无限介质包围的充液管道中导波的频散特性

利用波传播方法从理论上分析了无限介质包围的充液管道中导波的频散特性.基于经典的薄壳振动理论,求出了不同传输路径中的波数表达式,并利用数值方法对振动方程进行解析研究,分析管道参数和无限介质对导波频散特性的影响.结果表明,管道厚径比、管壁厚度、无限介质和管壁材料与导波频散密切相关.其中管道厚径比和管壁材料对流体主导波(s1...     

层状板中Lamb波的频散特性研究

利用矩阵递推方法，建立了层状板中Ｌａｍｂ波的特征方程以及相应的位移和应力分布计算公式，由此分析了双层板、软夹层板和硬夹层板中Ｌａｍｂ波的频散特性，特别指出软夹层的存在对Ｌａｍｂ波的频散特性有显著影响。该结论对工程测试分析有一定指导意义。     

超声导波用于液层负载板损伤检测的数值模拟

液层负载薄板结构的损伤检测是结构无损检测和健康监测中的一个重要问题。为寻求合适的液层负载薄板结构损伤检测信号及分析损伤缺陷对检测信号的响应,求解了双侧液层负载薄板的频散方程,计算得到4 mm双侧水域负载铝板的频散曲线,并利用有限元模拟方法研究了缺陷位置、角度及大小对铝板中检测信号的影响。研究结果表明:中心频率小于100 kHz的S0模式漏Lamb波衰减因子趋近于0,适合长距离损伤检测。此外,当缺陷的存在造成板结构的不对称性时,声信号在缺陷处发生明显的模式转换,且转换出的A0模式信号的透射系数随缺陷位置到板厚中心距离的增加而减小,随缺陷与铝板中间面的角度和缺陷长度的增加先增大后减小,并随缺陷宽度的增加而增大。     

流-固多层结构中软层介质参数反演研究

建立了固体层内含软层介质的多层流-固界面模型。使用传递矩阵法,导出固体层内含软层介质的流-固界面波的频散方程。根据频散方程计算频散曲线,改变软层介质的深度、厚度及横波波速,观察频散曲线的变化。使用有限元软件建立仿真模型,引入遗传反向传播(Back Propagation, BP)神经网络,对模型参数进行了反演。反演结果表明,使用遗传BP神经网络,能有效地反演出软层介质的深度、厚度与横波波速参数。     

弹性地基上矩形贮液结构的液-固耦合振动特性

针对无旋、无粘和不可压缩的理想液体,根据Winkler弹性地基上矩形贮液结构的液-固耦合振动分析模型,通过引入无量纲参数建立了矩形贮液结构的液-固耦合系统的振动方程。为简化计算,根据梁的振型函数和频率方程,将三维问题转化为一维问题来处理,利用振型函数的正交性求解了Winkler弹性地基上矩形贮液结构的液-固耦合振动频率。最后,为便于工程应用,结合工程实际讨论了无量纲参数对矩形贮液结构液-固耦合振动频率的影响,从而为以后工程结构中矩形贮液结构的设计计算提供了理论依据。     

铝蜂窝结构的错位散斑与超声C扫描无损检测方法对比研究

利用激光错位散斑和超声C扫描方法对人工预置缺陷的铝蜂窝夹层结构样件进行了检测。结果表明,两种方法都可取得令人满意的检测结果。通过对比两种检测方法,可知超声C扫描具有更高的检测灵敏度,而错位散斑检测则具有全场检测、快速等优点。根据实际应用特点,两种方法灵活运用可扬长避短,满足使用要求。     

水下带粘弹性层输油管道中纵向导波的传播特性

采用超声导波法对海底管道进行健康监测和缺陷检测,需要研究导波在深水环境下的海底管道结构中的传播特性。该文采用全局矩阵法计算纵向导波在水下带粘弹性层输油管道中的传播位移和应力,得到频散曲线和个别模态(如α 模态与L(0,4)模态)的波结构。通过对纵向导波频散曲线和波结构的详细分析,阐述了纵向导波在水下带粘弹性层输油管道中的传播规律。这既有益于加深对导波在深水环境下的海底管道结构中传播机理的理解,也可为设计采用纵向导波进行海底输油管道损伤检测系统提供技术支撑。     

粘性流场中圆柱壳结构的频散特性分析

以往的文献在分析流场中圆柱壳的声振特性时,往往将流场简化为理想状态,忽略了粘性的影响。以浸没在粘性流场中的无限长弹性薄圆柱壳为研究对象,研究了流体粘性对频散特性的影响规律。首先,分别用Flügge薄壳理论和势函数方法分析壳体结构振动和外部流体声场。然后,通过壳壁外表面的运动协调条件,建立此耦合系统的声振耦合方程,进而采用Winding-Number围线积分法搜索求根,重点求取和分析了粘性流场中无限长弹性薄圆柱壳的频散曲线,并与理想流体中的特性作了对比,得出了一些有价值的结论,有助于理解粘性的影响及程度。     

镁含量和硅对铁-锌铝镁合金固-液扩散偶中Fe-Al反应层的影响

在热浸镀锌中,铁基表面Fe-Al化合物层的形成会影响镀层的生长和质量。将Fe/(Zn-11%Al-3%Mg)和Fe/(Zn-11%Al-x%Mg-0.2%Si)扩散偶在600℃下进行25min的固-液扩散实验,利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和能谱仪(EDS)研究了镁含量和硅对铁-锌铝镁合金固-液界面Fe-Al合金层形成的影响。结果表明,Fe/(Zn-11%Al-3%Mg)固-液扩散偶反应层由FeAl3和Fe2Al5相层组成;随着Mg含量的增加,Fe/(Zn-11%Al-x%Mg-0.2%Si)扩散偶中反应层的厚度呈现先增加后减少再增加的变化趋势,当镁含量为3%时反应层厚度最薄;Fe/(Zn-11%Al-3%Mg)扩散偶中Fe-Al反应层的平均厚度比Fe/(Zn-11%Al-3%Mg-0.2%Si)扩散偶中反应层的厚度大60μm,证明Si元素起到抑制Fe-Al反应层形成的作用。研究结果为解释Super Dyma合金镀层中不形成明显的Fe-Al抑制层提供了实验依据。     

超声检测中的兰姆波层析成像

兰姆波作为超声导波，可以对薄板类结构实现大范围快速的检测。然而，从兰姆波数据中提取定量信息时对检测人员的技术素质提出了很高的要求。文章用兰姆波层析成像仿真实现了铝板中不同缺陷的重建图像。结果表明：采用滤波反投影算法得到的层析图像给出了关于缺陷位置和类型的信息，从而使技术人员可以方便地识别出材料中的缺陷。     

用二维傅里叶变换识别兰姆波模式的研究

本文用二维傅里叶变换信号处理进行了兰姆波模式分析。通过理论计算与实验结果的比较表明,二维傅里叶变换技术能有效地分析识别兰姆波模式。实验中,采用直探用与可变角探头作为超声波换能器做了接收宽带兰姆波信号的对比。     

Laser ultrasonic study of Lamb waves: determination of the thickness and velocities of a thin plate

Transient Lamb waves in a thin copper plate were generated and measured using a laser ultrasonic setup. A two-dimensional Fourier transform method has been employed to analyse the dispersion curves. This allowed a clear identification of multi-mode Lamb waves. Fitting of the dispersion curve allowed a direct determination of the thickness and bulk velocities, as well as the elastic constants. The obtained experimental results of Lamb waves on a copper plate show excellent agreement with the theoretical model.     

Fresnel arrays for the study of Lamb waves in laser ultrasonics

An experimental technique is proposed to analyze and control laser-generated Lamb waves propagating in aluminum plates. The technique consists in forming on the surface of the specimen an array of concentric arc sources by passing the laser beam through a Fresnel lens. The spacing between the illuminated arcs produces a forcing wavelength for which only a few specific frequencies (those which satisfy the dispersion relation) can propagate in the sample. Dispersion curves can be obtained by measuring the frequency content of the received signals for a range of wavenumbers. The technique offers a relatively high signal-to-noise ratio because of the narrow-band nature of the method and because of the confocal geometry of the source distribution. Reasonably good agreement is obtained between theoretical and experimental dispersion curves especially for the lower modes, thus showing that the proposed technique may have some potential for some specific applications in laser ultrasonic nondestructive evaluation.     

Lamb waves in a thin isotropic layer between two anisotropic layers

Attenuative Lamb wave propagation in adhesively bonded anisotropic composite plates is introduced. The isotropic adhesive exhibits viscous behavior to stimulate the poor curing of the middle layer. Viscosity is assumed to vary linearly with frequency, implying that attenuation per wavelength is constant. Attenuation can be implemented in the analysis through modification of elastic properties of isotropic adhesive. The new properties become complex, but cause no further complications in the analysis. The characteristic equation is the same as that used for the elastic plate case, except that both real and imaginary parts of the wave number (i.e., the attenuation) must be computed. Based on the Lowe's solution in finding the complex roots of characteristic equation, the effect of longitudinal and shear attenuation coefficients of the middle adhesive layer on phase velocity dispersion curves and attenuation dispersion curves of Lamb waves propagating in bonded anisotropic composites is visualized numerically.     

兰姆波频散方程的理论求解及实验研究

为了得到板内各声波模态的理论传播速度,利用牛顿切线法求解Lamb频散方程。求解相速度时,保持了频率和板厚在计算中的独立性;求解群速度时利用隐函数求偏导的方法。克服了编程求解中频率厚度不能分离的困难。随后在钢板上进行了实验验证。声速采用声发射定位技术进行测量,并把实验数据进行拟合。研究发现薄板上的实验数据和理论值吻合,厚板上的扩展波理论群速度比实验群速度高400 m/s。     

Shear lag solution for tuning ultrasonic piezoelectric wafer active sensors with applications to Lamb wave array imaging

An analytical investigation of the interaction between piezoelectric wafer active sensor (PWAS), guided Lamb waves, and host structure is presented in this paper, supported with application examples. The analytical investigation assumes a PWAS transducer bonded to the upper surface of an isotropic flat plate. Shear lag transfer of tractions and strains is assumed, and an analytical solution using the space-wise Fourier transform is reviewed, closed-form solutions are presented for the case of both ideal bonding (i.e., load transfer mechanism localized at the PWAS boundary) and not ideal bonding (i.e., load transfer mechanism localized close the PWAS boundary). The analytical solutions are used to derive Lamb wave mode tuning curves which indicate that frequencies exist at which the A0 mode or the S0 mode can be either suppressed or enhanced. The paper further shows that the capability to excite only one desired Lamb wave mode is critical for practical structural health monitoring applications such as PWAS phased array technique (e.g., the embedded ultrasonics structural radar, EUSR) and the sparse array imaging. Extensive experimental tests that verify the tuning mechanism and prediction curves are reported. Examples of correctly tuned EUSR images vs. detuned cases illustrate the paramount importance of Lamb wave mode tuning for the success of PWAS based damage detection.     

电磁超声兰姆波换能器多目标优化设计

针对电磁超声兰姆波换能器激发的兰姆波存在多模式、频散现象和信号较弱的问题,结合铝合金板材检测背景,提出一种基于＂双交点法＂、＂零斜率准则＂和正交试验设计相结合的电磁超声兰姆波换能器多目标优化设计方法。其中,＂双交点法＂可有效削弱兰姆波多模式现象的影响,＂零斜率准则＂能够有效降低兰姆波的频散现象,而正交试验设计方法可有效提高电磁超声兰姆波信号的幅值。依据所提优化设计方法,对一个在铝板检测中常用的电磁超声兰姆波换能器的9个主要参数进行了多目标优化设计。实验表明,优化后,兰姆波信号中的多模式、频散现象得到显著抑制,而且信号幅值得到明显提升,有效改善了电磁超声兰姆波换能器的工程实用性。     

Numerical simulation of Lamb wave scattering in semi‐infinite plates

A finite element formulation is applied to study Lamb wave scattering in homogeneous and sandwich isotropic plates. Dispersion curves are calculated in a simple and automatic way by solving a quadratic eigenproblem. A meshing criterion to obtain accurate results with linear and quadratic elements is provided. An absorbing boundary condition for semi‐infinite plates is derived from this formulation by means of a truncated normal mode expansion technique, where the finite element eigenvectors are used instead of the analytical expressions for the normal modes. This non‐reflecting boundary condition is directly applicable to study Lamb wave reflection by simple obstacles such as a flat edge. In order to tackle Lamb wave diffraction problems by defects with more complex geometries, a hybrid boundary element‐finite element formulation is developed. The validity and accuracy of both formulations are checked thoroughly with a series of test problems studied by other researchers. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.