Journal bearing performance under starved lubrication

The hydrodynamic performance of a journal bearing under starved lubrication conditions is studied theoretically and experimentally. When lubricant is supplied to a journal bearing from an oil groove at an insufficient oil flow rate, the hydrodynamic oil film cannot cover the full width of the bearing at the inlet of the convergent bearing clearance, and the covered width increases gradually with the decrease in film thickness in the circumferential direction. This phenomenon affects the static and dynamic performance of the journal bearing. The oil film boundary in the bearing clearance is calculated numerically for a constant load and a constant speed under the assumption of laminar, iso-viscous lubrication. Measurements are in good agreement with predictions. Some more calculations of journal centre loci are given.     

Improvement of lubrication characteristics in the reciprocating fuel pump of marine diesel engines

In this study, we apply circumferential grooves and taper shape to the plunger in order to improve the lubrication characteristics of reciprocating fuel pumps for marine diesel engines. We use the two-dimensional Reynolds equation to evaluate lubrication characteristics with variation of viscosity, clearance, groove and taper for an incompressible, unsteady state flow. Moreover, we use the equilibrium equation of moment and forces in the vertical and horizontal directions to determine the motion of the plunger. The validity of numerical model is verified through the fact that the position of wear is similar to that of minimum film thickness. We investigate the lubrication characteristics of the pump by comparing the dimensionless minimum film thickness, or film parameter. Through numerical analysis, we find that to improve the lubrication characteristics of the pump, applying both circumferential groove and taper shape to the plunger is more effective than applying just either one of them.

     

Pressure and Temperature Field Measurements of a Lightly Loaded Circumferential Groove Journal Bearing

The current study presents the experimental determination of the lubricant film pressure and temperature distributions on one land of a symmetrical two-land circumferential groove journal bearing (CGJB) operating under low-load steady-state conditions. Film pressure and temperature measurements are done both in axial and circumferential directions. Five axial planes, with three equally spaced pressure tappings per plane, construct the base pressure measurements grid. The pressure tappings circumferential location is shifted 20° from one plane to the neighboring plane. Similarly, the base temperature measurements grid consists of four axial planes, with three equally spaced thermocouples per plane. Hence, by rotating the bearing sequentially, with an angular step of 10°, it is possible to create fine measurement grids. This method of measurement is valid, because the circumferential groove journal bearing's operation is independent on the angle of loading. Two supply pressures were considered for the tests. The higher supply pressure leads to a smoother bearing operation. In the diverging zone, subatmospheric regions were measured. Superposing pressure and temperature fields reveals that the maximum temperatures are encountered in the sharp pressure drop region.     

Non-linear oil film response model for the dynamically misaligned sterntube bearing

This paper presents a non-linear oil film response model which has been developed from a model for the aligned full circumferential groove bearing, described earlier by Jakeman¹. The model is specifically intended to represent the dynamically misaligned sterntube bearing, for the purpose of conducting lateral vibration analysies of marine propeller shafting. Some predicted data are presented for the oil film response to lateral and angular motion of the journal axis, upon which the non-linear model is based. A comparison of lateral vibration predictions using the non-linear and linear oil film models, and measurements by Hyakutake et al², will be given in a separate paper.     

滑动轴承动压特性的影响因素研究

以某发动机惰齿轮轴承为研究对象,采用一维动力学方法进行多工况计算,针对油孔布置、载荷方向、载荷大小、轴承转速4种因素,分析滑动轴承润滑油流量、最小油膜厚度、偏位角、最大油膜压力4个动压特性参数的变化规律。结果表明：油孔布置和载荷方向主要对润滑油流量有明显影响,而对其他3个动压特性参数影响较小;油孔数量越多,油孔在圆周方向上越靠近油膜厚度最大处,则润滑油流量越大;油孔分布越均匀,因载荷方向改变引起的流量波动越小;载荷大小和轴承转速对4个动压特性参数都有明显影响;随载荷增加,最大油膜压力大致呈线性增加,而其他3种动压特性的变化速率降低;随转速增大,最大油膜压力减小的速率逐渐降低,而其他3种动压特性大致呈线性增加。     

辊压机液体静压轴承的设计及性能研究

辊压机滚动轴承存在的寿命短、体型大、经济性低等缺点,严重制约辊压机向着大型化方向发展。设计一种可替代滚动轴承的液体静压轴承并进行轴承性能分析。为了提高辊压机轴承在两辊水平轴线方向的承载力,将轴承设计为定量供油式的沿周向呈不等面积油腔分布的静压轴承。考虑弹性变形的影响,采用流体动力润滑理论研究轴承的各项性能。结果表明,所设计的轴承基本可以满足轴承的承载力、稳定运转等要求。考虑弹性变形后,压力分布变化较小,最小油膜厚度增大且呈中间大两头小的分布规律,可能会导致轴承两端磨损较快,轴承制造时可以采取适当提高轴承材料性能的方法来降低这种可能性。     

Transient Pressure and Temperature Field Measurements in a Lightly Loaded Circumferential Groove Journal Bearing from Startup to Steady-State Thermal Stabilization

The fluid film pressure and temperature fields have been measured simultaneously under laboratory conditions at one land of a circumferential groove journal bearing (CGJB), together with friction torque and oil flow rate, during a time span from stand-still startup to the development of a thermally stabilized steady operating regime.A very fine measurement grid—that is, 216 pressure and 180 temperature points spread across the axial and circumferential directions—has been obtained by joining and synchronizing measurements from separate test runs while rigorously re-creating the test conditions.The study confirmed that the pressure field is established faster than the temperature field, that film rupture occurs both from cavitation nuclei downstream the minimum film thickness and through air ingestion from the environment. Furthermore, the high pressures in the convergent zone stabilize relatively quickly, whereas the low pressures in the divergent zone cavitated region require a longer time to stabilize. The cavitated region reverse flow appearance has been identified thermally through upstream-oriented isotherms. This study is the first to present the transient evolutions of pressure and temperature fields.     

环面接触复层多孔轴承热流体动压润滑性能及生/传热机制分析

为分析热效应对多孔环面接触复层含油轴承流体润滑性能的影响,建立环面接触复层含油轴承系统的热流体动压润滑模型,数值分析轴承系统的温度场及速度场分布,讨论考虑热效应时的复层含油轴承流体润滑问题及其生热、传热机制。结果表明：从轴承底面到摩擦对偶面,温度呈先升高后降低趋势,径向上温度随着半径增加而升高,系统的最高温度位于油膜区外环面上的最小膜厚处;轴承系统中的热量主要由油膜相对剪切发生,周向相对运动速度是系统生热的主要影响因素,温度与周向速度的分布形态相似,油膜产生的热量通过对流换热逐渐向多孔轴承中传导,轴承表层厚度或渗透率降低,对流换热效果变差,轴承系统中温度升高,热效应对润滑性能的影响变大;考虑热效应后,油膜润滑性能变差,但数值分析精度提高,数值结果更接近试验实测值。     

可倾瓦推力轴承惰转过程的最小膜厚预测方法

为建立可倾瓦推力轴承惰转过程中最小油膜厚度的预测方法,依据核主泵推力轴承的实际工作情况,基于雷诺方程的自编程序,分别进行热态和冷态下主、副轴瓦润滑性能参数的计算与数值模拟分析,提出可倾瓦推力轴承的最小油膜厚度的理论拟合公式,并对最小膜厚的计算值和拟合值进行对比和分析。结果表明：随着转速降低,主轴瓦的最小膜厚单调减小,副轴瓦的最小膜厚先增加后减小;主、副轴瓦最小膜厚的计算值可以和拟合值较好地对应,验证了理论拟合公式的可靠性。提出的理论拟合公式可以通过额定转速下的最小膜厚计算结果预测多种工作条件下的最小油膜厚度,为主泵惰转的安全性提供重要参考。     

柴油机主轴承弹性流体动力学与多体动力学耦合仿真

为更准确分析柴油机主轴承润滑特性及其影响因素,根据动载滑动轴承弹性流体动力润滑模型,利用AVLExcite软件对4D32柴油机主轴承进行多体动力学与弹性流体动力学耦合仿真研究。探讨了各主轴承载荷、最小油膜厚度、轴心轨迹、摩擦损失功率、机油填充率等参数在一个工作循环内的变化规律,并对比了主轴承最小油膜厚度随油槽方向和油孔位置等因素的变化关系。结果表明,最小油膜厚度的极小值均大于2μm,对其进行计算时要考虑边界接触压力的影响;第3主轴承轴心轨迹曲线绝大部分落在最外端,偏心率最大值持续期较长,最大油膜压力时间交替作用在轴瓦表面,极易引起轴瓦的磨损和疲劳剥落;优化设计油槽、油孔的方向和位置,有利于流体动压润滑的形成。     

不同轴向载荷下氮化硅全陶瓷轴承润滑特性

全陶瓷球轴承广泛应用在航天航空领域、燃气发动机和极端工况下,然而针对全陶瓷轴承油润滑特性的研究比较少见。以氮化硅6206全陶瓷深沟球轴承作为研究对象,在轴承测振仪上开展陶瓷轴承润滑特性实验研究,采用拟静力学和最小油膜厚度理论通过MatLab的牛顿迭代法得到比较精确的数值解,分析陶瓷轴承的接触载荷、轴向载荷、离心力、最小油膜厚度之间的关系,并通过改变供油量和轴向载荷得到陶瓷轴承在不同工况下的振动规律。实验结果表明：在轴向载荷相同条件下球与外圈之间的接触载荷比球与内圈之间的接触载荷大,轴向位移随着轴向载荷增加呈递增趋势;在轴向载荷一定时,存在一个最佳供油量使轴承振动最小,在干摩擦条件下轴承振动随着轴向载荷增加呈先减少后增大的趋势。     

悬链线型线轴瓦对连杆大头轴承润滑特性的影响

针对柴油机连杆大头轴承润滑不良和摩擦磨损的问题,结合轴承型线的设计理论,建立了悬链型线的数学表达式。运用AVL POWER UNIT搭建连杆柔性多体动力学模型,研究了连杆大头轴承的悬链线型线对其润滑特性的影响。结果表明:当连杆大头轴承采用悬链线型线轴瓦时,随着型线径向变化量的逐步增加,峰值油膜压力先减小后增大,最小油膜厚度先增大后减小,总摩擦功耗先减小后增大。当采用径向变化量为方案4(变化量6 μm)的悬链线型线轴瓦时,最小油膜厚度增加了0.22 μm,峰值油膜压力减少了10.92 MPa,总摩擦功耗减少了0.28 kW,有利于减小轴承的摩擦磨损功耗和改善连杆大头轴承的总体润滑性能。通过曲线拟合分析得到了最小油膜厚度、峰值油膜压力和总摩擦功耗这3个评价参数的函数关系,为连杆大头轴承润滑特性的优化设计提供参考依据。     

滚道曲面几何参数对球轴承性能影响的数值研究

为探讨深沟球轴承内外滚道与滚动体之间的配合曲面的几何形状对轴承性能的影响,采用数值模拟的方法研究了球与圆弧曲面接触的弹流润滑问题,并讨论了外滚道曲面的两种曲率半径对深沟球轴承有关摩擦学性能的影响。结果表明,在载荷不变的情况下,随着滚道横向曲率半径的增大,二次压力峰值逐渐减小,最小油膜厚度先是增加然后减小,存在最大值;而随着滚道圆周滚动方向曲率半径的增大,油膜厚度不断减小,说明滚道圆周滚动方向上的曲率半径小时具有更好的润滑状态。     

大功率柴油机曲轴平衡率对主轴承润滑特性的影响

基于弹性流体动力润滑、轴承动力学及平衡率计算理论,计入轴颈与轴瓦表面粗糙度、曲轴与轴承座弹性变形的影响,针对某大功率柴油机的曲轴系统,建立12缸V150柴油机主轴承的润滑分析计算模型,对12平衡重曲轴在不同平衡率下各主轴承的润滑性能进行分析,考虑轴承宽度、轴承间隙和供油压力等参数对平衡性较好的曲轴进行优化。结果表明:随平衡率的增加,最小油膜厚度先增加后减小,最大油膜压力和平均摩擦损失总功先减小后增大,平衡率80%的曲轴润滑性能较好,但主轴承MB5、MB6、MB7的最小油膜厚度均小于1μm;对其优化后各主轴承润滑性能均满足要求,且润滑性最差的主轴承MB7的最小油膜厚度增加19.7%,最大油膜压力减小11.8%。     

Experimental study on the characteristics of pad fluttering in a tilting pad journal bearing

The fluttering characteristics of the upper unloaded pads in a tilting pad journal bearing were studied experimentally. In order to investigate the fluttering phenomena of the pad, the absolute vibration of the pad, the relative vibration between the bearing and the shaft, and the circumferential film thickness/film pressure were measured with the variation of the supply oil flow rate, the shaft speed, and bearing load. By analyzing the circumferential distributions of the film thickness, it was identified that the film shape of the upper pad continuously alternates between the wedge shape and the diverged shape in the rotational direction while the shaft is rotating. And it was discovered that the pads tend to a representative sub-synchronous self-excited vibration exactly like classical rotor-bearing instability, defined as the oil whirl and oil whip phenomena, with the increase of rotating speed from the cascade plot of the pad. The major finding was that the incipient fluttering velocity of the pad increased with the increase of the supply oil flow rate but decreased with the increase of the bearing load. The experimental results also showed that the fluttering amplitudes of the pad can be effectively suppressed by controlling the supply oil flow rate.     

Minimum Film Thickness in a Gas Foil Journal Bearing with an Unbalanced Rotor

A gas-lubricated foil journal bearing consists of a compliant metal shell structure that supports a rigid journal or rotor by means of a gas film. The response of this system to the periodic forces of an unbalanced rotor supported by a single bearing is predicted using perturbation analysis. The foil structure and the gas film are modeled with an analytically perturbed finite element approach to predict the rotor dynamic coefficients. A dynamic model of the rotor is used to predict periodic journal motion. The perturbation analysis is then used with the periodic response of the rotor to calculate periodic changes in the gas film thickness. Other quantities such as the gas film pressure and the foil deflection can also be calculated. The model includes bending and membrane effects in the top foil, coupled radial and circumferential deflections in the corrugated sub-foil, and the equivalent viscous dissipation of Coulomb friction effects in the foil structure. The approach is used to investigate the effects of top-foil thickness on minimum film thickness in a bearing.     

推力轴承模型试验件承载能力的实验

将一透平机械中的中型推力轴承通过相似模型化得到模型试验小型轴承,对其承载能力进行了实验,得到了轴瓦的进、出油温度和支点处的油膜厚度。实验表明,可用支点处的油膜厚度来代替最小油膜厚度的测量,为工程实际提供了一种新的测量思路     

Two-Dimensional Piston Ring Lubrication—Part II: Elastic Ring Consideration

A two-dimensional analysis for piston ring lubrication is presented by considering elastic deflection, EHL and cavitation effects. A numerical procedure is developed for solving hydrodynamic pressure and oil film, thickness shape due to ring deflection and elastic deformation. An elliptic cylinder liner and elastic ring are considered to investigate the circumferential flow effect which has been ignored in previous studies. Results for a typical automotive engine demonstrates that the elastic deflection and deformation of the piston ring have a tendency to reduce the gap caused by the noncircular cylinder. Under the high combustion chamber pressure, the minimum film thickness tends to have a uniform value in the circumferential direction. In turn, this provides a level of control of circumferential flow when the combustion chamber pressure is low. However, the elastic deflection of the piston ring always creates a potential for large blow-by around the piston ring gap area when the cylinder is non-circular. The two-dimensional analysis presented also reveals a reduction of piston ring oil film thickness due to the circumferential flow compared to one-dimensional analysis.     

复合材料水润滑艉轴承结构设计研究

基于ANSYS CFX流固耦合数值计算方法,对水润滑复合材料艉轴承的润滑性能及结构设计开展研究,阐述了不同水槽结构、间隙比、长径比、直径等对轴承承载力以及水膜压力、轴承变形量、最小水膜厚度、轴承摩擦因数的影响规律。并利用水润滑轴承试验台研究了不同水槽结构对轴承启动摩擦转矩、转变速度以及摩擦因数的影响。研究表明,轴承摩擦因数、水膜最大压强、轴承最大变形随水槽数增多而增大;轴承承载力、最小水膜厚度随间隙比增大而减小,随长径比增大而增大。总结了直径为100~500 mm、长径比为2~3、间隙比为0.1%~0.2%的水润滑艉轴承承载力的变化规律,为水润滑艉轴承设计提供一定的理论依据。     

新型径向槽结构静压气体轴承静态特性研究

设计一种新型径向槽结构静压气体轴承,其周向和径向截面分别呈椭圆弧形和扇形。建立该径向槽结构静压气体轴承CFD模型,分析径向槽结构参数如深度、半径、数目、角度和试验参数供气压力,对静压气体轴承承载能力和刚度的影响。研究结果表明:静压气体轴承承载能力随槽结构深度、数目、角度和供气压力增加逐渐增大,随槽结构半径增加先增大后减小;槽结构数目和供气压力对其承载能力影响尤为显著;静压气体轴承径向槽结构参数和供气压力影响其刚度及最佳刚度对应的气膜厚度,其中槽结构半径、数目和供气压力对刚度值影响显著,槽结构角度和半径对最佳刚度对应的气膜厚度影响显著。由此可见,径向槽结构参数显著影响静压气体轴承的承载能力和刚度。