柴达木盆地西部地区断裂构造与油气聚集

柴达木盆地西部地区油气藏常与断裂构造相伴生。柴西地区南部沿断裂带分布有砂西-尕斯-油砂山油气聚集带、跃进2号-跃东油气聚集带、乌南-绿草滩油气聚集带;西部阿尔金山前带沿柴西等断裂分布有断鼻构造控制的构造-地层-岩性复合型油气藏;北部沿着英北断裂、南翼山断裂、尖顶山断裂分布有油泉子、开特米立特、南翼山、尖顶山等构造-裂缝型油气藏。柴西地区断裂的形成与阿尔金山和昆仑山在中新生代的剧烈挤压和走滑活动有关。断裂以逆断层和走滑断层为主,还有少量的同沉积正断层、滑脱断层、反转断层等。断裂主要发育北东向、北西向和近南北向,平面上呈平行状,斜列状、斜交状、正交状,反"S"形,透镜状、发散状等组合类型,剖面组合型式主要有叠瓦状、冲断式、花式3 种主要类型。其中,以冲断型及正交状、斜交状断层组合形成的构造油气藏最为发育。断裂不仅控制了生烃凹陷的展布及构造圈闭的形成,在一定程度上也控制了河流三角洲、扇三角洲有利储集相带的展布。断裂活动形成的大量裂缝,改善了储层的物性条件。柴西南区普遍存在以断裂为油气运移通道形成的侧接式上生下储式油藏。     

南八仙构造油气成藏模式及其对柴北缘勘探的启示

柴北缘为柴达木盆地北部一个以侏罗系生烃、第三系为主要储集层的含油气系统。南八仙构造是柴北缘一个具有代表性的三级构造。该构造反映出柴北缘分别在早第三纪和晚第三纪受到不同方向、不同性质的区域挤压或压扭作用,并分别形成基底卷入型和盖层滑脱型两种不同构造样式的断层。基底卷入断层是下第三系储层形成油气藏必不可少的油源通道;晚第三纪滑脱型断层则对下第三系油气藏起破坏作用,并导致上第三系次生油气藏的形成。原油性质、储层包裹体均一化温度和包裹体正构烷烃分布都证明下第三系储层存在早晚两期油气注入,上第三系储层则为晚期油气注入。南八仙构造的油气成藏模式说明,加强断层活动史和封闭史研究对柴北缘油气评价有重要意义;与上第三系相比,下第三系的油气藏形成条件更有利。      

准噶尔盆地腹部断裂活动对油气聚集的控制作用

准噶尔盆地腹部发育NE、NW向为主的基底断裂和盖层断裂,侏罗系主要发育NE、NW向三角洲沉积体系.基底断裂的早期"显性"活动控制了主要二级构造带的边界、古凸起(古梁)展布、主断裂分布及四大压扭构造带的展布方向.后期NE向基底断裂的"隐性"活动导致上部盖层破碎,使早期的二叠纪古凸起带成为浅表断裂破碎带.河道水系的冲刷下切极易取其走向,从而控制了三工河组和西山窑组的主河道及主砂体沿NE向主断裂构造线及早期凸起带的展布,进而也就控制了油气藏的分布.基底断裂活动控制了油气的早期原生成藏与晚期调整次生成藏和再分配,盖层断裂通过与基底断裂的(反)树丫型、阶梯型、交叉型3种耦合方式形成花状构造、正反转构造组合而控制成藏,两类断裂在活动期和静止期控藏作用各不相同.腹部凸起区及斜坡上部为"三位一体"断控砂体次生成藏模式,凹陷区和斜坡下部还可能存在低幅度背景相控砂体原生(—混生)成藏模式.油气沿古梁聚集的构造本质是基底断裂显性及隐性活动的上延穿层效应.基于这2种模式,提出了岩性油气藏的有利勘探领域和勘探方法.     

柴北缘断裂上、下盘油气差异性聚集及成因

柴达木盆地南缘昆北地区断裂上盘富集油气，而柴北缘中、浅层油气藏主要赋存于断裂下盘圈闭之中。研究认为，柴北缘滑脱断裂下盘圈闭油气富集的根本原因是：①柴北缘中、浅层滑脱断裂本身不是油源断裂，不能直接向其上盘圈闭提供油气；②柴北缘中、浅层滑脱断裂（带）在垂向上因封闭性不同而具有分带性，即主断裂带封闭性最强，其上、下带封闭能力变差，这是油气沿断裂带下带运移的先决地质条件；③滑脱断裂主断面之下的下带因地质条件的变化，其封闭性由上而下逐渐变好，为滑脱断裂下盘多层油气的聚集提供了遮挡条件。因此，有基底油源断裂沟通的滑脱断裂下盘是柴北缘油气勘探的重要领域，而上盘则存在较大的勘探风险。图6参12     

柴北缘西部油气藏分布与成藏特征

由于地质条件和环境的不同,柴达木盆地北缘西部不同构造带及凹陷区油气分布及其运聚成藏具有不同的特征,断裂、不整合、生储盖组合及埋深是导致这些差异的主要地质因素,不整合和断层控制油气纵横向运移;生储盖组合制约油气分布的层位;埋深决定油气相态;断裂还导致大多数圈闭的形成并影响油气藏的保存。它们决定了柴北缘西部油气分布具有平面上南北成带、西油东气,纵向上油气主要分布于浅层滑脱断层下盘和深层断裂上盘的断展背斜圈闭中的特点,并控制了不同地区和构造单元油气藏类型,形成多种各具特征的运聚成藏模式。     

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依据断裂规模及其控制作用，划分出一级控盆、二级分区、三级控带、四级控圈和五级小断裂，各级断裂有机组合，构成四大断裂系统：赛什腾断裂系统、大红沟断裂系统、昆特依断裂系统和中部断裂系统。大断裂控制了柴北缘深浅层的构造格局，形成了南北成带、东西分块、洼隆相间、上下分层构造格架。中、下侏罗统地层的展布明显受侏罗纪基底大断裂的控制。柴北缘发育七种类型的构造发育模式：断裂反转—基底逆冲—反冲断滑构造发育模式；地层反转—冲起—断滑褶皱叠加模式；断层反转-冲起滑褶皱叠加构造模式；断层反转—顺冲断滑褶皱叠加模式；断层反转—基底逆冲—断滑褶皱叠加模式；潜伏断展背斜发育模式；断层反转—反冲断滑褶皱叠加模式。断裂是控制本区油气分布的主要控制因素。基底大断裂控制着烃源岩的展布；油气藏的重要聚集空间—构造圈闭的形成与分布也受断裂控制，断裂是油气运聚成藏的最重要的通道。     

陆梁隆起构造演化与油气聚集规律

在对陆梁隆起的5个沉积-构造层和断裂系统分析的基础上, 探讨了早二叠世以来陆梁隆起基底断裂对盖层多期沉降构造格局的控制作用。初步确定了陆梁隆起的断裂组合由三个泉-陆南和滴水泉-石西右旋斜冲走滑断裂带组成。陆梁隆起带盖层断裂受控于基底断裂, 总体构成近东西向的以三个泉斜冲走滑系统和滴水泉斜冲走滑系统为主干的弧形树型断裂系统。将陆梁隆起划分为2个一级构造单元、6个二级构造单元、15个三级构造单元、26个四级构造单元。认为三个泉和滴水泉深部岩石圈走滑断裂系统为油气聚集提供了通道; 沿北东向断裂的上盘形成一些呈右行展布的小幅度褶皱构造, 可成为好的储油空间, 陆梁隆起带的油气运聚规律为树型热动、南北运移和分段沿梁聚集。     

黄河口凹陷新近系断裂-砂体控藏分析——以垦利3-2构造为例

以垦利3-2构造为例,通过断层断距统计半定量分析了该构造区新近系断层活动规律,系统研究了断层活动、砂体发育对油气成藏的控制作用。断层活动时间与储盖组合"耦合"控制了油气垂向聚集层位,断层活动强度与砂体发育展布"耦合"控制了油气平面分布,边界断层应力调节带是油气聚集的优势区带。在断裂-砂体的控制下,新近系主要含油层段明下段形成了油气富集程度高的岩性-构造油气藏和构造-岩性油气藏。     

柴北缘地区断裂控藏综合模式

运用断裂控烃理论的原理,对柴北缘地区油气成藏主控因素和油气运聚成藏模式进行了研究,认为受北部祁连山、西部阿尔金山和南部昆仑山构造应力的共同作用,柴北缘发育北西-北西西向、近东西向和北东-北东东向3组断裂;纵向上形成深、浅2套断裂系统,控制多组构造带的形成与展布,具有明显的断裂控藏特征,主要表现在断裂控制了深、浅层各类构造圈闭的形成,是油气纵向运移的惟一通道,也是浅层滑脱构造油气藏的重要遮挡因素,严格控制了油气藏的分布。总结出断控冲起一断滑构造聚油、断裂输导天然气运聚成藏等5种油气运聚成藏模式,划分出5个相应的油气运聚成藏模式区,对柴北缘地区下一步勘探有重要预测意义。     

东营凹陷中央断裂背斜带油气运移聚集特征

以渤海湾盆地最大的复式油气聚集带──东营凹陷中央断裂背斜构造带为例，分析凹中隆型复式油气聚集带的油气运移聚集特征和成藏模式，探讨该构造带中断层对油气运移聚集的多方面影响。根据油气来源、运移特点和流体压力状况，将该带油气藏的形成归纳为下部自源原生型、中部它源原生型、上部它源次生型３种成藏模式。研究区具有早第三纪末和晚第三纪馆陶组沉积末─明化镇组中期这两个主要成藏期，以晚期成藏为主。油气沿断裂间歇式运移，并沿断层形成多套叠瓦式油藏组合。断裂的纵向发育层位与油气的赋存层系有密切关系。     

阿姆河右岸酸性气田井口冲蚀及对策

中亚土库曼斯坦阿姆河右岸气田群为高含H_2S和CO_2的碳酸盐岩气藏,单井产量高,井口设备均出现了不同程度的腐蚀。初步分析认为其原因是生产过程中仅考虑酸性介质对气井井口的化学腐蚀,而没有考虑气体流速对井口的冲蚀作用,极大地影响了气田的安全生产。为此,通过对节流阀上下游阀道、法兰面均出现明显坑状腐蚀的进一步分析,明确了化学腐蚀和气体冲蚀的交互作用是井口磨损的主要影响因素,气流冲刷腐蚀坑的化学腐蚀产物会加速冲蚀损害;进而借鉴冲蚀与腐蚀运行环境下的多相管流管道的磨损计算理论,计算了该运行环境下的冲蚀极限速度,得到了不同生产工况下节流阀的抗冲蚀流量;最后,根据气田生产情况,针对性地提出了按气井配产要求来选择采气树类型、节流阀通径及类型冲蚀的技术控制策略。此举为气田安全生产提供了工程技术保障。     

山前地区深井超深井套管防磨与减磨技术研究

针对山前地区深井超深井钻井过程中套管磨损严重的问题,在分析套管磨损机理的基础上,开展了山前地区套管防磨与减磨技术研究,基于技术研究成果及应用实践,得到如下结论:1应用Power V等垂直钻井系统控制井眼轨迹,特别是上部井段的狗腿度和井斜,可明显减小侧向力和磨损量,缩短套管磨损时间;2应综合考虑套管磨损率、磨损系数以及钻杆耐磨带本身的磨损量,优选出效果最优的耐磨带;在狗腿度严重的位置,可考虑采用一定数量的橡胶钻杆卡箍来减轻对套管的磨损;3山前地区钻井液采用CX-300减磨剂能够显著降低磨损速率,减轻套管磨损程度,但在不同钻井液体系使用之前应进行优化分析以确定最佳使用量;4在迪那204井使用高密度钻井液体系,全部采用优选的高密度重晶石粉代替铁矿粉作为加重剂,整个钻进过程中未出现钻具及套管磨损,迪那204井易损件消耗量仅为邻井迪那203井的左右,防磨减磨效果非常显著。     

Biodiesel Projects Helpful to Ease Energy Shortage

Nearly 7,000 hectares of biodiesel forest will take shape in the northern province of Hebei in 2008, part of a national campaign to fuel the fast growing economy in a green way. In no more than five years, the Pistacia chinensis Bunge, whose seeds have an oil content of up to 40 percent, will yield five tons of fruit and contribute about two tons of high-quality biological diesel oil, according to the provincial forestry administration.     

State Energy Base Proposed in Inner Mongolia

Experts recently suggested China set up a state energy base in lnner Mongolia Autonomous Region to ease its energy thirst. The survey was co-conducted by senior researchers from the National Development and Reform Commission, Development Research Center of the State Council, Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Ministry of Finance. To plan and establish strategic energy bases at state level is in line with the principle of ＂giving priority to energy saving and diversifying energy consumption with the utility of coal at the core.＂     

Influence of Shale Oil Boom in North America upon nternational Crude Price Flucturation

正Current stituation of shale oil development in the world The US The country is blessed with abundant shale oil resources and had matersed whole sets of theories and technologies needed for their exploration and development after years of practices.According to an assessment of shale oil resources in major countries and regions of the world issued by the U.S.Energy Information Agency(EIA),the US ranks the second in the world with its 6.8 billion tons of technically recoverable shale oil(shale oil in place is about 136.3 tons).About 8plays had been confirmed to have     

A Sintering-resistant Pd/C Composite Catalyst for Ethylbenzene DehydrogenationDeveloped by CAS Institute of Metals

Carbon deposition is a commonplace phenomenon occurringin the catalytic reaction process, in particular inthe system of direct dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene,because the reactant - ethylbenzene molecules on thesurface of metal oxide catalysts are prone to quickly formcarbon deposits, leading to deactivation of catalysts. Recently,the associate research fellow Mr. Liu Hongyangand the research fellow Mr. Su Dangsheng of the StateShenyang Material Science （United ） Laboratory of theInstitute of Metal Research, CAS by taking advantageof the carbon deposition process during direct dehydrogenationof ethylbenzene have ingeniously designeda Pd/C composite catalyst. This catalyst in comparisonwith the traditional commercial carbon nanotubesupported Pd catalyst shows a significantly improved performancein terms of its catalytic activity and sinteringresistantability.     

ZPEB Overseas Markets Keep Steady and Efficient Development

In recent years, Zhongyuan Petroleum Exploration Bureau （ZPEB） has made rapid development in overseas petroleum markets through its integrated reorganization. A new international business plattbrm established, aimed at becoming a highly ranked contractor with international petroleum engineering technology. ZPEB has expanded its business scope and scale, regulated the market structure,     

New Era for China-Brazil Relations

China and Brazil celebrated the 40th anniversary of establishing diplomatic relations between the two countries in July this year. Bilateral relations between China and Brazil have entered a new stage, and experts expect the already extensive cooperation between the two countries to deepen and broaden as Chinese President Xi Jinping made a state visit to Brazil in mid-July, which is his first state visit to Brazil since he assumed the office last year. The visit to China＇s largest trade partner in Latin America is at the invitation of Brazilian President Dilma Rousseff.     

Large Scale Ethylene Production Package Technology SuccessfullyDeveloped by CNPC

The CNPC Group has successfully developed a largescaleethylene production package technology with independentintellectual property rights, which has beensuccessfully applied in the 1.2 Mt/a ethylene revamp andexpansion project at the Daqing Petrochemical Complex（DPC）.     

Recent Advancements in Petroleum E & P Equipments in China

The role of equipments in oil and gas exploration and development had never been attached with so much importance as that in shale oil and gas boom in the U.S. With the help of massive hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling techniques, the U.S., the world＇s No. 1 oil importer even started to dream about energy self-sufficiency with its proudly high production of shale oil and gas from several major shale plays in the country. However, what behind this remarkable achievement are powerful multi-stage hydraulic fracturing machinery and smart tools for directional drilling.