A proposed methodology for the global study of the mechanical properties of cold asphalt mixtures

Despite having been used for decades, the structural performance of emulsion-treated materials has still not been investigated as intensely as in the case of hot-mix asphalt (HMA). Proof of this is the lack of evolution of specific technical tests and standards. Due to this, many studies with cold asphalt mixtures (CAM) are carried out based on HMA specifications. Throughout the present paper, a new methodology is proposed in order to study different mechanical properties of CAM, such as unconfined compression strength (UCS), indirect tensile strength (ITS) and indirect tensile stiffness modulus (ITSM) not only in an independent way but also by giving a global approach. The consistency and applicability of the method is discussed and from its application to a practical case study with two very different CAM, new conclusions about their performance are laid down.     

On the strength of polycrystals of boron nitride dense modifications

An analytical algorithm for the calculation of stresses in polycrystals of boron nitride dense modifications has been described. The relations established between the tensile and compression strength have been based on the Griffith fracture hypothesis for a biaxial stressed state. The effect has been taken into account of technological residual thermal stresses, which are formed in wurtzitic boron nitride (wBN) grains in sintering at the stage of cooling because of the thermal expansion anisotropy, on the strength of wBN.     

Temperature dependence of stress–lifetime fatigue curves

By analysing several finite-life fatigue curves obtained at various temperatures, a relation describing the temperature dependence of fatigue strength is proposed, based on the Basquin equation. Accordingly, an approximate inverse law between fatigue strength and the square root of absolute temperature is demonstrated. Moreover, a boundary temperature above which creep begins to play a significant role is estimated. A simple extension of the relationship to the low-cycle fatigue region, allows one to determine predictive curves describing fatigue behaviour at various temperatures, even in cases where only a single fatigue curve at a given temperature plus the temperature dependence of tensile strength are known.     

结构用橡胶集料混凝土受压全曲线试验及其本构模型

针对结构用橡胶集料混凝土（CRC）应保证与普通混凝土等强,而此类CRC单轴受压全曲线试验研究有限,尚无较成熟单轴受压本构模型的情况,分别进行了3组粒径为1~2 mm、掺量为0~100 kgm^-3的CRC立方体试块单轴受压试验及棱柱体试块受压应力-应变全曲线试验。结果表明：通过综合采用NaOH碱溶液处理橡胶颗粒及配合比优化设计的方法,可以精确控制CRC与普通混凝土等强,且峰值应变及极限应变明显增加,试块破坏过程温和缓慢,破坏时完整性较好。同时,现有的普通CRC单轴受压本构模型不适用于此类结构用CRC,而普通混凝土单轴受压Carreira-Chu本构模型虽与试验曲线吻合尚可,但其对CRC的适用条件有待考证。最后,通过曲线拟合试验数据,得到以过镇海模型为基础的结构用CRC本构模型参数的建议取值,以用于此类结构构件的分析与设计。     

An iterative method for coupling of deformation and failure mechanisms on different length scales

An iterative method for coupling of numerical simulations on two length scales is presented. The computations on the microscale and on the macroscale are linked via a suitable macroscopic constitutive law. The parameters of this material law depend on the deformation history and are obtained from simulations using microstructurally representative volume elements (RVEs) subjected to strain paths derived from the associated material points in the macroscopic structure. Thus, different constitutive parameter sets are assigned to different regions of the macrostructure. The microscopic and macroscopic simulations are performed iteratively and interact mutually via the strain paths and the constitutive parameters, respectively. As an example, the strip tension test for a porous material is modelled using the finite element (FE) method. The coupling procedure, the material law and its numerical implementation are described. The method is shown to allow for a detailed simulation of the deformation mechanisms both on the micro‐ and the macroscale as well as for an assessment of their interactions while keeping the computational efforts reasonably low. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Changes in the specific surface area of tablets composed of pharmaceutical materials with various deformation behaviors

Objective: The aim of this work is to study the effect of compaction on the specific surface area of tablets composed of various pharmaceutical materials (microcrystalline cellulose, lactose, and anhydrous calcium phosphate) compacted under seven degrees of compaction pressure. Methods: In a first part, the influence of the deformation behavior of the compacted materials on the evolution of the specific surface area is observed. In a second part, the brittle and ductile abilities of the materials are calculated using the specific surface area values. The experimental results are used to calculate the number and the force of interparticulate bonds inside the tablet.Results and Discussion: Tablets made of microcrystalline cellulose, which deform plastically, have specific surface areas that fall under pressure. In the case of lactose, the tablet specific surface area first increases to reach a maximum value at a pressure of 150 MPa. At higher pressure, however, the specific surface area decreases. The specific surface area of tablets composed of anhydrous calcium phosphate consistently increases, whatever the compaction pressure applied. Moreover, the evolution of the specific surface area is correlated with the tensile strength of the corresponding tablets. The number and the force of interparticulate bonds make it possible to classify the materials according to their deformation behavior and to quantify their ability to form cohesive tablets.     

结构参数对碳/树脂3D机织复合材料拉伸性能的影响

通过一系列的实验比较和分析研究, 客观评价了4 种不同结构碳/ 树脂3D 机织复合材料沿经向和纬向的拉伸性能。实验结果表明, 4 种3D 机织复合材料沿经向和纬向的负荷-位移曲线具有双线性, 初始模量高于二次模量; 3D 机织复合材料的拉伸曲线无屈服点, 是脆性材料; 3D 机织复合材料的力学性能优良,可同时在经向和纬向获得很高的拉伸性能; 加入衬经纱可以大大提高经向的拉伸强度和模量, 加大纬纱密度可以大大提高纬向的拉伸强度和模量; 4 种不同结构3D 机织复合材料中以带衬经和衬纬的复合材料拉伸性能为最佳。      

The effect of heterogeneous deformation on the hot deformation of WE54 magnesium alloy

The high temperature forming behavior of WE54 magnesium alloy is studied by means of compression and tension tests. Metallographic investigation was performed to evaluate the heterogeneous deformation of the compression samples at high temperature. Dynamic recrystallization was found to be related to the amount of deformation in the various regions of the compression sample. The compression data allowed determination of the Garofalo equation describing the hot deformation behavior. The parameters n and Q, stress exponent and activation energy, of this equation were 4.4 and 237 kJ/mol respectively. This equation was used to predict the formability behavior for the hot rolling process and also to determine the maximum forming efficiency and stability of the alloy. The optimum rolling temperature was found to be 520 °C.     

An improved method for estimation of Ramberg–Osgood curves of steels from monotonic tensile properties

In the present study, first a method for estimating cyclic yield strength is improved and compared using the experimental data of 121 steels from literature. Correlations between cyclic deformation properties (K′ and n′) and monotonic tensile data are then investigated, and a simple method requiring only the monotonic tensile properties is developed for estimation of the Ramberg–Osgood curve. Prediction capability of the proposed method is not only evaluated using the aforementioned 121 steels, but also compared with several commonly used methods that are available in the literature. The proposed correlations are shown to predict the cyclic deformation properties of most of considered steels reasonable well.     

On the plane problem approximation in the theory of macroisotropic composite material

A plane problem approximation is studied with mean, over the volume of phases, stresses in a two-phase macroisotropic composite material. Numerical results for WC-Co hard metals with a boundary type microstructure are analyzed. The microstresses as determined within the plane strain approach can be higher than the true stresses in the case of simple shearing strain but lower than the true stresses in the case of a uniaxial stressed state; the residual thermal stresses are smaller than the true residual stresses. The stresses estimated by the two-and three-dimensional approaches tend to equalize as the cobalt binder amount is raised. __________ Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 1, pp. 13–21, January–February, 2007.     

TN479形状记忆合金棒材显微组织对相转变和拉伸强度的影响

利用光学显微镜、维氏硬度计、差热分析仪(DSC)和拉伸机,系统研究了直径19mm的TN479合金热轧棒材的再结晶温度和显微组织,以及显微组织对相转变和拉伸强度的影响,以便为该合金在工程上的应用提供理论依据.研究结果表明,热轧合金棒的再结晶开始温度约为450℃;在850℃/90min真空炉冷后,从棒材的中心到边缘,再结晶越来越充分,晶粒尺寸减小,Ms点降低,As点变化不大,热滞和拉伸屈服强度增大,马氏体转变速度加快.     

瓦楞纸箱抗压强度计算方法

在对Mckee计算纸箱抗压强度的简化公式进行研究的基础上,本文给出了一种利用微计算机计算瓦楞纸箱(顶到底)抗压强度的方法。与Mckee简化公式相比较,本文给出的方法还可以考虑纸箱的长宽比和高度比等因素对纸箱抗压强度的影响。     

催化剂加载对连续碳纤维表面生长碳纳米管的影响

通过化学气相沉积(CVD)在碳纤维表面还原得到均匀细小的催化剂颗粒并在碳纤维表面催化生长了均匀、规整的碳纳米管(CNTs)。系统研究了催化剂种类以及浓度对碳纳米管产量和微观组织结构的影响,探究了碳纤维的浸润性能和单丝强度的变化。结果表明,Ni的催化活性最高,Co的催化活性适中,产生的CNTs较为均匀、规整,当催化剂浓度为0.02mol/L时,碳纤维表面生长CNTs多尺度增强体的拉伸强度最大。碳纤维表面生长CNTs,促使碳纤维的表面粗糙度增加,与树脂之间的结合变强,从而提高了碳纤维与环氧树脂之间的浸润性。     

Creep-rupture prediction for steels and alloys by parametric methods and the base diagram method. Part 2. Extrapolation analysis of experimental data

Results of extrapolation analysis of over 250 creep-rupture diagrams by the Larson-Miller, Manson-Haferd, Orr-Sherby-Dorn methods and the base diagram method are presented. It is established that the use of extrapolation calculations instead of interpolation ones may lead to a two-fourfold increase in prediction errors. The reasons for a considerable increase in prediction errors and possibilities of their elimination are analyzed. __________ Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 6, pp. 30–42, November–December, 2006.     

Procedure for the determination of torsional deformation relationships for anisotropic materials

The paper presents a procedure for the determination of torsional deformation relationships for prismatic specimens made of anisotropic material and construction of deformation curves under these conditions Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 3, pp. 116–123, May–June, 2009.     

适合于脆性材料受拉性能试验的试验机辅助吸能装置

为测定混凝土、石料等脆性材料的抗拉应力应变关系全过程曲线，作者在普通材料试验机上研制了一种采用薄壁金属套筒及球铰方式对中的受拉辅助吸能装置。通过对高强混凝土试件的实测表明，该装置能减少轴拉过程中偏心的影响，有效地吸收在试件破坏瞬间试验机所释放的弹性变形能，延缓试件的破坏过程，不失为一种解决问题的新途径。     

Dependence on temperature of tensile properties of the single-crystal superalloy DD11

Tensile tests within a temperature range from room temperature (RT) to 1100°C were performed on a novel second-generation single-crystal superalloy DD11. The experimental results indicated that the yield strength (YS) remained constant up to 760°C, while a maximum was reached at 850°C. The elongation and area reduction decreased gradually from RT to 760°C and then they increased rapidly at temperatures above 760°C. As for the deformation mechanism, when the temperature was below 850°C, the γ′ precipitates were sheared by isolated faults, faulted loops and dislocation pairs. The formation of dislocation networks and dislocation climb mechanism were confirmed at temperatures above 980°C. Finally, the relationship between the YS of the DD11 alloy and the operative deformation mechanism was discussed.     

Application of the Method of Base Diagrams for the Prediction of Long-Term Strength in Notched Specimen Tests

The influence of stress concentrators on long-term strength relationships for heat-resistant steels and alloys is investigated in view of known data on strengthening and weakening effects of these concentrators. The method of base diagrams is substantiated to be appropriate for use to significantly refine their effects. The results of experimental data processing are cited, according to these results, with longer times of loading of notched specimens, hardening mainly gives way to softening.     

提高白纸板折叠纸盒抗压强度的措施

探讨了国内外对于折叠纸盒抗压强度的研究进展,表明其影响因素有纸板的挺度、环压强度、厚度及纸盒的几何尺寸,并从提高白纸板挺度和环压强度、优化纸盒设计两方面提出了提高白纸板折叠纸盒抗压强度的措施.提高白纸板挺度和环压强度的措施有选择合适的浆料品种、打浆度、纸机,涂布、施胶和应用化学助剂等,优化纸盒设计包括优化纸盒结构和尺寸设计以及纸板纹向的正确使用.