（PP）的成核效果，对PP进行了物理机械性能测试和结晶性能研究。结果表明，增强型成核剂A可以较大幅度地提高PP的弯曲模量，而材料的冲击强度只有在成核剂A适当的添加量下才会增加；β型成核剂B可以较好地改善PP冲击性能；所用2种成核剂都可以提高PP的热变形温度，在添加质量分数不小于0．10％时β型成核剂B的效果要优于增强型成核剂A；2种成核剂都可以使PP的熔体流动速率略有增加，都对PP加工性能的改善有一定的作用。添加β型成核剂B可以使PP的晶型由α型向β型发生转变。     

微胶囊化膨胀型无卤阻燃聚丙烯的研究

对聚磷酸铵（APP）进行微胶囊化，复配了新型无卤膨胀型阻燃剂（IFR）。利用IFR对聚丙烯（PP）进行阻燃。对包覆APP和IFR阻燃PP体系的表面形态和性能进行研究。结果表明，包覆的APP粒度均匀致密；在PP中添加IFR阻燃剂不小于30份时，有明显成炭效果，获得良好的阻燃性能，UL-94阻燃级数为V-0。阻燃PP体系的热稳定性也得到提高。     

无卤膨胀型阻燃聚丙烯的性能研究

利用微胶囊化技术合成的新型磷氮体系无卤膨胀型阻燃剂IFR对聚丙烯（PP）进行阻燃。考察了阻燃剂IFR中聚磷酸铵（APP）的微胶囊包覆效果以及阻燃剂IFR对PP的阻燃性能、力学性能、热稳定性以及表面形态等的影响。结果发现包覆后的APP粒度均匀致密，效果比较良好；在PP中添加的IFR阻燃剂质量分数达到30％左右时，有明显的成炭效果，氧指数达到32％，阻燃性能提高；力学性能下降也趋于平缓；且IFR与PP的界面相容性比较良好；阻燃PP材料的热稳定性也得到了提高。     

α、β成核剂复配对聚丙烯性能的影响

对5种α成核剂以及稀土β成核剂的成核能力进行了评价，考察了单独添加α、β成核剂聚丙烯（PP）性能的差异，详细讨论了α、β成核剂复配对PP微观结构、力学性能及熔融行为的影响。结果表明，添加α、β复配成核剂PP的性能与复配成核剂中α成核剂诱导α晶型的成核能力密切相关，随着α成核剂成核能力的减弱，复配成核PP冲击强度和断裂伸长率提高，弯曲强度、弯曲模量和拉伸强度减小。差示扫描量热（DSC）分析显示，随着α成核剂诱导α晶型成核能力的减弱，β晶熔融峰强度增加。在不提高总结晶度的情况下，添加α成核剂改善PP刚性以及添加β成核剂改善PP韧性的协同效应没有出现。     

α和β成核剂对高流动性聚丙烯性能的影响

分析了α和β成核剂对高流动性聚丙烯(PP)的力学、结晶和耐热性能的影响.结果表明,α成核剂使高流动性PP的刚性增加,当其用量为0.3份时,PP的拉伸强度、拉伸弹性模量、弯曲强度、结晶和耐热性能达到最佳,与国外同类材料B#的性能相当;β成核剂能有效地改善高流动性PP的韧性,当其用量为0.3份时,PP的冲击强度达到最大;在相同用量下,α成核剂对高流动性PP结晶和耐热性能的改善效果要优于β成核剂.     

超细微化有机磷酸盐成核剂对聚丙烯性能的影响*

采用超临界流体技术制备超细微化有机磷酸盐成核剂，研究了超细微化有机磷酸盐成核剂对聚丙烯(PP)结晶行为及力学性能的影响。采用扫描电子显微镜分析成核剂的微观形貌，通过差示扫描量热法和偏光显微镜分析超细微化处理前后有机磷酸盐成核剂对PP结晶度、结晶温度以及晶粒尺寸的影响。结果表明，经超细微化处理，成核剂微观形貌发生变化，粒径变小，分散更均匀。分别添加0.2份超细微化处理前后的成核剂NA-11，NA-13，均可使PP的结晶峰温度提高，最高达到131.7℃，结晶度显著增加，同时结晶速率提高，球晶尺寸大幅下降，成核剂经超细微化处理后，其结晶成核效果更明显。成核剂可明显提高PP的拉伸强度、弯曲性能和透明性。成核剂超细微化处理后，PP的拉伸、弯曲性能和透明性进一步提高，弯曲弹性模量较纯PP提高48.4%，最小雾度为15.3%。     

聚丙烯/氮磷共掺杂碳点/高岭土阻燃复合材料的非等温热降解动力学研究

为改善聚丙烯（PP）的阻燃性能，通常添加阻燃剂。以氮磷共掺杂碳点（N,P-CDs）和高岭土复配作为协效剂，与聚磷酸铵（APP）、双季戊四醇（DPER）以及PP，通过熔融挤出制备阻燃聚丙烯复合材料（PP/APP/DPER/高岭土/N,P-CDs）。通过Kissinger法和Flynn-Wall-Ozawa法研究阻燃复合材料的热降解动力学，探究阻燃剂机理。结果表明：2%N,P-CDs/高岭土（1.0∶1.0）的加入，明显提高APP/DPER膨胀阻燃剂的阻燃效果，阻燃复合材料的LOI高达29.8%,UL-94通过V-0级。N,P-CDs/高岭土协效剂的加入，不改变APP/DPER的阻燃机理，但其可促进复合材料成炭，减缓热降解速率，增大热降解活化能，提高阻燃材料的热稳定性。     

熔融非敏感型成核剂在聚丙烯加工中的应用研究

分别将熔融非敏感型成核剂A、成核剂B及通过特殊工艺处理后的混合成核剂(A+B)按添加质量分数0.08%,在加有其他助剂的情况下,分别与一定质量的超高流动均聚聚丙烯(PP)、高流动抗冲共聚PP、中流动丙丁无规共聚PP混合均匀,经双螺杆挤出造粒机熔融挤出、造粒,制得不同PP树脂,并对PP树脂的力学性能、光学性能、结晶行为及结晶形态进行研究。结果表明:与未添加熔融非敏感型成核剂的同牌号PP树脂相比,添加熔融非敏感型成核剂后,同牌号PP树脂的弯曲模量和拉伸屈服强度均得到提高。其中,超高流动均聚PP的弯曲模量最大提高了41.9%,拉伸屈服强度最大提高了13.2%;高流动抗冲共聚PP弯曲模量最大提高了48.7%,拉伸屈服强度最大提高了12.4%;中流动丙丁无规共聚PP弯曲模量最大提高了25.2%,拉伸屈服强度最大提高了14.2%。3种PP树脂的熔体质量流动速率、简支梁缺口冲击强度、模塑收缩率保持不变。熔融非敏感型成核剂的加入,提高了PP树脂的白度、光泽度,以及热变形温度和结晶温度,较大改善了PP树脂的黄色指数和雾度,显著降低了PP树脂的半结晶时间。熔融非敏感型成核剂(A+B)对超高流动均聚PP、高流动抗冲共聚PP、中流动丙丁无规共聚PP的改性效果更加显著。     

PLA协同纳米CaCO3增韧PP的研究

通过熔融共混制得聚丙烯/聚乳酸/纳米碳酸钙（PP/PLA/CaCO3）复合材料,考察了PLA和纳米CaCO3对复合材料力学性能、热性能、流变性能与结晶形态的影响及其作用机理。结果表明,复合材料中形成连续空间网络结构的PLA有助于改善PP的性能,PLA含量为20 %（质量分数,下同）时复合材料综合力学性能最佳;与纯PP相比,加入PLA后的复合材料拉伸强度和冲击强度分别提高5.1 %和54.4 %,断裂伸长率降低62.5 %;纳米CaCO3通过“滚珠增韧”和“异相成核”作用明显改善复合材料力学性能,纳米CaCO3含量15 %时产生的晶粒细化作用效果最为显著,复合材料综合力学性能达到最佳,拉伸强度、断裂伸长率和冲击强度分别比未添加CaCO3时提升了15.2 %、2.7 %和5.6 %。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料，介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比，介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序，对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.