含酱香型白酒广式香肠风干期挥发性风味物质的变化

目的：改善广式香肠风味并创新产品。方法：通过GC-MS检测风干0，2，4 d的含酱香白酒广式香肠的挥发性风味物质，利用多元统计分析挥发性风味物质的变化规律。结果：通过GC-MS技术共检测出39种挥发性风味物质，包括烃类18种、酯类12种、醛类2种、醚类2种、醇类1种、酸类1种、酮类1种和其他类2种，其中酯类、醛类、醇类和烃类物质含量在风干过程中显著上升，酮类和醚类物质含量在风干过程中呈先上升后下降趋势，酸类物质含量在风干过程中无显著变化。通过VIP值鉴定出5种差异风味物质，可作为区分不同风干时间香肠的潜在生物标志物。通过OAV共筛选出6种关键性风味成分，2-甲基丁酸乙酯、己酸乙酯和丁酸乙酯是3组香肠中共有的关键风味物质，在风干过程中含量显著增加。结论：添加酱香型白酒可增加广式香肠挥发性风味物质的种类和含量，并促进新的风味物质形成。     

腐乳发酵过程挥发性风味成分的变化

采用固相微萃取法结合气相色谱-质谱法对腐乳发酵过程不同时期的挥发性风味成分进行分析,共鉴定出化合物110 种,包括酯类41 种、醛类19 种、酮类12 种、醇类12 种、酸类9 种、烃类9 种、其他类化合物8 种。不同发酵时期腐乳挥发性风味成分差异明显,随着发酵的进行,挥发性风味成分的种类逐渐增多。在前发酵过程中,豆腐白坯经毛霉发酵成毛坯,醛类相对含量显著降低,酯类、醇类相对含量以及种类逐渐增大;在后发酵过程中,随着后发酵时间的延长,醛类、酸类、酯类相对含量逐渐升高,烃类、醇类相对含量逐渐降低。其中正己醛、苯乙醛、壬醛、双戊烯、异戊醇、己酸乙酯、苯乙酸乙酯、戊酸乙酯、辛酸乙酯、2-正戊基呋喃、烯丙基甲基二硫醚对腐乳风味的形成贡献较大。     

凯里白酸汤发酵过程中挥发性风味物质的变化

采用顶空固相微萃取技术(HS-SPME)和气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用技术,分析白酸汤发酵过程中各类挥发性风味物质的动态变化规律,并利用主成分分析法对挥发性风味物质进行评价。实验结果表明,发酵过程中共检测出40种挥发性风味成分,包括9种酸类、13种醇类、4种酯类、4种醛类、3种酮类、1种酚类和6种萜烯类;酸类、醇类、酯类和萜烯类物质占主导地位,其相对含量占总挥发性化合物的98%以上。发酵过程中,酸类、醇类、酯类、醛类的种类数量和相对含量随发酵进行缓慢增加;酯类、酚类和萜烯类物质的相对含量先增加后降低。主成分分析得到22种主要的挥发性风味物质,发酵第3天时白酸汤的综合得分最高,风味最佳。     

食盐添加量对哈尔滨风干肠脂质和蛋白氧化及挥发性化合物形成的影响

研究不同食盐添加量(2.5%、2.0%、1.5%、1.0%)对哈尔滨风干肠在发酵过程中脂质及蛋白氧化的影响。结果表明,降低食盐添加量可显著降低风干肠过氧化物值以及肌原纤维蛋白和肌浆蛋白的羰基含量和表面疏水性,增加总巯基含量(P<0.05),说明NaCl对风干肠的脂质和蛋白氧化有促进作用。此外,挥发性化合物分析结果表明,各组风干肠中挥发性化合物的含量随着发酵时间的延长逐渐增加,且食盐添加量对多数化合物的生成具有显著影响(P<0.05)。随着食盐添加量的降低,醛类物质总体水平下降,酮类、酸类、酯类和醇类物质的总体水平上升。与对照组(2.5%)相比,添加2.0%食盐的样品减少了因脂质和蛋白氧化生成的醛、醇、酸类等物质,增加了微生物代谢产生的酮、醇、酸、酯类等物质,改善了风干肠的整体风味。     

泡藠头中挥发性风味物质分析

目的首次对泡藠头中的挥发性风味物质检测分析,旨在为泡藠头的生产提供参考。方法采用顶空固相微萃取-气质联用法对泡藠头中的挥发性物质进行检测。结果检出了34种风味物质：含硫化合物6种,醇类物质4种,酸类物质2种,酯类物质6种,烃类物质9种,醛类物质3种,酮类物质3种,其他物质1种。采用面积归一化法得到定量分别为含硫化合物占14.81%,醇类物质占12.46%,酸类物质占12.34%,酯类物质占2.03%,烃类物质占11.79%,醛类物质占1.04%,酮类物质占0.86%,其他物质占0.19%。结论泡藠头中含硫化合物、醇类、酸类和烃类物质含量较高,酯类、醛类和酮类物质含量较少。     

茶多酚、甘草提取物、VE和鼠尾草对羊肉乳化香肠品质的影响

将0.04%茶多酚、0.02%甘草提取物、1.0%VE和不等量(1.0%、2.0%)鼠尾草添加到羊肉乳化香肠(简称羊肉肠)中,考察添加物质对羊肉肠脂肪氧化、颜色和挥发性风味物质主成分的影响,并就挥发性物质中酯类、酸类、醇类和醛类物质的种类和相对含量进行分析。结果表明,与对照组相比,天然活性物质的添加降低了羊肉肠脂肪的氧化程度,添加样品之间没有显著性差异(P0.05);所有样品的挥发性物质主成分相似,不能通过主成分分析进行区分;羊肉肠的L~*、a~*、b~*、C~*和H~*值均有不同程度的变化,尤其是甘草提取物、鼠尾草的添加对C~*和H~*值的影响显著(P0.05);处理组样品中酯类、醇类、酸类和醛类物质的种类和相对含量均有不同程度的变化。不同添加物对羊肉肠品质的影响各异,鼠尾草抑制脂肪氧化程度与添加量非正相关,挥发性风味物质的种类和数量与添加量同样未发现明显量效关系。     

酶法制备血红素对湘式腊肠色泽和挥发性风味的影响

将酶解制备的猪血血红素用于加工湘式腊肠,分析添加血红素腊肠的色泽、主体风味和挥发性风味物质的种类和相对含量,并与添加亚硝酸钠的腊肠进行比较。结果表明:单独添加亚硝酸钠使得产品的黄度值(b~*)显著升高(P0.05),而其他色度值与对照组没有显著差异(P0.05);添加血红素使得产品的亮度值(L~*)、b~*和色彩度(C~*)显著降低(P0.05),血红素添加量为0.20%时会对产品的红度值(a~*)、C~*和色彩角(H~*)产生显著影响(P0.05)。添加血红素产品的L~*较小,添加物质相同时,产品具有相似的b~*。产品挥发性风味物质主体成分特征明显,在线性判别分析(linear discriminant analysis,LDA)中,在主成分1和主成分2方向上能将产品进行线性区分,显示了产品间主体风味成分的显著性差异。亚硝酸钠和血红素会对产品中挥发性风味物质的种类和含量产生显著影响,亚硝酸钠使得醇类物质的种类和相对含量降低,酯类、醛类、酮类、酚类、芳香族、烯烃和其他物质的种类和相对含量增加;随着血红素添加量的增加,酯类、醛类和酮类物质的相对含量呈现逐渐增加趋势,酚类、烯烃类、酸类和芳香族类物质的含量则有不同程度的降低。湘式腊肠加工中血红素的添加量控制在0.05%~0.10%时,产品能够获得和添加亚硝酸钠相似的特征。     

甘肃牧区传统风干牦牛肉加工过程中挥发性风味物质变化分析

以甘肃甘南牦牛肉为研究对象,探讨其在自然冷冻风干过程中挥发性风味物质的组成及变化规律。采用顶空固相微萃取(headspace solid-phase microextraction,HS-SPME)与气相色谱-质谱(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,GC-MS)对风干牦牛肉加工过程中第0、2、4、6、8、10、15、20、25、30、40、50、60天的风味物质进行了定性和定量分析。结果显示,甘肃牧区传统风干牦牛肉在加工过程中总共检出41种挥发性风味物质,其中酯类(12种)、酸类(6种)、醛类(3种)、酮类(9种)、醇类(3种)、醚类(1种)、烃类(1种)、含硫化合物(4种)、杂环化合物(2种)。在整个风干过程中,酯类、酮类、醇类总相对含量总体呈现降低趋势,酸类、烃类和醚类未呈现明显的变化规律,醛类在风干过程中呈现先增加后降低,含硫化合物总相对含量整体呈显著增加趋势(P0.05)。对风干牦牛肉加工过程中41种挥发性风味物质进行主成分分析,结果表明,第一主成分主要来源于美拉德反应,主要有1,2-乙二硫醇、苯乙醛、2,3-辛二酮等;第二主成分主要来源于脂肪氧化产物,主要有α-酮戊二酸、正己醇、3-甲基戊酸等; 0～15 d是风味形成的关键阶段。     

酱香白酒高温堆积酒醅挥发性风味物质的检测分析

该文采用HS-SPME结合GC-MS对酱香型白酒第三轮次堆积不同时间点、不同位置点酒醅挥发性风味物质进行检测分析。共计检测出挥发性风味物质32种,其中,醇类物质10种,醛类物质3种,酸类物质4种,酯类物质9种,酚类物质1种,其他类物质5种。其醇、醛、酸、酯类物质平均相对含量分别为32.88%、4.37%、9.18%、30.93%。包括酒体中常见的乙酸乙酯、乳酸乙酯、异戊醇、乙酸、丁酸等。分析结果表明,堆积过程在富集微生物的同时,产生了大量酒体有益风味物质,对酱香白酒的品质具有一定的影响。     

山葵酸奶工艺及挥发性风味物质研究

以纯牛奶、山葵为主要原料,研制一种新型的山葵保健酸奶,在单因素试验的基础上,采用响应面法对山葵酸奶发酵工艺进行优化,并采用顶空固相微萃取技术(high space solid phase micro-extraction,HS-SPME)与气质联用(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,GC-MS)技术对山葵酸奶和普通酸奶挥发性风味物质进行测定。结果表明:经响应面法优化后的山葵酸奶最佳工艺条件为山葵粉添加量4.8%,发酵剂接种量3.3%,白砂糖添加量6.9%,发酵时间6.2 h,综合感官评分94.78分。采用气相色谱质谱联用技术对山葵酸奶和普通酸奶的挥发性风味物质研究表明,山葵酸奶共含有32种挥发性风味物质,主要包括醛类7种(17.96%)、酯类9种(19.6%)、醇类2种(5.6%)、酮类3种(24.59%)、酸类7(22.72%),其中醛类、酯类、酮类物质较普通酸奶高,而酸类物质较普通酸奶低,醛类、酯类、酮类物质的增加酸类物质的降低使得山葵酸奶风味更加柔和,形成其特有的辛香味。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the