新己烯合成方法的改进

以叔丁醇为原料,首先与盐酸反应生成氯代叔丁烷,然后与乙烯反应得到氯代新己烷,最后经消除生成新己烯.本试验中氯代叔丁烷的合成由回流反应改为常温反应,收率达到90％以上.氯代叔丁烷与乙烯的加成反应中用自制的硅铝复合催化剂替代无水三氯化铝,催化剂用量减少50％,收率达到88％以上.新己烯合成中用氢氧化钠替代氢氧化钾,收率达到85％以上.改进后的工艺条件较温和,原料易得,具有一定的工业化应用价值.     

新己烯合成方法的改进

以叔丁醇为原料,首先与盐酸反应生成氯代叔丁烷,然后与乙烯反应得到氯代新己烷,最后经消除生成新己烯。本试验中氯代叔丁烷的合成由回流反应改为常温反应,收率达到90%以上。氯代叔丁烷与乙烯的加成反应中用自制的硅铝复合催化剂替代无水三氯化铝,催化剂用量减少50%,收率达到88%以上。新己烯合成中用氢氧化钠替代氢氧化钾,收率达到85%以上。改进后的工艺条件较温和,原料易得,具有一定的工业化应用价值。     

3,3-二甲基-1-丁烯合成条件的优化

探讨了合成3,3-二甲基-1-丁烯（新己烯）的最佳工艺条件。以叔丁醇和盐酸为原料,浓硫酸为催化剂合成氯代叔丁烷,探讨了反应温度和反应时间对收率的影响;采用加压方法,无水AlCl3为催化剂,以氯代叔丁烷和乙烯为原料合成氯代新己烷（2,2-二甲基丁烷）;确定了合适的加成反应条件,以N-甲基吡咯烷酮为溶剂,采用反应精馏的方法,氯代新己烷脱氯化氢制备新己烯。实验确定的最佳工艺条件：合成氯代叔丁烷的最佳反应温度为20℃,最佳反应时间为60 min;合成氯代新己烷的最佳反应压力为0.75 MPa,最佳反应温度为45℃;脱氯化氢制备新己烯的最佳溶剂为N-甲基吡咯烷酮。     

合成高纯3,3-二甲基-1-丁烯(新己烯)的技术改进的研究

本次技术改进优化了各个反应步骤.①优化氯代叔丁烷的制备.使氯代叔丁烷的收率达到了85%.②优化F-C烷基化反应.调整了反应时间、温度和压力,产品氯代新己烷的收率达到了90%.③优化新己烯的合成.在添加了相转移催化剂,调节了反应溶剂的情况下,使反应产物能及时的分离出来统.得到含量99%新己烯.④优化了氯元素的循环使用.通过水蒸气蒸馏除去氛化钾中的杂质,使得氯化钾能更好的用于叔丁醇的氯化反应制备氯代叔丁烷,使氛元素的循环利用率达到85%以上.     

值得大力开发的氯代正丁烷

介绍氯代正丁烷的制备方法、应用、市场前景以及开发的可行性。     

对叔丁基甲苯的合成研究

本文采用氯代叔丁烷和甲苯作原料,在催化剂存在下合成对叔丁基甲笨的条件研究。结果表明:该法具有原料价廉、易得,产半较高,易于实现工业化生产等优点。     

氯醇法生产氯代叔丁烷

以叔丁醇和工业废盐酸为原料,合成氯代叔丁烷。对反应温度、原料配比及催化剂用量进行了优化,最佳工艺条件为：反应温度为25℃,原料醇酸比为1.3∶1,催化剂质量分数为3%。产品收率可达到86%。     

离子液体催化合成对叔丁基甲苯

以甲苯和氯代叔丁烷为原料,以三氯化铝离子液体为催化剂,考察合成对叔丁基甲苯的影响因素。结果表明,该烷基化反应最佳工艺条件为:反应温度0℃,离子液体用量为甲苯质量的1%,甲苯与氯代叔丁烷物质的量比2∶1,此条件下,氯代叔丁烷转化率100%,目标产物对叔丁基甲苯选择性较高。向三氯化铝离子液体中加入氯化亚铜改性助剂,当三氯化铝离子液体和氯化亚铜物质的量比为1∶2时,在优化条件下对叔丁基甲苯选择性由50.22%提高到85.38%。     

合成正丁烷的一种改进方法

本文论述了一种从正丁醇合成正氯丁烷的改进方法，提高了产率，并用元素分析，红外光谱、沸点、比重和折光率对正氯丁烷作了鉴定。     

盐酸三乙胺-三氯化铝离子液体催化甲苯与氯代叔丁烷烷基化反应

用盐酸三乙胺和无水三氯化铝合成了不同配比的Et3NHCl-AlCl3离子液体,研究了反应时间、反应温度、离子液体的用量、甲苯与氯代叔丁烷摩尔比对烷基化反应的影响。结果表明,Et3NHCl-AlCl3酸性离子液体具有较高的催化活性,良好的低温反应活性和对位选择性。得到了该反应优化反应条件:离子液体中AlCl3与Et3NHCl的摩尔比1.6,反应温度20℃,离子液体的用量为甲苯质量的10%,甲苯与氯代叔丁烷摩尔比2,反应10 min。该条件下,氯代叔丁烷的转化率为98%,对叔丁基甲苯的选择性为82.5%。离子液体重复使用5次,其催化活性不变,离子液体再生后可循环使用。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。