污水处理中的紫外消毒技术

介绍了紫外消毒的机理及在污水处理中影响紫外消毒的一些因素以及紫外消毒的现状和应用前景 ,提出紫外消毒可能取代传统的化学消毒法 ,在污水处理 ,特别是回用水的处理中得到广泛的应用     

明渠水下照射式紫外线消毒系统的设计

针对常用的明渠水下照射式污水紫外线消毒系统的设计,探讨了明渠水下照射式污水紫外线消毒系统的紫外灯型式的选择、紫外剂量的确定方法以及设计流量的确定,介绍了消毒明渠及其水位控制器的设计方法。     

CASS工艺出水的紫外消毒系统改造

某污水处理厂采用紫外线对CASS池出水进行消毒,实际运行中由于CASS池出水流量波动与设计值差距较大,造成紫外消毒系统损坏,杀菌效果达不到设计要求。通过对紫外消毒系统进行技术改造,出水水质能够稳定达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918—2002)的一级B标准。介绍了紫外消毒系统的改造方案,可为今后采用紫外线对CASS反应池出水进行消毒的工艺提供参考。     

紫外线消毒技术在二次供水中的应用研究

介绍了紫外线消毒技术在二次供水中的应用情况,并进行了二次供水紫外线消毒实验。结果表明:①紫外线消毒会使二次供水中的余氯略有降低,但是仍满足我国《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749—2006)的限值要求;②紫外线消毒在80 m J/cm²辐射剂量内仅小幅改变水中部分有机物的官能团;③紫外线消毒对二次供水中消毒副产物(DBPs)的浓度和生成几乎没有影响。     

北美给水厂紫外线消毒系统设计方法简介

近十年来,北美地区紫外线消毒技术在大型的公共供水系统中得到广泛应用,国内的紫外线自来水消毒技术的应用则刚刚起步。简要介绍了北美地区给水厂紫外线消毒系统的设计方法,供国内设计工作者参考。     

Disinfection of Sewage, Stormwater and Final Effluent

This paper highlights the main disinfection options available for sewage, final effluents and stormwater, and is a review of the current research programme being carried out by staff of the Water Research Centre.
Disinfection is an increasing requirement, with particular emphasis on bathing and recreational water use. Laboratory and field trials are reviewed, and a wide range of disinfectants have been tested. These include peracetic acid and the Clariflow process for crude sewage; peracetic acid, ozone and UV irradiation for final effluent; and peracetic acid for stormwater.
The efficacy of the various disinfectants is evaluated and general costs are presented. Of special interest is the potential effect of sewage strength in reducing the disinfecting properties of the chemical. It is also apparent that there are wide variations in performance between processes and host organisms.     

沥青紫外线老化仿真系统的建立

探讨了紫外线辐射条件下沥青光氧化的机理,分析了沥青光氧化速率的影响因素,并通过对青藏高原日光辐射强度和波段区间分布的调研,利用室内强紫外线老化环境箱对沥青材料进行室内外紫外线老化模拟对比分析,建立了沥青紫外线老化仿真系统.这对于西部受强日光紫外线辐射地区研究道路沥青光氧化老化提供了一种切实可行的方法.     

Disinfection and formation of disinfection by-products in a photoelectrocatalytic system

In this study, disinfection and formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs) were studied in a photoelectrocatalytic (PEC) treatment system. Disinfection performance of titanium dioxide (TiO₂) in the PEC system was determined through Escherichia coli (E. coli) inactivation. Humic acid (HA) was used as a model organic compound and its removal was monitored by total organic carbon (TOC) measurements using 410 nm (color) and 254 nm (UV₂₅₄) wavelengths. Trihalomethanes (THMs) were measured for the evaluation of DBPs formation during PEC treatment of chloride and HA mixture. It was found that unlike photocatalytic treatment, THMs might form in the PEC system. To investigate the effects of anions on the PEC treatment, chloride (Cl⁻), sulfate (SO₄²⁻), phosphoric acid (H₂PO₄⁻)/hydrogen phosphate (HPO₄²⁻) and bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻) ions were added separately to the HA and bacterial suspensions. Presence of H₂PO₄⁻/HPO₄²⁻ and HCO₃⁻ ions resulted in inhibitory effects on both HA degradation and E. coli inactivation, which were also examined in the photoanode. It was observed that the presence of HA had a strong inhibitory effect on the disinfection of E. coli.     

“紫外线+氯”联合消毒技术用于十堰市第三水厂工程

介绍了十堰市第三水厂工程紫外线+氯联合消毒技术的设计概况。提出在净水厂中采用多屏障消毒技术,不仅可以满足新国标对病原微生物指标控制的要求,同时可以提升水厂的应急能力。     

紫外线对自来水中微生物的灭活作用

选取大肠杆菌和枯草芽孢杆菌分别代表自来水中易被灭活和不易被灭活的微生物,研究了紫外线的灭菌效果。结果表明:紫外消毒对大肠杆菌具有良好的灭活作用,当紫外剂量为10 mJ/cm2时,可以达到4.66个对数级的灭活效果;在相同的紫外剂量下,紫外强度对灭活效果也有一定的影响,在紫外强度较高时会取得较好的灭活效果;原水浊度对紫外灭活大肠杆菌有一定的影响,当浊度>4 NTU时会明显降低紫外线的灭菌效果,浊度物质的存在降低了水的透光率,从而使灭活效果降低。氯对枯草芽孢杆菌的灭活效果很差,在CT值为300(mg/L).m in时的灭活率也仅为0.53个对数级,紫外线对枯草芽孢杆菌灭活效果要明显高于氯,紫外剂量为40 mJ/cm2时对枯草芽孢杆菌的灭活率可达3.3个对数级。     

城北污水处理厂紫外线消毒等效生物验证剂量测定

使用准平行紫外光束仪测定了重庆城北污水处理厂终沉池出水中粪大肠菌群的紫外线响应曲线,验证了常用剂量下紫外线辐照强度与时间的互为倒数关系,并对验证微生物和商业UV消毒反应器紫外线剂量分布模式的选择进行了讨论。结果显示,当进水粪大肠菌群的浓度取3.0×106MPN/L时,与104MPN/L和103MPN/L两个排放标准对应的目标紫外线剂量分别为11.3mJ/cm2和15.8 mJ/cm2,对应的REDMS2分别为28.2 mJ/cm2和40 mJ/cm2。分析发现,当使用等效生物验证剂量(RED)方法确定紫外线消毒系统的处理能力时,进水粪大肠菌群浓度为107MPN/L的取值过于保守,会造成设备处理能力过度富余。     

抽滤—紫外分光光度法测定水中油的分散状态

针对油分散状态常规测定方法的弊病,提出了一种新的测试方法.利用不同孔径的定量、定性滤纸和微孔滤膜对某油田采出水依次进行抽滤,采用紫外分光光度法在λmax=226 nm处测定经石油醚充分萃取并过滤后水样的吸光度,根据所测吸光度计算出相应粒径范围的油珠质量分数.采用该法测得某油田采出水中浮油、分散油、乳化油、溶解油的比例分别为41.38%、41.72%、6.90%、10.00%,与红外光度法测定结果的相对误差<5%.该方法简便、快速、准确、成本低廉,从而为选择油田采出水的处理工艺和评价处理效果提供依据.     

Domestic per Capita Water Consumption in South West England

WHEN THE Component Method is applied to produce a forecast of future water demand, particular attention must be paid to the unmeasured consumption. This component consists largely of domestic water demand and takes into account the major water uses within the home. A knowledge is therefore required of the ownership of water-using appliances, the volumes of water involved and the frequency of use. These data are best obtained by the metering of individual households, supplemented by questionnaire surveys and the completion of diaries for each major element of water use.
Such a survey was carried out by South West Water over a 13-month period during 1977-78. Subsequent updating, which has included further surveys of appliance ownership in the original sample of households and of the capacities of individual appliances, has shown that domestic per capita consumption has increased from 113.4 1/hd/d in 1977 to 131.6 1/hd/d in 1985.     

杭州市某污水管网水质在线监测系统设计

建立污水管网水质在线监测系统,掌握污水管网实时水质情况,是缓解下游污水处理厂进厂水质超标、保障污水处理厂正常运行的有效手段.以杭州市某污水管网水质在线监测系统为实例,介绍了监测点的选择方法、检测仪表的选型以及监测点工程设计方案,为类似污水管网水质在线监测系统的设计提供了参考.     

The Application of Bacteriophage Tracer Techniques in South West Water

T he A pplication of bacteriophages as tracers in various aquatic systems is described with examples of three specific applications in the South West Water Authority area.
The first two examples illustrate the use of bacteriophage for leak detection of a sewer and an impounding dam. The third example compares bacteriophage with fluorescein for the determination of time of travel in a river.     

氯胺消毒对管壁生物膜形成的影响

采用生物膜培养反应器(RAB)模拟给水管网的运行特性,考察了在有氯胺和无氯胺两种条件下铜及不锈钢挂片上附着生物量的变化,并对出水悬浮茵、余氯、浊度的变化进行了研究.结果表明:在无氯胺的情况下,不锈钢和铜挂片上的最大生物量分别为2.54 X 105 CFU/cm2和5.5×103 CFU/cm2,铜挂片上的生物量要明显低于不锈钢挂片的.在氯胺投量为0.5～0.75 mg/L时,其对不锈钢挂片上附着异养茵及出水悬浮菌的控制效果较差,两者分别为5.0×104 CFU/cm2和3×105 CFU/mL;氯胺对铜挂片上生物量的控制效果较好,可使HPC<10 CFU/cm2,而出水中的悬浮菌数量与不锈钢挂片出水的相近,在105数量级.对余氯和浊度的测定结果显示,铜质挂片RAB反应器出水的余氯值要比不锈钢挂片反应器出水的大;投加氯胺对浊度的影响较小.     

供水管网中AOC、消毒副产物的变化规律

以西南L市的供水管网为研究对象,以可同化有机碳（AOC）、三卤甲烷（THMs)、卤乙酸（HAAs)为评价指标,研究了不同季节给水管网中水质的变化情况,结果表明：三卤甲烷在管网中只受余氯的影响,其含量一般随管道长度的增加而增加;卤乙酸和AOC在管网中的变化受余氯和微生物活性的影响,其含量一般随管网延伸而先增加后减少,温度越高则下降越快,温度和余氯是管网中控制消毒副产物和AOC浓度的重要因素。     

基于DPSSHP的分布式供能系统在赣南地区的研究

赣南地区城市污水排放量较大,工业废水富含大量余热。发展基于直接式原生污水源热泵(Direct Primary Sewage Source Heat Pump,简称DPSSHP)的分布式供能系统,向建筑供冷供热,将大大降低建筑空调采暖能耗。根据赣南地区实际情况,提出了DPSSHP系统针对不同类型建筑的应用规划。选取了地下水源热泵,大型螺杆式冷水机组+燃煤锅炉,风冷式空气源热泵、DPSSHP,从系统初投资、运行费用、单位面积运行成本等方面进行经济性比较,得出DPSSHP较为经济。     

Development of a Decision Support System for Drought Management within North West Water

Whilst droughts, by their nature, are not frequently occurring events, it is essential, for prudent management of water-resources systems, to have analytical tools available for the effective management of the risks to water supplies when such events do occur.
Within North West Water Limited, modelling techniques have been developed and applied over a number of years, which allow water-supply managers to be provided with information concerning risks to supply within the Company's water-resources systems.
The paper describes how these modelling techniques have been integrated within a decision support system for drought management. Two different approaches have been used. Firstly, enhancement by the implementation of a user-friendly interface and, secondly, the development of a knowledge-based system. The problems and benefits of each approach are discussed.     

给水厂生产废水回用系统的风险评价与分析

以西安市某地表水厂为研究对象,通过对其生产废水回用后出厂水的浊度、氨氮、CODMn、铝和丙烯酰胺单体等相关水质指标进行监测,分析了生产废水回用对该厂现有水处理工艺和出水水质的影响。结果表明:在现有的水处理工艺下,回用水浊度值、氨氮浓度、铝含量和CODMn值对水厂出水水质的影响较小,均不存在风险;而水厂回用水中丙烯酰胺单体含量较高,造成水厂出水的丙烯酰胺单体含量时有超标。