1-3-2压电陶瓷/聚合物复合材料圆柱型换能器制备

改进的1-3(1-3-2)型压电复合材料由1-3压电复合材料与陶瓷基底沿陶瓷极化方向串联而成,其不仅具有与1-3复合材料相同的优点,而且克服了1-3复合材料遇热和受压容易变形等缺点。利用改进的1-3型压电复合材料制作的圆柱型水声换能器在直径为70mm时,其谐振频率为72kHz;发射电压响应为139dB;在20～60kHz频率范围内接受电压灵敏度为-212(起伏±4dB)。换能器水平方向具有基本均匀的指向性,垂直方向波束宽度为12°。     

Single crystal PMN-PT/epoxy 1-3 composite for energy-harvesting application

One key parameter in using electroactive materials to harvest electric energy from mechanical sources is the energy conversion efficiency. Recently, it was shown that, in the relaxor ferroelectric PMN-PT single crystals, a very high longitudinal electromechanical coupling factor (>90%) can be obtained. This paper investigates energy harvesting using 1-3 composites of PMN-PT single crystals in a soft epoxy matrix. It is shown that 1-3 composites enable the single crystals operating in the longitudinal mode to achieve high efficiency for energy harvesting, and the soft-polymer, matrix-supported single-crystal rods maintain high mechanical integrity under different external loads. For comparison, 1-3 composites with piezoceramic PZT also are investigated in energy-harvesting applications, and the results show that the high coupling factor of single crystal PMN-PT 1-3 composites leads to much higher electric energy output for similar mechanical energy input. The harvested energy density of 1-3 composite with single crystal (22.1 mW/cm3 under a stress of 40.4 MPa) is about twice of that harvested with PZT ceramic 1-3 composite (12 mW/cm3 under a stress of 39 MPa). At a higher stress level, the harvested-energy density of 1-3 PMN-PT single crystal composite can reach 96 mW/cm3.     

A high-frequency annular-array transducer using an interdigital bonded 1-3 composite

This paper reports the design, fabrication, and characterization of a 1-3 composite annular-array transducer. An interdigital bonded (IB) 1-3 composite was prepared using two IB operations on a fine-grain piezoelectric ceramic. The final composite had 19-μm-wide posts separated by 6-μm-wide polymer kerfs. A novel method to remove metal electrodes from polymer portions of the 1-3 composite was established to eliminate the need for patterning and aligning the electrode on the composite to the electrodes on a flexible circuit. Unloaded epoxy was used for both the matching and backing layers and a flexible circuit was used for interconnect. A prototype array was successfully fabricated and tested. The results were in reasonable agreement with those predicted by a circuit-analogous model. The average center frequency estimated from the measured pulse-echo responses of array elements was 33.5 MHz and the -6-dB fractional bandwidth was 57%. The average insertion loss recorded was 14.3 dB, and the maximum crosstalk between the nearest-neighbor elements was less than -37 dB. Images of a wire phantom and excised porcine eye were obtained to show the capabilities of the array for high-frequency ultrasound imaging.     

Fabrication of PIMNT/epoxy 1-3 composites and ultrasonic transducer for nondestructive evaluation

In this paper, PIMNT/epoxy 1-3 composites with different volume fractions were prepared by the dice-and-fill method for application in ultrasonic transducers. The theoretical and experimental properties at different volume fractions and the temperature stability of the electromechanical property were investigated. The highest electromechanical coupling factor k(t) was obtained as 0.833 with the volume fraction of 0.58 and k(t) changed little below the Curie temperature of the single crystal. Afterward, an angle-beam transverse wave ultrasonic transducer using the fabricated composite was designed and manufactured based on the simulation of the KLM model and commercial software. The assembled prototype transducer showed large improvement in two-way insertion loss, relative bandwidth at -6 dB, surplus sensitivity, and axial resolution, which were -24.3 dB, 107%, 85 dB, and 28 dB, respectively, compared with a commercial PZT-based composite transducer.     

Single crystal PMN-0.33PT/epoxy 1-3 composites for ultrasonic transducer applications

Lead magnesium niobate-lead titanate 0.67Pb (Mg/sub 1/3/Nb/sub 2/3/)O/sub 3/-0.33PbTiO/sub 3/ (PMN-0.33PT, abbreviated as PMN-PT) single crystals were used to fabricate PMN-PT/epoxy 1-3 composites with different volume fractions of PMN-PT ranging from 0.4 to 0.8. The electromechanical properties of the 1-3 composites were determined by the resonance technique. Theoretical modeling of the 1-3 composites matched quite well with the measured material properties. It was demonstrated that the thickness electromechanical coupling coefficients of the composites could reach as high as 0.8. A 2.4 MHz plane ultrasonic transducer was fabricated using a PMN-PT/epoxy 1-3 composite with 0.37 volume fraction of PMN-PT. It shows a -6 dB bandwidth of /spl sim/61% and an insertion loss of -14 dB.     

Lead zirconate titanate/poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) 1-3 composites for ultrasonic transducer applications

A new procedure for preparing lead zirconate titanate (PZT)/poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) (P(VDF-TrFE)) 1-3 composites with both phases piezoelectrically active is described. Sintered PZT rods are inserted into a prepoled copolymer matrix, and the composite is repoled under a lower electric field. Using this new procedure, the dipoles in the two phases are aligned in either the same or opposite directions. Composite disks, of 12.7-cm diameter and 0.33- to 0.60-mm thicknesses, have been fabricated with PZT rods of 0.8 or 1 mm diameter distributed in a square pattern with 3 mm center-to-center separation. The ceramic volume contents of the composite disks are 3.6 and 5.6%, respectively. The resonance characteristics of the composite disks consist of the resonance modes of the two constituent phases, but they are dominated by the coupled longitudinal thickness mode (H-mode) of the PZT rods. The coupled radial mode (L-mode) resonance of the PZT rods is significant only for thin disks. The observed resonance frequencies of the H- and L-modes agree well with the values calculated from the coupling theory. The thickness mode resonance of the copolymer matrix (T-mode) is present but hardly observable in thick disks. The composite disks have been fabricated into transducers with air-backing and with no front face matching layer, and their performance characteristics have been evaluated in water. The transmitting and receiving voltage responses of a PZT/P(VDF-TrFE) composite transducer are better than those of a PZT/epoxy composite transducer. The transmitting and receiving voltage responses are improved when the PZT rods and copolymer matrix are poled in opposite directions, especially when the resonance frequencies of the H- and T-modes are approximately equal. When the phases are poled in the same direction and the resonance peaks associated with the Hand T-modes just overlap, the bandwidth is improved. Using 0.33-mm thick composite disks, a transducer can be produced with three operating frequencies by poling the constituent phases in the same direction, or with two operating frequencies at equal efficiency by poling the constituent phases in opposite directions. The PZT/P(VDF-TrFE) 1-3 composite transducer, especially the one with multiple operating frequencies, should be very promising in the applications of medical ultrasonic imaging.     

KNN/BNT composite lead-free films for high-frequency ultrasonic transducer applications

Lead-free K(0.5)Na(0.5)NbO(3)/Bi(0.5)Na(0.5)TiO(3) (KNN/ BNT) films have been fabricated by a composite sol-gel technique. Crystalline KNN fine powder was dispersed in the BNT precursor solution to form a composite slurry which was then spin-coated onto a platinum-buffered Si substrate. Repeated layering and vacuum infiltration were applied to produce 5-μm-thick dense composite film. By optimizing the sintering temperature, the films exhibited good dielectric and ferroelectric properties comparable to PZT films. A 193-MHz high-frequency ultrasonic transducer fabricated from this composite film showed a -6-dB bandwidth of approximately 34%. A tungsten wire phantom was imaged to demonstrate the capability of the transducer.     

PZT/环氧树脂1-3-2型压电复合材料的制备及性能

采用压电陶瓷基板与1-3型压电复合材料串联连接,沿表面两相互垂直的方向切割PZT陶瓷,在切槽间浇注环氧树脂,制备出新型的1-3-2型压电复合材料.实验测试了材料的压电和介电性能,结果表明其d33常数达到400 pC/N,振动位移113.5pm,声速3500m/s,声阻抗17.6Mraly,厚度机电耦合系数0.62,带宽3.6kHz,相对介电常数817,介质损耗0.02.     

Simple model for piezoelectric ceramic/polymer 1-3 composites used in ultrasonic transducer applications

A theoretical model is presented for combining parameters of 1-3 ultrasonic composite materials in order to predict ultrasonic characteristics such as velocity, acoustic impedance, electromechanical coupling factor, and piezoelectric coefficients. Hence, the model allows the estimation of resonance frequencies of 1-3 composite transducers. This model has been extended to cover more material parameters, and they are compared to experimental results up to PZT volume fraction ν of 0.8. The model covers calculation of piezoelectric charge constants d₃₃ and d₃₁. Values are found to be in good agreement with experimental results obtained for PZT 7A/Araldite D 1-3 composites. The acoustic velocity, acoustic impedance, and electromechanical coupling factor are predicted and found to be close to the values determined experimentally     

UHMWPE纤维/碳纤维复合材料用改性环氧树脂的制备及性能

用甲基丙烯酸改性环氧树脂E-51制备了UHMWPE纤维/碳纤维复合材料用基体树脂,主要研究了反应时间和催化剂用量对改性环氧树脂及复合材料性能的影响。结果表明,当甲基丙烯酸与环氧树脂摩尔比为1.1∶1.0、催化剂二乙基胺用量为0.35%（质量分数）、反应温度为110℃时,改性反应6h所得改性环氧树脂与UHMWPE纤维/碳纤维的复合材料的性能较好。用FTIR、DMA、SEM对改性环氧树脂及复合材料的结构和性能进行了表征,甲基丙烯酸改性环氧树脂对UHMWPE和碳纤维具有较好的粘接性。     

Improvement electrical properties of sol–gel derived lead zirconate titanate thick films for ultrasonic transducer application

In this work, a fabrication process of piezoelectric PZT [Pb(Zr_0.52Ti_0.48)O₃] thick films up to 60 μm deposited on silicon and aluminum substrates is reported. Crystalline spherical modified PZT powder about 300 nm in diameter was used as filler. PZT polymeric precursor produced by Chemat Inc. was used as the matrix material. Spinning films were annealed at 700 °C for one hour in the furnace in air. The thickness of the thick films was measured using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Compared with previous piezoelectric PZT composite films, the modified piezoelectric thick films exhibit better dielectric properties. The dielectric constant is over 780 and dielectric loss is 0.04 at 1 KHz. Using a PiezoCAD model, the high frequency transducer was designed and fabricated. It showed a bandwidth of 75% at 40 MHz.     

Damping behavior and acoustic performance of polyurethane/lead zirconate titanate ceramic composites

0–3 Type PU-based lead zirconate titanate ceramic (PZT) composites are prepared by in situ polymerization method, this PU/PZT composite material has excellent sound absorption property at low frequencies because of damping property and piezoelectric property. The dispersion of PZT particles in PU matrix, dielectric loss tangent (tan δ), dynamic storage modulus (E′), dynamic loss modulus (E″), and the acoustic absorption coefficient (α) of PU/PZT composites are studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and two-microphone impedance tube, respectively. The results indicate that the modified PZT particles dispersed well in PU matrix with the content of 30 wt%; the tan δ, E′ and E″ are 0.62, 3.75 GPa and 6.05 GPa, respectively, when the composite with 30 wt% of polarizing PZT; the acoustic absorption coefficient is found to increase with an increase of PZT content, and the average acoustic absorption coefficient is 0.32 at low frequencies from 125 to 500 Hz.     

嵌入式电容器用钛酸钡/环氧复合材料性能的研究

将颗粒尺寸分布较宽的钛酸钡(BT)粉末与环氧树脂采用溶液共混旋涂工艺制备了嵌入式电容器材料,并对该复合材料的显微结构、晶相、热稳定性及介电性能进行了分析.研究表明,该复合材料的介电常数及介电损耗与陶瓷相含量和陶瓷粉末的分散有关;在20～150kHz频率范围内,复合材料介电常数的变化较为稳定,而介电损耗值均在0.036～0.039之间,随频率增大略有增大;受BT粒子的影响,复合材料基体聚合物的有序排列分子结构被破坏,环氧树脂分子链的排列密度降低;BT粉末的加入及BT含量的增加均导致材料体系的固化温度和热分解温度提高.     

快速固化环氧树脂及其碳纤维/环氧复合材料性能

采用双酚A型环氧树脂（DGEBA）、改性咪唑（MIM）及改性脂肪胺（MAA）研制快速固化树脂体系。分别利用DSC和流变仪测试了树脂体系的固化特性与流变行为,优选了树脂配方。采用真空辅助树脂灌注工艺（VARIM）制备了快速成型的碳纤维/环氧复合材料层板,考察了层板的成型质量和力学性能,并与常规固化的层板性能进行了对比。结果表明：采用优选的树脂配方,120 ℃下树脂在5 min内固化度达95%,碳纤维/环氧复合材料层板成型固化时间可控制在13 min以内,固化度达95%以上,并且没有明显缺陷;与常规固化相比（固化时间大于2 h）,快速固化碳纤维/环氧复合材料层板的弯曲性能和耐热性能降低幅度较小。     

Post-curing effect on magnetoelectric performance of single PZT rod/continuous Terfenol-D fiber/epoxy 1-1-3 composites

A magnetoelectric (ME) composite consisting of a single PZT rod embedded in a matrix of continuous Terfenol-D fiber and epoxy medium has been fabricated and characterized. With an optimized aspect ratio of the composite rods, a large ME effect has been observed. The magnetostrictive effect of the continuous Terfenol-D fiber/epoxy medium can be enhanced by imposing an optimal pre-loading stress on the material and this pre-loading stress can be induced by suitable heat treatment. Experimental results show that the ME effect of the single PZT rod/continuous Terfenol-D fiber/epoxy composites can be enhanced significantly by a post-curing process. A thermal stress-mediated continuous fiber composite model has been used to explain the ME enhancement of the post-cured composites.     

1-3-2型压电陶瓷/聚合物复合材料的理论模型

根据Chan的1-3型复合材料理论模型和Newnham的复合材料串并联理论,提出了一种用于计算新型1-3-2型压电陶瓷/聚合物复合材料的介电常数和压电常数的理论模型.并制备了一批1-3-2型压电复合材料样品,把理论模型的计算值与实际测量的材料参数进行了比较,结果表明两者符合较好,误差小于10%.     

Characterization of lead zirconate titanate ceramics for use in miniature high-frequency (20-80 MHz) transducers

The material properties of lead zirconate titanate (PZT) ceramics for operation in the thickness mode at frequencies as high as 80 MHz are reported. Each of the ceramics tested showed a reduction in k (t) with increasing frequency. In a fine-grained PZT, values of k(t) as high as 0.44 were measured at 80 MHz. The effects of grain size were also evident in the measurement of frequency dependent mechanical losses. Experimental and theoretical analysis of a 1 mmx1 mm, 45 MHz PZT transducer verified the validity of the measurements of the properties and demonstrated excellent insertion loss and bandwidth characteristics. The minimum insertion loss of -17.5 dB is in good agreement with theory and is a marked improvement over the performance of polymer devices. Details on the fabrication and testing of high frequency ceramic transducers are described.     

A 64-kHz sandwich transducer fabricated using pseudo 1-3 magnetostrictive composite

A 64-kHz sandwich transducer employing a tube-shaped Terfenol-D/epoxy pseudo 1-3 magnetostrictive composite with 0.61 Terfenol-D volume fraction was developed to alleviate the intrinsic eddy-current losses in magnetostrictive alloy-based transducers. The transducer was designed to operate as a half-wave, longitudinal, mass-spring-mass, linear vibrator. It had a length of 15.7 mm and consisted of a magnetic circuit and a prestress mechanism. The magnetic circuit was composed of the composite tube, a pair of ring-shaped NdFeB permanent magnets, a drive solenoid, and a Ni-based magnetic flux guide. The distributions of the dc magnetic flux lines and magnetic field strength of the transducer were determined using an ANSYS finite-element model. The dynamic performance of the transducer was evaluated by measuring its electrical and vibrational characteristics. The results revealed that the transducer resonates at a frequency of 64.3 kHz with a strain coefficient of 39.2 nm/A, a mechanical quality factor of 39.6, and an effective coupling coefficient of 0.21. Eddy-current losses in the transducer were insignificant in the measured frequency range of 40 Hz-100 kHz. The good transducer performance indicated that Terfenol-D/epoxy pseudo 1-3 composites would be a promising magnetostrictive material for ultrasonic applications.