复配生物表面活性剂体系性能影响因素研究

本文采用生物表面活性剂与重烷基苯磺酸盐表面活性剂在强碱三元体系中进行复配,通过界面张力和粘度实验,确定最佳复配表面活性剂的三元驱油体系,对该体系进行界面图活性扫描以及流变特征、粘弹性研究,结果表明:复配生物表面活性剂的三元体系性能较好,化学驱采收率能够达到24.4%以上。     

生物与化学表面活性剂复配体系的研究

通过生物表面活性剂(DSB)与化学表面活性剂重烷基苯磺酸盐ZW1、重烷基苯磺酸盐ZW2及α 烯烃磺酸盐(XT)的复配,对复配前后的三元复合驱油体系界面张力进行了研究。结果表明,生物表面活性剂DSB与重烷基苯磺酸盐ZW1和α 烯烃磺酸盐XT复配后可以显著降低三元体系的界面张力,与ZW2复配也可达到降低成本的目的。     

表面活性剂与大庆采油五厂水质配伍研究

本文简述了三元复合驱的优势。配制了石油磺酸盐/HPAM/碱三元复合驱体系和烷基苯磺酸盐/HPAM/碱三元复合驱体系,同时研究了石油磺酸盐表面活性剂和烷基苯磺酸盐表面活性剂与大庆五厂油水的配伍性。其中,石油磺酸盐与大庆五厂油水配伍性较好,能够形成超低界面张力。     

烷基苯磺酸盐表面活性剂的界面性能研究

通过合成碳链长度不同的4种烷基苯磺酸盐表面活性剂,研究了复配表面活性剂质量分数、Na_2CO_3质量分数、正戊醇体积分数对油/水界面张力的影响。结果表明,复配表面活性剂质量分数在0.1%～0.3%范围内,界面张力较低;Na_2CO_3质量分数为0.6%时,界面张力较低,且最低界面张力达到超低(3.1×10~(-3)mN/m);正戊醇的最佳体积分数为1.6%。     

改性烷醇酰胺类表面活性剂驱油体系研究

考察了改性烷醇酰胺阴-非离子表面活性剂（NBS）复合驱油体系的界面张力和驱油效果。实验表明,NBS的无碱二元驱油体系在较宽的表面活性剂及聚合物浓度范围内都具有较好的界面活性和稳定性。模拟驱油实验中,所选的NBS无碱二元驱油体系在水驱基础上可提高采收率18,73%以上,与相同条件下三元复合驱采收率相接近。此外,将NBS表面活性剂与现有重烷基苯磺酸盐（HABS）的三元复合体系进行复配后,可有效降低三元驱中强碱的使用浓度,且体系界面活性及稳定性等指标均满足油田要求。     

超低界面张力石油磺酸盐复配驱油剂研究

通过室内实验研究了溶液质量分数、矿化度对石油磺酸盐溶液与大庆L区块原油的界面张力的影响,并将不同类型表面活性剂分别与石油磺酸盐复配,筛选出能够使油/水界面张力降至超低(10-3 mN/m数量级)的最优增效组合,以取代ASP复合驱中所加的碱.实验结果表明,在矿化度为6 000～10 000 mg/L,钙、镁离子质量浓度不超过20 mg/L时,石油磺酸盐表面活性剂有良好的抗盐性,可使油/水界面张力达到超低.在实验所选的不同类型表面活性剂中,石油磺酸盐与甜菜碱型表面活性剂复配起到明显的增效作用,特别是与椰油酰丙基磺基甜菜碱复配增效作用尤为显著,且两者复配的浓度范围较宽,油/水界面张力易达到超低.     

耐温抗盐驱油表面活性剂的现场应用

三次采油技术中研究和应用较多的是包含表面活性剂的各种化学驱油技术,包括三元复合驱、二元复合驱以及表面活性剂驱等。表面活性剂在这些驱油技术中起着重要作用．它主要是通过降低油水界面张力和提高毛细管数达到提高采收率的目的。对于普通油藏,表面活性剂驱油剂的研究比较成功,应用效果也比较理想,如石油磺酸盐、烷基苯磺酸盐可与地层流体配伍,形成超低界面张力,达到提高采收率的目的。     

石油磺酸盐与激活剂的协同作用研究

室内合成了一种用于增强石油磺酸盐(KPS)性能的激活剂(D8),分子模拟软件对分子间的界面稳定性研究表明,激活剂界面稳定性优于石油磺酸盐,二者可以发生协同增效作用;激活剂以及复配体系界面性能研究表明,超低界面张力下的Na Cl和Na2CO3浓度窗口分别为0.4%~5%,0.6%~1.2%,复配比1∶9~9∶1范围内具有较好的界面性能,复配过程中分子间以"插层"作用实现表面活性剂间的正的协同作用,固/液界面吸附研究结果同时验证了复配体系存在相互协同作用;应用该协同作用配制的最佳三元复合驱配方为:0.3%S(KPS∶D8=8∶2)+0.18%HPAM+1.2%Na2CO3,配方体系碱浓度窗口为0.6%~1.4%,对不同原油具有较好的适应性;配方体系具有较好的抗稀释性能以及乳化能力;聚驱后进行二元复合驱可提高采收率7.57%,聚驱后进行三元复合驱可提高采收率9.78%,该配方体系在聚驱后具有较好的应用前景。     

烷基苯磺酸盐表面活性剂的界面性能研究

通过合成碳链长度不同的四种烷基苯磺酸盐表面活性剂,研究了复配表面活性剂浓度、Na2CO3、NaCl浓度、聚丙烯酰胺浓度对油/水界面张力的影响。结果表明：复配表面活性剂浓度在0.1%～0.3%范围内,界面张力较低;Na2CO3浓度为0.6%（wt）时,界面张力较低,且最低界面张力达到超低（3.1×10^-3mN/m）;NaCl的最佳浓度为0.4%;复合体系的超低界面张力是由表面活性剂和碱共同作用产生的,聚合物的加入对体系界面张力的影响甚小。     

SDBS/DTAB复配微乳液驱与三元复合驱驱油效果研究

为探究阴-阳离子表面活性剂复配微乳液体系驱油效果,研究了SDBS与DTAB的最佳摩尔比以及复配表面活性剂的总质量分数确定最佳微乳液配方,并将复配的微乳液体系与三元复合驱进行驱油效果对比,说明微乳液驱的驱油能力。实验结果表明,复配微乳液驱油体系最佳配方为:正辛烷5 m L,水5 m L,总质量分数为1.5%的SDBS与DTAB的摩尔比为1∶4,正丁醇的质量分数为4%,Na Cl的质量分数为5.2%。与水驱相比,微乳液驱采收率增幅为6.48%~7.56%;与三元复合驱相比,微乳液驱采收率增幅为0.06%~0.35%。     

Polymer/surfactant interactions

Polyelectrolytes and oppositely charged surfactants form precipitation complexes which, in many cases, can be completely resolubilized by excess surfactant. In general, maximum precipitation appears to correspond to a single layer of surfactant adsorbed on the polymer, and the resolubilized form to a double layer of surfactant. Prior to formation of the latter, the complexes are highly surface active. An analysis of the solubility diagrams of a cationic hydroxyethyl cellulose derivative, and a homologous series of sodium alkyl sulfates, has provided a value of the adsorption energy, Φ, of these surfactants into the first layer. The value of Φ, viz., 1.1 kT per CH₂ group, is somewhat higher than the corresponding value for micelle formation. Studies with a number of surfactants show that polymer/surfactant interaction is most favorable (a) the longer the hydrocarbon chain of the surfactant, (b) the straighter the chain, and (c) when the head group is terminal to the chain. Departures from these conditions reduce the extent of interaction and render difficult resolubilization of the complex. From results on a range of polymers, it is concluded that resolubilization of the precipitated complex is also difficult if the charge density of the polymer is too high.     

Contact angle of surfactant solutions on precipitated surfactant surfaces. II. Effects of surfactant structure,presence of a subsaturated surfactant,pH, and counterion/surfactant ratio

The contact angle of a saturated aqueous surfactant solution on the precipitate of that surfactant was measured by using the sessile drop method. The sodium and calcium salts of alkyl sulfates (C₁₂, C₁₄, and C₁₈) had advancing contact angles higher than those of alkyl trimethylammonium bromides (C₁₄, C₁₆, and C₁₈). The measured advancing contact angles for several surfactant solutions did not substantially change with varying surfactant/counterion ratios; therefore, the precipitating counterion concentration (e.g., water hardness) had little effect on the wettability. The contact angles of fatty acid (C₁₂ and C₁₆) solutions did not show any dependence on pH between a pH of 4 and 10. The contact angles of saturated calcium dodecanoate (CaC₁₂) solutions containing a second subsaturated surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate: NaDS) decreased with increasing NaDS concentrations until reaching the critical micelle concentration of the surfactant mixture. These results show that the second suractant can act as a wetting agent in this saturated surfactant system. Application of Young’s equation to contact angles showed that the solid/liquid surface tension can change substantially with surfactant concentration and be important in addition to the liquid/vapor surface tension in reducing contact angles. Application of the Zisman equation results in a “critical” surface tension for the CaC₁₂ or soap scum of 25.5 mN/m, which is comparable to difluoroethene.     

Detergency by surfactant/cosurfactant systems

The influence of amphiphilic additives on phase transitions and detergency of nonionic surfactant was examined to solve low temperature detergency problems and to reduce the amount of surfactants necessary to achieve good cleaning results. Optimum detergency correlates to the formation of the lamellar liquid crystalline L_α-phase and to the intermediate maximum of the phase-inversion temperature curves. Medium chain alkanols showed as optimum additives which improved low temperature detergency and allowed a reduction of the amount of surfactants necessary. However, fatty acids were not effective, and low degree ethoxylates of fatty alcohols were less effective cosurfactants. The interrelations found could be transferred to solve practical washing problems.     

The stability of zeolite/surfactant systems

The effect of various surfactants on the stability properties of zeolite dispersions has been studied in aqueous solutions. The results show a close relation between the structural properties of the interfacial solid/liquid region and the association equilibria in surfactant aqueous solutions.     

Composition of mixed anionic/nonionic surfactant micelles

A proposed method of determining the composition of mixed micelles in equilibrium with monomer of known composition is described. The systems were sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyoxyethylene 23 lauryl ether (Brij 35) in water and in 0.1 M sodium chloride solution at 25°C. This technique applies the Gibbs-Duhem equation to the mixed micelle, which is treated as a pseudophase. This proposed methodology which needs only critical micelle concentration data as a function of monomer composition, is applied to an anionic/nonionic surfactant pair. The calculated monomer-micelle equilibrium is found to be very similar to the much-used regular solution for nonideal systems.     

Investigation of binary polymer/surfactant or ternary polymer/surfactant/Cu2+ complexes in aqueous solution through Nile red probing

The optical properties (absorption and emission) of Nile red have been widely used for staining or probing purposes in diverse aqueous systems. However, the applications of Nile red for the determination of the critical aggregation concentration of polymer/surfactant complexes or for the investigation of ternary polymer/surfactant/Cu²⁺ systems are very limited. The interactions between anionic polyelectrolytes and the oppositely charged surfactant N,N,N,N‐dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride were investigated in dilute aqueous solution, exploiting the optical properties of Nile red. It is shown that the emission properties of Nile red present better sensitivity than its absorption properties, concerning the detection of the hydrophobic polymer/surfactant complexes formed in aqueous solution. Moreover, it is found that the formation of ternary polymer/surfactant/Cu²⁺ complexes leads to a pronounced quenching of the luminescence of Nile red. The corresponding Stern–Volmer plots indicate that quenching is more favourable when coordination of Cu²⁺ ions with poly(sodium acrylate) takes place, as compared to simple electrostatic binding of these ions with poly(sodium styrene sulfonate). Nile red is a sensitive and accurate tool, as an alternative to pyrene, for the characterization of binary polymer/surfactant complexes or for obtaining information on the local arrangement of ternary polymer/surfactant/Cu²⁺ systems in aqueous solution. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

表面活性剂/碱/聚合物的乳化降黏实验研究

以辽河油田某区块稠油为主要研究对象,为了便于开采和输送,通过复配表面活性剂,研究其对稠油的降黏效果,选出最优降黏剂配方。采用的表面活性剂有非离子表面活性剂AEO-15、月桂两性离子表面活性剂咪唑啉。结果表明,单独使用AEO-15,质量分数为0.5%时稠油乳状液黏度最低,降黏率达到76.6%,将质量分数为1%的咪唑啉型两性离子表面活性剂与质量分数为0.5%的AEO-15乳化剂溶液按1∶1体积比复配,降黏效果最佳,可使降黏率达到92.7%,将质量分数为0.6%的无机碱碳酸钠溶液按体积比1∶1∶1复配到其中,可使稠油获得更优的降黏效果,降黏率高达95.0%,此外,聚合物HPAM有利于增强乳状液稳定性。表面活性剂可以降低油水界面张力,Na_2CO_3降低界面张力的效果较好,聚合物HPAM不能降低界面张力,自身通过分子链形成空间网状结构,联结周围的油滴,活性剂附着在HPAM分子链上,不利于降低油水界面张力。     

中国表面活性剂/洗涤剂领域技术进展

分6个方面对国内表面活性剂／洗涤剂行业近几年来技术进展情况进行了概括总结，主要内容包括：表面活性剂主要品种及其原料的生产技术进展，如烷基苯、脂肪醇、脂肪胺及脂肪酸的生产以及磺化工艺和乙氧基化技术；新型表面活性剂的研究与开发，主要品种有烷基多苷、醇醚羧酸盐、脂肪酸甲酯乙氧基化物、葡糖酰胺、脂肪酸甲酯磺酸盐等；助剂制造技术的进步，如4A沸石、层状硅酸盐、酸制剂等的研发情况及生产技术的提高；洗涤用品制造技术，包括洗衣粉规模化生产技术，液洗配方技术等；表面活性剂在高新技术领域如新材料领域、能源领域、农药、医药与生命科学领域应用的研发情况；表面活性剂／洗涤剂行业技术标准进展情况。总体看行业技术取得明显进步，但和国外先进水平相比仍有较大差距，需加快技术进步步伐，实现行业的可持续发展。     

Adsorption of cationic/nonionic surfactant mixtures on polyester

Experiments were performed to characterize the adsorption of the cationic surfactant benzalkonium chloride (BZK) on polyester as well as measure the effect of the cationic surfactant on polyester surface charge. Additional studies were performed to examine the effect of adding nonionic surfactants on surface charge. In studies of adsorption of BZK on polyester, different behaviors were observed at pH values 6 and 10, with adsorption reaching a maximum at pH 10 but not at pH 6. In probing the zeta potential and isoelectric point (IEP) of polyester exposed to solutions composed of BZK (cationic surfactant) and an ethoxylated alcohol (nonionic surfactant), it was seen that the IEP could be shifted to higher pH levels by increasing the mole fraction of nonionic surfactant in a cationic/nonionic surfactant solution. A maximum in the IEP was obtained at a certain mole fraction for most cases. The shift in the IEP was hypothesized to be driven by increased deposition of the cationic, since the nonionic itself did not significantly change the IEP. The cooperative interactions between cationic and nonionic species were theorized to be driven not so much by attractive interactions, but other interactions, such as minimization of cationic charge repulsion.