某轴流式压气机气动不稳定的相关积分分析

研究了某轴流式压气机节流试验中的气动不稳定问题。运用非线性的相关积分方法对压气机机匣壁面沿程静压信号进行了分析。结果表明,压气机静叶通道机匣壁面给定点静压信号的相关积分值随着发动机工作状态的不同有规律的发生变化,反映了对应位置的流动分离状况;压气机沿程各级静叶通道机匣壁面静压的相关积分值可以反映不同工况时压气机各级叶尖的流动匹配情况;压气机第一级静子机匣壁面静压信号的相关积分值可以反映中低转速工况下放气带开关状态对转子端壁流态的影响。研究还表明,压气机静子机匣壁面沿程静压信号的相关积分分析是进行压气机气动稳定性监控诊断的一种有效手段。     

Numerical Investigation of Base-Setting of Stator’s Stagger Angles for a 15-stage Axial-Flow Compressor简

A 15-stage axial-flow compressor utilized in steel industry was studied in this paper. All the stator＇s stagger an- gles of the compressor are variable to ensure the multistage compressor operate effectively within a wide range of flow rate and meanwhile satisfy the demand for sufficient pressure ratio, adiabatic efficiency and stall margin. Three in all different base-settings of stator＇s stagger angles were presented and commercial CFD soft-ware was applied to obtain the overall performance characteristics. The results showed that both of the optimized base-settings improved the performances both in summer and winter conditions, although the adiabatic efficiency was somewhat decreased. Taking incidence angle and stage loading into consideration, differences among the three cases were analyzed in detail. On the basis of numerical computations, the performance could be effectively improved through adjusting the base-setting of stator＇s stagger angles.     

Influence of Hub Contouring on the Performance of a Transonic Axial Compressor Stage with Low Hub-Tip Ratio

The rotor blade height with low hub-tip ratio is relatively longer,and the aerodynamic parameters change drastically from hub to tip.Especially the organization of flow field at hub becomes more difficult.This paper takes a transonic 1.5-stage axial compressor with low hub-tip ratio as the research object.The influence of four types of rotor hub contouring on the performance of transonic rotor and stage is explored through numerical simulation.The three-dimensional numerical simulation results show that different hub contourings have obvious influence on the flow field of transonic compressor rotor and stage,thus affecting the compressor performance.The detailed comparison is conducted at the rotor peak efficiency point for each hub contouring.Compared with the linear hub contouring,the concave hub contouring can improve the flow capacity,improve the rotor working capacity,and increase the flow rate.The flow field near blade root and efficiency of transonic rotor is improved.The convex hub contouring will reduce the mass flow rate,pressure ratio and efficiency of the transonic rotor.Full consideration should be given to the influence of stator flow field by hub contouring.     

Numerical investigation of a high-subsonic axial-flow compressor rotor with non-axisymmetric hub endwall

The major source of loss in modem compressors is the secondary loss. Non-axisymmetric endwall profile contouring is now a well established design methodology in axial flow turbines. However, flow development in axial compressors is differ from turbines, the effects of non-axisymmetric endwall to axial compressors requires flow analysis in detail. This paper presents both experimental and numerical data to deal with the application of a non-axisymmetric hub endwall in a high-subsonic axial-flow compressor. The aims of the experiment here were to make sure the numerically obtained flow fields is the physical mechanism responsible for the improvement in efficiency, due to the non-axisymmetric hub endwall. The computational results were first compared with avail- able measured data of axisymmetric hub endwall. The results agreed well with the experimental data for estima- tion of the global performance. The coupled flow of the compressor rotor with non-axisymmetric hub endwall was simulated by a state-of-the-art multi-block flow solver. The non-axisymmetric hub endwall was designed for a subsonic compressor rotor with the help of sine and cosine functions. This type of non-axisymmetric hub end- wall was found to have a significant improvement in efficiency of 0.45% approximately and a slightly increase for the total pressure ratio. The fundamental mechanisms of non-axisymmetric hub endwall and their effects on the subsonic axial-flow compressor endwall flow field were analyzed in detail. It is concluded that the non-axisymmetric endwall profiling, though not optimum, can mitigate the secondary flow in the vicinity of the hub endwall, resulting in the improvement of aerodynamic performance of the compressor rotor.     

Study on the effects of end-bend cantilevered stator in a 2-stage axial compressor

Leading edge recambering is applied to the cantilevered stator vanes in a 2-stage compressor in this paper. Different curving effects are produced when the end-bend stator vanes are stacked in different ways. Stacking on the leading edge induces a positive curving effect near the casing. When it is stacked on the centre of gravity, a negative curving effect takes place. The numerical investigation shows that the flow field is redistributed when the end-bend stators with leading edge stacking are applied. The variations in the stage matching for the mainstream and near the hub have an impact on the performance of the 2-stage compressor. The isentropic efficiency and the total pressure ratio of the compressor are increased near the design condition. The compressor total pressure ratio is decreased near choke and near stall. The maximum flow rate is reduced and the stall margin is decreased.     

多级轴流压气机一维性能预测程序开发及应用

为了实现对轴流压气机气动性能的准确预测,基于平均流线法建立了多级轴流压气机一维气动性能预测方法,编制了相应的Matlab程序,该方法允许针对不同类型压气机选择适用的经验模型。通过计算得到了某四级亚音速轴流压气机和某八级高速轴流压气机的气动性能,对比分析发现,一维性能预测结果与实验/三维CFD模拟结果吻合较好,效率与压比计算偏差均保持在较小范围内,预测结果精度较高。为进一步提高压气机气动性能预测的准确性,发展了一种经验模型自动校准方法,采用该方法对选取的四级亚音速轴流压气机和八级高速轴流压气机模型进行校准,校准后对各转速下气动性能的预测精度均有所提高。研究工作表明,所建立的多级轴流压气机一维气动性能预测方法以及模型自动校准方法具有一定的准确性和可靠性。     

Investigation on centrifugal impeller in an axial-radial combined compressor with inlet distortion

Assembling an axial rotor and a stator at centrifugal compressor upstream to build an axial-radial combined compressor could achieve high pressure ratio and efficiency by appropriate size augment.Then upstream potential flow and wake effect appear at centrifugal impeller inlet.In this paper,the axial-radial compressor is unsteadily simulated by three-dimensional Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes equations with uniform and circumferential distorted total pressure inlet condition to investigate upstream effect on radial rotor.The results show that spanwise nonuniform total pressure distribution is generated and radial and circumferential combined distortion is formed at centrifugal rotor inlet.The upstream stator wake deflects to rotor rotation direction and decreases with blade span increases.Circumferential distortion causes different separated flow formations at different pitch positions.The tip leakage vortex is suppressed in centrifugal blade passages.Under distorted inlet condition,flow direction of centrifugal impeller leading edge upstream varies evidently near hub and shroud but varies slightly at mid-span.In addition,compressor stage inlet distortion produces remarkable effect on blade loading of centrifugal blade both along chordwise and pitchwise.     

Design of a novel axial impeller as a part of counter-rotating axial compressor to compress water vapor as refrigerant

A systematic investigation to understand the use of a novel axial impeller as a part of counter-rotating axial compressor to compress water vapor as refrigerant was undertaken. Blade angle was investigated at first to understand this novel impeller’s geometry. A commercial CFD package, which solves the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations, was used to compute the complex flow field of the impeller. Two hub/shroud tip ratios with different speed ratios were numerically simulated. The numerical simulation focused on the water vapor flow from compressor impeller inlet to outlet and the overall performance level and range were predicted. The numerical investigation revealed that at hub/shroud tip ratio of 0.54, maximum pressure ratio reached about 1.24 with isentropic efficiency around 75% at its design point. Detailed investigation into flow structure showed that a serious secondary flow exists between span ranges of 30–50%. An enlargement of hub/shroud tip ratio to 0.75 showed that pressure ratio had been improved significantly. By comparing different speed ratios and hub/shroud tip ratios, the study shows potential to utilize this novel axial impeller to compress water vapor as refrigerant.     

Numerical simulation of novel axial impeller patterns to compress water vapor as refrigerant

Through means of 3-D CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) method, a novel axial compressor with different impeller shapes compressing water vapor as refrigerant was investigated. The numerical simulation focuses on the fluid flow from compressor impeller inlet to outlet. The overall performance level and range are predicted. Different blade patterns with different hub sizes were compared regarding the aerodynamic performance. Independent of the blade pattern, in this numerical investigation the largest hub diameter shows the highest pressure ratio and efficiency at narrowest operating range.     

高压涡轮采用非轴对称端壁的研究

以某型高压涡轮第二级静叶为研究对象,对四种非轴对称端壁造型状况下涡轮叶栅的流动状况进行数值模拟,研究非轴对称端壁造型技术在高压涡轮中对流动产生的影响。将非轴对称端壁与轴对称端壁的计算结果对比分析,结果表明：在该型涡轮设计工况下,非轴对称端壁的应用可以明显减弱端壁处的横向压力梯度,降低出口截面处的绝对螺旋度,减少主流与二次流之间的掺混,同时使得出口气流角沿叶高分布更加均匀,改善下游动叶入口的气动条件。     

Application of high-turning bowed compressor stator to redesign of highly loaded fan stage

A redesign of a highly loaded fan stage by using high-turning bowed compressor stator was conducted. The original tandem stator was replaced by the highly loaded bowed stator which was applicable to highly subsonic flow conditions. 3D contouring technique and local modification of blade were applied to the design of the bowed blade in order to improve the aerodynamic performance and the matching of the rotor and stator blade rows. Performance curves at different rotating speeds and performances at different operating points for both the original fan stage and redesigned fan stage were obtained by numerical simulations. The results show that the highly loaded bowed stator can be used not only to improve the structure and the aerodynamic performances at various operating points of the compressor stage but also to provide high performances at off-design conditions. It is believed that the highly loaded bowed stator can advance the design of high-performance compressor.     

多级轴流压气机吸雨性能变化的数值研究

为了研究吸雨对轴流压气机性能和稳定性的影响,以某型三级轴流压气机为研究对象,利用CFD软件针对不同吸雨量及雨滴颗粒直径进行了两相流数值模拟。研究结果发现：雨水的吸入会不同程度地降低压气机的总压比、总温比及效率等性能参数,在相同吸雨量的情况下雨滴颗粒的直径变化对压气机性能影响较小,而性能的恶化程度会随着吸雨量的增大而大幅度增大;雨水的吸入会影响压气机的气动参数,影响各级间的性能匹配,雨水的吸入会不同程度上改变各级的进口气流角,对后两级的影响较大;雨水吸入使动叶叶根处的反动度变小,叶顶处的反动度变大,从而改变各级间动静叶的负荷分配,降低压气机的效率。     

Investigation of the Vortex Dynamic Mechanism of the Flow Losses on a Transonic Compressor Stator

For a transonic axial-flow compressor, the numerical simulations, verified against experimental data, were used to study the inherent correlation between the evolutionary process of the vortex structures and the flow loss in a compressor stator passage during the throttling process. The flow loss was divided accurately and quantitatively, based on the evolutionary process of the vortex structures. According to the position of the singular points of the vortex structures, the influence of the evolution of the vortex structures on the generation and development of the flow loss was analyzed on a microscale scale. Thereafter, this paper provided the vortex dynamic mechanism of the flow loss, which was important to enrich the theoretical system of the flow field in the compressor. The results show that: the flow loss at the top of the stator tip is caused by the low-energy fluid clusters, which are transported and accumulated by the vortices from the endwall; the transport effect of the pressure separation vortex at the upper half-height only migrates the position of the flow losses, but there is new flow loss generated by its shear action to the endwall. The dominant flow loss during the throttling process concentrates upon the closed separation bubble around the middle of the suction side of the stator.     

The effect of variable stator on performance of a highly loaded tandem axial flow compressor stage

Increasing the aerodynamic load on compressor blades helps to obtain a higher pressure ratio in lower rotational speeds.Considering the high aerodynamic load effects and structural concerns in the design process,it is possible to obtain higher pressure ratios compared to conventional compressors.However,it must be noted that imposing higher aerodynamic loads results in higher loss coefficients and deteriorates the overall performance.To avoid the loss increase,the boundary layer quality must be studied carefully over the blade suction surface.Employment of advanced shaped airfoils (like CDAs),slotted blades or other boundary layer control methods has helped the designers to use higher aerodynamic loads on compressor blades.Tandem cascade is a passive boundary layer control method,which is based on using the flow momentum to control the boundary layer on the suction surface and also to avoid the probable separation caused by higher aerodynamic loads.In fact,the front pressure side flow momentum helps to compensate the positive pressure gradient over the aft blade's suction side.Also,in comparison to the single blade stators,tandem variable stators have more degrees of freedom,and this issue increases the possibility of finding enhanced conditions in the compressor off-design performance.In the current study,a 3D design procedure for an axial flow tandem compressor stage has been applied to design a highly loaded stage.Following,this design is numerically investigated using a CFD code and the stage characteristic map is reported.Also,the effect of various stator stagger angles on the compressor performance and especially on the compressor surge margin has been discussed.To validate the CFD method,another known compressor stage is presented and its performance is numerically investigated and the results are compared with available experimental results.     

轮毂泄漏流对跨声速压气机转子性能影响的数值研究

为揭示转子前缘轮毂间隙泄漏流对高负荷压气机气动性能影响的物理机制，采用轮毂间隙边界条件模化处理方法，开展了轮毂泄漏流对跨声速压气机转子性能影响的三维定常数值模拟，分析了不同轮毂泄漏流量下压气机轮毂壁面流场结构与流态变化特征。研究结果表明：轮毂泄漏流会恶化压气机流通能力，影响程度随着泄漏量增加而逐渐增大。在近峰值效率工况下，当泄漏流量达到0.50%时，压气机流量约减小0.74%。当轮毂泄漏流达到一定强度后，反而呈现出部分正面效果，使得压气机压比或效率得到一定程度改善。轮毂泄漏流通过影响轮毂壁面流场结构空间分布来对压气机气动性能施加影响，尤其是鞍点的位置决定着轮毂间隙下游回流区和顺流区的影响范围以及轮毂壁面横向潜流强度。     

The importance of sensitive parameters effect on the combustion in a high velocity oxygen-fuel spray system

In this study computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model has been developed to predict gas dynamic behavior in a High Velocity Oxygen-Fuel (HVOF) thermal spray gun in which premixed oxygen and propane are burnt in a combustion chamber linked to a parallel-sided nozzle. The CFD analysis is applied to investigate axisymmetric, steady-state, turbulent, compressible, chemically reacting, subsonic and supersonic flow inside and outside the gun. The gas velocity, temperature, pressure and Mach number distributions are presented for various locations inside and outside the gun. The calculated results show that the most sensitive parameters affecting the process are fuel-to-oxygen gas ratio and total gas flow rate. Gas dynamic behavior along the centerline of the gun depends on both total gas flow rate and fuel-to-oxygen gas ratio. The numerical simulations show that the axial gas velocity and Mach number distribution depend on both flow rate and ratio; the highest velocity is achieved at the higher flow rate and most fuel-rich ratio. In addition, the results reported in this paper illustrate that the numerical simulation can be one of the most powerful and beneficial tools for the HVOF system design, optimization and performance analysis.     

Optimized efficiency axial-flow compressor

A preliminary design efficiency-optimization of an axial-flow compressor, using one-dimensional flow theory, is studied in this paper. A model for the optimum design of a compressor stage, assuming a fixed distribution of axial velocities, is presented. The absolute inlet and exit angles of the rotor are taken as design variables. Analytical relations between the isentropic efficiency and the flow coefficient, the work coefficient, the flow angles and the degree of reaction of the compressor stage are obtained. The results are universal and can be extended to the optimal design of a multi-stage compressor. Numerical examples are provided to illustrate the effects of various parameters on the optimal performance of the compressor stage.     

透平叶片弯、扭、掠联合造型规律及其气动性能研究

为研究静叶弯、扭、掠联合造型对流场结构的影响,以某高压透平首级叶片为研究对象,借助计算流体力学与正交优化方法,基于动静叶最佳匹配原则（即对于每种静叶构型,动叶都进行了相应的扭转规律变化,使得动静叶气动性能处于最佳匹配状态）,研究了静叶不同复合构型方式对流场结构的影响。结果表明：在合理的静叶弯曲规律下,静叶扭转改型对透平性能有较大影响,掠改型对透平性能影响有限;在一定的扭转规律下,对静叶进行掠改型对轮周效率的影响较小,仅后掠改型会提高透平的轮周效率;对弯扭掠静叶匹配扭动叶进行联合优化,得到的最佳透平的轮周效率为87.12%,与原始透平相比,轮周效率提高了2.09%。     

超临界氦气离心压气机流场分析

设计了一个包含离心叶轮、扩压器和回流器的单级超临界氦气离心压气机,并采用数值模拟方法对设计结果进行了三维数值模拟分析。通过对总特性、叶表压力分布、展向参数分布以及三维流场的分析,得到了高负荷超临界氦气离心压气机各部件内部的典型复杂流动特点。研究结果表明：相比常规工质,超临界氦气离心压气机单级压比较低,但叶轮与扩压器的负荷和级效率较高,且超临界氦气整体流动为亚音流,只在叶片前缘局部出现超音区。     

Application of high-turning bowed compressor stator to redesign of highly loaded fan stage

A redesign of a highly loaded fan stage by using high-turning bowed compressor stator was conducted. The original tandem stator was replaced by the highly loaded bowed stator which was applicable to highly subsonic flow conditions. 3D contouring technique and local modification of blade were applied to the design of the bowed blade in order to improve the aerodynamic performance and the matching of the rotor and stator blade rows. Performance curves at different rotating speeds and performances at different operating points for both the original fan stage and redesigned fan stage were obtained by numerical simulations. The results show that the highly loaded bowed stator can be used not only to improve the structure and the aerodynamic performances at various operating points of the compressor stage but also to provide high performances at off-design conditions. It is believed that the highly loaded bowed stator can advance the design of high-performance compressor. __________ Translated from Journal of Propulsion Technology, 2007, 28(1): 26–31 [译自: 推进技术]