A stable solution of time domain electric field Integral equation for thin-wire antennas using the Laguerre polynomials

In this paper, a numerical method to obtain an unconditionally stable solution of the time domain electric field integral equation for arbitrary conducting thin wires is presented. The time-domain electric field integral equation (TD-EFIE) technique has been employed to analyze electromagnetic scattering and radiation problems from thin wire structures. However, the most popular method to solve the TD-EFIE is typically the marching-on in time (MOT) method, which sometimes may suffer from its late-time instability. Instead, we solve the time-domain integral equation by expressing the transient behaviors in terms of weighted Laguerre polynomials. By using these orthonormal basis functions for the temporal variation, the time derivatives can be handled analytically and stable results can be obtained even for late-time. Furthermore, the excitation source in most scattering and radiation analysis of electromagnetic systems is typically done using a Gaussian shaped pulse. In this paper, both a Gaussian pulse and other waveshapes like a rectangular pulse or a ramp like function have been used as excitations for the scattering and radiation of thin-wire antennas with and without junctions. The time-domain results are compared with the inverse discrete Fourier transform (IDFT) of a frequency domain analysis.     

Transient electromagnetic scattering from dielectric objects using the electric field Integral equation with Laguerre polynomials as temporal basis functions

In this paper, we propose a time-domain electric field integral equation (TD-EFIE) formulation for analyzing the transient electromagnetic response from three-dimensional (3-D) dielectric bodies. The solution method in this paper is based on the Galerkin's method that involves separate spatial and temporal testing procedures. Triangular patch basis functions are used for spatial expansion and testing functions for arbitrarily shaped 3-D dielectric structures. The time-domain unknown coefficients of the equivalent electric and magnetic currents are approximated using a set of orthonormal basis function that is derived from the Laguerre functions. These basis functions are also used as the temporal testing functions. Use of the Laguerre polynomials as expansion functions for the transient portion of response enables one not only to handle the time derivative terms in the integral equation in an analytic fashion but also completely separates the space and the time variables. Thus, the time variable along with the Courant condition can be eliminated in a Galerkin formulation using this procedure. We also propose an alternative formulation using a different expansion of the magnetic current. The total computational cost for this new method is similar to that of an implicit marching-on in time (MOT)-EFIE scheme, even though at each step this procedure requires more computations. Numerical results involving equivalent currents and far fields computed by the two proposed methods are presented and compared.     

An unconditionally stable scheme for the finite-difference time-domain method

In this work, we propose a numerical method to obtain an unconditionally stable solution for the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method for the TE/sub z/ case. This new method does not utilize the customary explicit leapfrog time scheme of the conventional FDTD method. Instead we solve the time-domain Maxwell's equations by expressing the transient behaviors in terms of weighted Laguerre polynomials. By using these orthonormal basis functions for the temporal variation, the time derivatives can be handled analytically, which results in an implicit relation. In this way, the time variable is eliminated from the computations. By introducing the Galerkin temporal testing procedure, the marching-on in time method is replaced by a recursive relation between the different orders of the weighted Laguerre polynomials if the input waveform is of arbitrary shape. Since the weighted Laguerre polynomials converge to zero as time progresses, the electric and magnetic fields when expanded in a series of weighted Laguerre polynomials also converge to zero. The other novelty of this approach is that, through the use of the entire domain-weighted Laguerre polynomials for the expansion of the temporal variation of the fields, the spatial and the temporal variables can be separated.     

基于三次样条时域基函数的MOT算法精确求解细直线瞬时电磁辐射和散射问题

提出了采用三次样条函数作为时域基函数求解良导体细线时域积分方程(TD-EFIE)的MOT(Marching on in time)算法,由于三次样条函数是非因果的,算法中采用有限带宽信号的一步外推方法,估计将来值。三次样条函数作为时间基函数,具有插值精度高、支撑区域小的特点,在保证计算精度的情况下降低了信号采样率和计算的复杂性,提高了MOT算法的后时稳定性。计算结果表明了算法的有效性。     

TD‐CFIE Formulation for Transient Electromagnetic Scattering from 3‐D Dielectric Objects

In this paper, we present a time domain combined field integral equation formulation (TD‐CFIE) to analyze the transient electromagnetic response from dielectric objects. The solution method is based on the method of moments which involves separate spatial and temporal testing procedures. A set of the RWG functions is used for spatial expansion of the equivalent electric and magnetic current densities, and a combination of RWG and its orthogonal component is used for spatial testing. The time domain unknowns are approximated by a set of orthonormal basis functions derived from the Laguerre polynomials. These basis functions are also used for temporal testing. Use of this temporal expansion function characterizing the time variable makes it possible to handle the time derivative terms in the integral equation and decouples the space‐time continuum in an analytic fashion. Numerical results computed by the proposed formulation are compared with the solutions of the frequency domain combined field integral equation.     

无载波单脉冲天线阵近场波束扫描的时域模拟

运用时域电场积分方程(TD-EFIE)方法得出了在耦合条件下无载波单脉冲激励线天线阵列的瞬态电流分布,通过对阵列天线辐射近、远场的模拟,论证了阵列天线近场主波束形成及实施主波束扫描的可行性;并给出了在一定距离上实现近场主波束扫描时,天线阵各单元所需要的延时量.对于设计无载波单脉冲体制相控阵探地雷达系统具有意义.     

Marching-on-in-Degree Based Time-Domain Magnetic Field Integral Equation Method for Bodies of Revolution

A marching-on-in-degree (MOD) based time-domain magnetic field integral equation method for bodies of revolution (BOR) is proposed and applied to obtain the induced currents on perfectly electric conducting BOR. Before this work, the time-domain integral equation method for BOR based on a marching-on-in-time procedure cannot really reduce the computational cost, since the number of unknowns cannot really be reduced. But it is the unknown reduction that serves as the key point of cost saving in BOR-problems. The method implemented in this letter can really utilize the symmetric property of BOR by applying two sets of entire domain basis functions. One is a set of scaled Laguerre polynomials inherited from common MOD method and used as temporal basis functions. The other is a Fourier series which comes from frequency domain method for solving BOR-problems. The validity, efficiency, and stability of the method are verified by several numerical examples.     

Improved Stable Scheme for the Time Domain Integral Equation Method

A novel technique for improving the stability of time domain electric field integral equation (TD-EFIE) method is presented. The method involving the introduction of a new class of temporal basis functions employs a modified form of TD-EFIE to generate stable transient responses from arbitrarily shaped conducting objects, which possesses the advantage of simplicity in implementation. Numerical examples are given to demonstrate the accuracy and the efficiency of the proposed method     

基于Laguerre多项式的边界积分方程时域求解

针对时域积分方程中存在的晚时震荡问题,介绍了基于Laguerre多项式的电场、磁场和混合场积分方程,求解了导体球和导体圆柱的时域电流分布和后向散射场以及单站RCS。结果表明,3种积分方程很好地解决了晚时震荡问题,混合场积分方程具有更高的计算精度。     

STUDY OF MILLIMETER-WAVE WAVEGUIDES USING A 2-D ORDER-MARCHING TIME-DOMAIN METHOD

In this paper, the application of the order-marching time-domain (OMTD) method to the solution of the cutoff frequencies of TE and TM modes in millimeter-wave waveguides is described. Starting from Maxwell’s two-dimensional (2-D) differential equations for TE or TM case, the OMTD method uses the orthonormality of weighted Laguerre polynomials and Galerkin’s testing procedure to eliminate the temporal variables and results in an order-marching scheme. To verify it’s accuracy and efficiency, the numerical results for millimeter-wave guided systems are compared with those of finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method and analytical solutions. The OMTD method improves computational efficiency notably, especially for fine grid division problems restricted by stability constraints in the FDTD method.     

TD-EFIE分析任意几何形状导体的瞬态特性

应用时域电场积分方程方法分析了各类天线和散射体的瞬态电磁响应.在分析中,激励源的形式和导体的几何形状可以任意.首先探讨了不同时域基函数对计算结果的影响,同时为了消除后期振荡,而且保持计算结果的准确性,还提出了一种新的均衡方案.计算了一系列的实例,并将计算结果与采用离散傅立叶反变换法计算得到的结果进行了比较.它们之间良好的一致性说明了本文所提方法的正确性和有效性.     

一种改进的时间步进稳定性平均方法

介绍了时域积分方程方法（TDIE）的基本原理,提出一种抑制时域电场积分方程（TDIE）时间步进（MOT）后期振荡的新平均算法,提高了MOT算法后期的稳定性。计算了高斯脉冲波照射到金属立方体时目标表面的电流响应,数值结果表明,该方法简单有效地推迟了TDIE后期震荡时间。     

A comparison of performance of three orthogonal polynomials in extraction of wide-band response using early time and low frequency data

The objective of this paper is to generate a wideband and temporal response of three-dimensional composite structures by using a hybrid method that involves generation of early time and low-frequency information. The data in these two separate time and frequency domains are mutually complementary and contain all the necessary information for a sufficient record length. Utilizing a set of orthogonal polynomials, the time domain signal (be it the electric or the magnetic currents or the near/far scattered electromagnetic field) could be expressed in an efficient way as well as the corresponding frequency domain responses. The available data is simultaneously extrapolated in both domains. Computational load for electromagnetic analysis in either domain, time or frequency, can be thus significantly reduced. Three orthogonal polynomial representations including Hermite polynomial, Laguerre function and Bessel function are used in this approach. However, the performance of this new method is sensitive to two important parameters-the scaling factor l/sub 1/ and the expansion order N. It is therefore important to find the optimal parameters to achieve the best performance. A comparison is presented to illustrate that for the classes of problems dealt with, the choice of the Laguerre polynomials has the best performance as illustrated by a typical scattering example from a dielectric hemisphere.     

Efficient compact 2-D time-domain method with weighted Laguerre polynomials

An efficient time-domain method based on a compact two-dimensional (2-D) finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method combined with weighted Laguerre polynomials has been proposed to analyze the propagation properties of uniform transmission lines. Starting from Maxwell's differential equations corresponding to the compact 2-D FDTD method, we use the orthonormality of weighted Laguerre polynomials and Galerkin's testing procedure to eliminate the time variable. Thus, an implicit relation, which results in a marching-on-in-degree scheme, can be obtained. To verify the accuracy and efficiency of the hybrid method, we compare the results with those from the conventional compact 2-D FDTD and compact 2-D alternating-direction-implicit (ADI) FDTD methods. The hybrid method improves the computational efficiency notably, especially for complex problems with fine structure details that are restricted by stability constrains in the FDTD method.     

On the use of spatio-temporal wavelet expansions for transient analysis of wire antennas and scatterers

To analyze a wire antenna excited by a time varying voltage source or a wire scatterer excitated by transient electromagnetic incident wave, the problem is formulated in terms of a time-domain integral equation for the induced current. To solve the integral equation, we reduce it to matrix equation via the method of moments using the known-to-be-stable implicit scheme. However, rather than directly constructing and solving the relatively large matrix equation, we propose an iterative procedure which allows us to gradually obtain a solution of refined accuracy both everywhere and simultaneously at any time instance. To render this procedure rapidly converging, we use a basis of spatio-temporal wavelet functions. This basis facilitates a good approximation of the induced current using far less basis functions than would be needed if other expansions, such as standard-pulse or Fourier basis functions were chosen. The use of this basis further enables the iterative procedure to increase the temporal and spatial resolutions where required without unnecessarily affecting their levels elsewhere.     

Finite-difference time-domain solution of Maxwell's equations forthe dispersive ionosphere

The application of the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) technique to problems in ionospheric radio wave propagation is complicated by the dispersive nature of the ionospheric plasma. In the time domain, the electric displacement is the convolution of the dielectric tensor with the electric field, and thus requires information from the entire signal history. It is shown that this difficulty can be avoided by returning to the dynamical equations from which the dielectric tensor is derived. By integrating these differential equations simultaneously with the Maxwell equations, temporal dispersion is fully incorporated. An FDTD approach utilizing the vector wave equation is also presented. The accuracy of the method is shown by comparison for a special case for which an analytic solution is available. The method is demonstrated with examples of pulse propagation in one and two dimensions. The computational limitations of present-generation computers are discussed. The application of this approach to the study of wave propagation in randomly structured ionization is addressed     

ESD field penetration through slots into shielded enclosures: atime domain approach

This paper presents a time domain approach for the analysis of the coupling between an electrostatic discharge (ESD) current and the internal region of a shielded enclosure with a slot. The application of the equivalence principle allows us to obtain an integro-differential equation for the unknown distribution of the aperture electric field. The numerical solution is obtained by an iterative procedure developed by the method of moments (MoM) in the time domain. The approach is also applied at the case of a transient incident field of a plane wave impinging on the enclosure. The use of proper impulse responses for the space and cavity regions make the model efficient from a computational point of view, without loss in accuracy. Theoretical results are validated by measurements     

一种稳定的时域电场积分方程求解方法

提出了一种求解任意形状理想导体目标时域散射的稳定时域电场积分方程(TDIE)方法,此方法能非常有效地消除后期振荡。利用显式MOT方法求解二阶时间微分的电场积分方程,矢量位随时间的变化关系采用边缘中心近似,标量位随时间的变化关系则采用三角面元重心近似,然后运用先五步后三步的平均方法。数值结果表明,本文方法能够有效地提高TDIE方法的收敛性和稳定性。     

Scattering from a cavity-backed slit in a ground plant-TE case

Two-dimensional transverse electric wave scattering from a cavity-backed slit in a ground plane is analyzed by R.F. Harrington and J.R. Mautz's (1976) generalized network formulation. The admittance matrix of the cavity or arbitrary shape and medium is obtained by the finite-element method. A variational equation for the cavity problem is established and then discretized to a matrix equation. An efficient algorithm using the modified frontal-solution algorithm is developed to solve the matrix equation. The solution is manipulated to get the admittance matrix of the cavity. The computed admittance matrix is added to the radiation admittance matrix of the equivalent magnetic current on a ground plane and is used to solve for the equivalent magnetic current on the slit. Numerical results for trapezoidal and coated rectangular cavities are included     

Near-field to near/far-field transformation for arbitrarynear-field geometry utilizing an equivalent electric current andMoM

Presented here is a method for computing near- and far-field patterns of an antenna from its near-field measurements taken over an arbitrarily shaped geometry. This method utilizes near-field data to determine an equivalent electric current source over a fictitious surface which encompasses the antenna. This electric current, once determined, can be used to ascertain the near and the far field. This method demonstrates the concept of analytic continuity, i.e., once the value of the electric field is known for one region in space, from a theoretical perspective, its value for any other region can be extrapolated. It is shown that the equivalent electric current produces the correct fields in the regions in front of the antenna regardless of the geometry over which the near-field measurements are made. In this approach, the measured data need not satisfy the Nyquist sampling criteria. An electric field integral equation is developed to relate the near field to the equivalent electric current. A moment method procedure is employed to solve the integral equation by transforming it into a matrix equation. A least-squares solution via singular value decomposition is used to solve the matrix equation. Computations with both synthetic and experimental data, where the near field of several antenna configurations are measured over various geometrical surfaces, illustrate the accuracy of this method