未知信源数目的DOA估计方法

针对信源数目未知情况下的DOA估计问题,该文提出了两种基于稀疏表示的DOA估计方法。一种是基于阵列协方差矩阵特征向量稀疏表示的DOA估计方法,首先证明了阵列协方差矩阵的最大特征向量是所有信号导向矢量的线性组合,然后利用阵列协方差矩阵的最大特征向量建立稀疏模型进行DOA估计;另一种是基于阵列协方差矩阵高阶幂稀疏表示的DOA估计方法,根据信号特征值大于噪声特征值的特性,通过对协方差矩阵的高阶幂逼近信号子空间,利用协方差矩阵的高阶幂的列向量建立DOA估计的稀疏模型进行DOA估计。理论分析和仿真实验验证,两种方法都不需要进行信号源数目的估计,具有较高的精度、较好的分辨力,对相干信号也具有优越的适应能力。     

非均匀噪声条件下的互质阵列欠定DOA估计方法

针对基于互质阵列的欠定DOA估计方法在非均匀噪声条件下性能下降的问题,该文提出一种基于协方差矩阵重构和矩阵填充的鲁棒DOA估计方法。首先,将接收数据协方差矩阵分解,得到包含非均匀噪声项的对角阵;然后,选取对角线元素中的最小值,替换其余对角线元素,进而得到重构后的数据协方差矩阵;最后,对重构后的协方差矩阵进行扩展和矩阵填充,结合子空间方法进行DOA估计。理论分析和仿真结果表明,相对于现有方法,该文方法有效地抑制了非均匀噪声的影响,有更好的DOA估计性能。     

一种空间非均匀噪声环境下DOA估计的改进方法

文中提出一种空间非均匀噪声环境下的信号源DOA估计的改进方法.该算法首先对阵列协方差矩阵进行平滑处理,在此基础上估计出空间非均匀噪声协方差矩阵,通过已估计的噪声协方差矩阵对平滑处理后的阵列数据协方差矩阵进行白化处理,克服了空间非均匀噪声对空间谱估计的影响,实现信号源DOA估计.相对于原方法,文中所提方法改善了DOA估计的性能,计算量小,并且能够估计强相关或相干信号源DOA.理论分析和仿真结果均表明所提方法的有效性.     

基于协方差匹配SLO算法的MIMO雷达DOA估计

利用加权平滑l0范数(Smoothed l0, SL0)算法估计MIMO雷达目标DOA时,需要把协方差矩阵进行矢量化来获得相应的稀疏重构模型,并利用信号和噪声子空间的正交性来构造加权向量。然而当存在相干信源时,MIMO雷达协方差矩阵的秩将退化,这会使得稀疏重构模型的误差较大以及无法正确区分信号和噪声子空间,导致加权SL0算法的DOA估计性能恶化。针对上述问题提出了一种基于协方差匹配SL0算法的MIMO雷达DOA估计方法。该方法利用协方差匹配准则重构出一个满秩的协方差矩阵,恢复MIMO雷达协方差矩阵的Toeplitz特性,并利用协方差逆矩阵的高阶幂来近似噪声子空间从而计算加权向量。仿真分析表明,该方法能够在无需预知信源数目的情况下有效地完成对相干信号的DOA估计。     

基于稀疏和低秩恢复的稳健DOA估计方法

该文针对有限次采样导致传统波达方向角(DOA)估计算法存在较大估计误差的问题,提出一种基于稀疏低秩分解(SLRD)的稳健DOA估计方法。首先,基于低秩矩阵分解方法,将接收信号协方差矩阵建模为低秩无噪协方差及稀疏噪声协方差矩阵之和;而后基于低秩恢复理论,构造关于信号和噪声协方差矩阵的凸优化问题;再者构建关于采样协方差矩阵估计误差的凸模型,并将此凸集显式包含进凸优化问题以改善信号协方差矩阵估计性能进而提高DOA估计精度及稳健性;最后基于所得最优无噪声协方差矩阵,利用最小方差无畸变响应(MVDR)方法实现DOA估计。此外,基于采样协方差矩阵估计误差服从渐进正态分布的统计特性,该文推导了一种误差参数因子选取准则以较好重构无噪声协方差矩阵。数值仿真表明,与传统常规波束形成(CBF)、最小方差无畸变响应(MVDR)、传统多重信号分类(MUSIC)及基于稀疏低秩分解的增强拉格朗日乘子(SLD-ALM)算法相比,有限次采样条件下所提算法具有较高DOA估计精度及较好稳健性能。

     

基于协方差矩阵重构的阵元失效MIMO雷达DOA估计

在实际应用中由于恶劣环境或人为干扰等因素而导致多输入多输出(Multiple-Input Multiple-Output,MIMO)雷达部分阵元失效,使得其接收数据缺失及其协方差矩阵秩亏,从而导致子空间类算法的波达方向(Direction of Arrival,DOA)估计性能恶化甚至完全失效。针对上述问题,提出了一种接收阵元失效下基于协方差矩阵重构的MIMO雷达DOA估计方法。该方法根据MIMO雷达协方差矩阵中以接收阵元数划分的子方块矩阵具有Toeplitz特性,利用正常工作接收阵元的协方差矩阵元素来恢复相应的缺失元素,从而重构出完整的数据协方差矩阵,提高阵元失效MIMO雷达的DOA估计性能。仿真结果验证了所提方法的有效性。     

基于协方差矩阵重构的离网格DOA估计方法

针对稀疏表示模型中网格失配导致波达方向角(DOA)估计存在较大估计误差的问题,该文提出一种基于协方差矩阵重构的离网格(Off-Grid)DOA估计方法(OGCMR)。首先,将DOA与网格点之间偏移量包含进所构建接收数据空域离散稀疏表示模型;而后基于重构信号协方差矩阵建立关于DOA估计的稀疏表示凸优化问题;再构建采样协方差矩阵估计误差凸模型,并将此凸集显式包含进稀疏表示模型以改善稀疏信号重构性能;最后采用交替迭代方法求解所得联合优化问题以获得网格偏移参数及离网格DOA估计。数值仿真表明,与传统多重信号分类(MUSIC)、L1-SVD及基于稀疏和低秩恢复的稳健MVDR (SLRD-RMVDR)等估计算法相比,所提算法具有较好的角度分辨力以及较高的DOA估计精度。     

基于虚拟孔径扩展的非均匀稀疏阵DOA估计

针对常规均匀线阵DOA估计中可估计信源数目不足的问题,提出了一种基于虚拟孔径扩展的非均匀稀疏阵DOA估计算法。该算法首先对非均匀稀疏阵接收信号协方差矩阵进行向量化处理,通过Khatri-Rao积运算得到新的协方差矩阵;然后利用任意阵列下的空间平滑算法恢复新协方差矩阵的秩;最后通过对新协方差矩阵进行特征值分解实现DOA估计。与传统MUSIC算法相比,该算法可以在阵元数目小于信源数目的条件下实现DOA估计,大大增加了可估计信源数目,同时在低信噪比、小快拍条件下仍能得到DOA估计结果。仿真结果证明了算法的有效性。     

相干源二维波达方向估计

本文分析了平面阵接收信号的协方差矩阵，发现它可分解为一个广义对称矩阵与一个非广义对称矩阵之和，利用信号协方差矩阵的这一结构特征，重点研究了相干源二维波达方向（DOA）估计．该方法通过构造一个差矩阵，求出其本特征值对应的任一特征向量，利用谱函数估计相干源二维DOA．简要分析了二维DOA估计的分维处理。     

基于协方差矩阵重构的离网格DOA估计方法

针对稀疏表示模型中网格失配导致波达方向角(DOA)估计存在较大估计误差的问题,该文提出一种基于协方差矩阵重构的离网格(Off-Grid)DOA估计方法(OGCMR).首先,将DOA与网格点之间偏移量包含进所构建接收数据空域离散稀疏表示模型;而后基于重构信号协方差矩阵建立关于DOA估计的稀疏表示凸优化问题;再构建采样协方差矩阵估计误差凸模型,并将此凸集显式包含进稀疏表示模型以改善稀疏信号重构性能;最后采用交替迭代方法求解所得联合优化问题以获得网格偏移参数及离网格DOA估计.数值仿真表明,与传统多重信号分类(MUSIC)、L1-SVD及基于稀疏和低秩恢复的稳健MVDR(SLRD-RMVDR)等估计算法相比,所提算法具有较好的角度分辨力以及较高的DOA估计精度.     

Downlink channel covariance matrix (DCCM) estimation and itsapplications in wireless DS-CDMA systems

The downlink channel covariance matrix (DCCM) is of vital importance in determining downlink beamforming weights for base station (BS) antenna array systems. For the frequency-division-duplex (FDD) mode, DCCM is difficult to obtain due to a lack of direct measurement of downlink channel responses. In this paper, a novel technique is proposed for estimating DCCM using uplink channel responses only, which does not need direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation and its association. The downlink beamforming scheme is then proposed for wireless DS-CDMA systems, using the obtained DCCM information together with the so-called virtual uplink beamforming and power control technique. Computer simulations show that using the BS antenna array together with this new beamforming technique can provide larger system capacity than traditional DOA-based approaches, which just direct the main beam toward the desired user     

FDD-CDMA的下行链路的波束形成

本文研究了在智能天线在ＦＤＤ－ＣＤＭＡ中的下行链路的应用，利用上行链路接收数据，估计了下行链路的信道相关矩阵和对其它小区用户的相对干扰总量，给出下行链路的波束形成方法，即在保证一定的有效发送功率的同时，使得对其他小区的用户干扰最小。计算机仿真表明：（在多小区蜂窝ＣＤＭＡ环境中，采用上述方法比仅保证用户方向的最大发送功率，有更小的中断率。     

分布式目标下行波束形成

研究了智能天线在下行链路的应用。利用上行链路接收数据,建立分布式目标信道模型。估计移动用户的发射角、扩展角度和发射功率以及下行信道相关矩阵,确定下行链路的波束形成方法。即对频分复用（FDD）系统进行上行相关矩阵变换,构建下行信道协方差矩阵,利用最大合并比准则获得下行链路权值。计算机仿真证实了这种方法的有效性。     

阵列天线波束成形技术在宽带CDMA下行链路中的应用

本文利用自适应天线阵列上行链路信号到达角估计信息,并结合导频辅助下行链路信道矩阵估计值,在前人提出的具有反馈特性的自适应发送阵列原理基础上,提出一种简单可行的宽带CDMA下行链路天线阵列波束成形权重计算方法,并进一步分析了到达角估计误差和信道信息反馈时延对权重计算的影响,最后给出系统误码率性能的计算机仿真结果。     

带内全双工多用户MIMO系统中的用户选择

考虑一种多用户MIMO的传输设计,配置发射天线阵列和接收天线阵列的蜂窝基站可以工作在带内全双工传输模式。在该全双工通信方案中,基站的下行发射信号对基站的上行接收产生显著的干扰,即自干扰。这里,下行预编码处理和上行发射协方差矩阵处理将被依次进行,以简化全双工的设计。其次,为了进一步改善上、下行信道的和速率性能,我们提出一种尝试性的下行用户选择方案,其基本思想是:当某一个下行用户的信道矩阵的范数较小时,关闭该下行用户的数据流。计算机仿真结果表明,在基站下行总发射功率受限时,在低的和中等的下行信噪比区域,用户选择有助于提高下行和速率;在高的上行信噪比区域,简化的用户选择使得上行和速率明显提高。      

无线通信中基于线性预测和参数反馈的下行波束形成方法

本文基于最大信号噪声比准则(MSNR，Maximum Signal Noise Ratio)提出一种新的下行波束形成方法，即根据天线收发的互易性原理，通过上行波束形成得到的上行天线阵列矢量，变换而得到下行天线阵列矢量，再通过移动端Rake接收机的合作，反馈回每一径的衰落系数，考虑到存在传输和处理时延并且在此时间内信道有明显变化时，反馈的衰落系数存在误差。因此，本文采用了信道预测的方法，估计即时衰落系数，这样求得期望信号的相关矩阵，计算相应的最大广义特征值所对应的特征矢量，进行下行波束形成。     

Space-time communication for OFDM with implicit channel feedback

We consider wideband communication (e.g., using orthogonal frequency-division multiplexed (OFDM) systems) over a typical cellular "downlink," in which both the base station and the mobile may have multiple antennas, but the number of antennas at the mobile is assumed to be small. Implicit channel feedback can play a powerful role in such systems, especially for outdoor channels, which typically exhibit narrow spatial spreads. A summary of our findings is as follows: a) Implicit channel feedback regarding the covariance matrix for the downlink space-time channel can be obtained, without any power or bandwidth overhead, by suitably averaging uplink channel measurements across frequency. Since this approach relies on statistical reciprocity, it applies to both time-division duplex (TDD) and frequency-division duplex (FDD) systems. Using such covariance feedback yields significantly better performance at lower complexity than conventional space-time or space-frequency codes, which do not employ feedback; b) We provide guidelines for optimizing antenna spacing in systems with covariance feedback. Theoretical investigation of a hypothetical system with completely controllable channel eigenvalues shows that the optimal number of channel eigenmodes is roughly matched to the (small) number of receive antenna elements. Thus, while antenna elements in conventional systems without feedback should be spaced far apart in order to ensure uncorrelated responses, the optimal antenna spacing with covariance feedback is much smaller, thereby concentrating the channel energy into a small number of eigenmodes.     

Adapting a downlink array from uplink measurements

In a frequency division duplex system, a transmitter adaptive antenna array can potentially improve the performance of a wireless downlink, but because the uplink and downlink channels have different wavelengths, and, therefore, different responses, direct downlink adaptation based on channel estimates of the uplink is generally not feasible. Instead, there has been some interest in adaptations that require only the second-order statistics of the uplink and downlink to be similar. These algorithms derive adaptive weights from the covariance of the received signal to apply to a downlink transmitter array. We make two contributions to this area. First, we introduce an array configuration employing M+1 elements with log-periodic spacing that comprises two overlapping subarrays, each with M elements, that are scaled versions of each other, with the scale factor equal to the ratio of the uplink wavelength to the downlink wavelength. This array has identical beampatterns at the two wavelengths, thus helping to fulfill the requirement that the uplink and downlink second-order statistics be the same. Second, we demonstrate that obtaining a good estimate of the uplink covariance matrix is not essential for the successful operation of the adaptive scheme. Even when the mobile is at rest and the uplink information comprises only a single snapshot from the receiver array, an adaptive scheme can improve the SNR     

阵列天线在OFDM系统下行链路中的应用

正交频分多址(OFDM:orthogonal frequency division multiplexing)技术由于其在多径环境下克服码间干扰的固有特点,在移动通信中已得到广泛地应用。利用阵列天线上行链路信号到达角估计实时信息,计算OFDM系统下行链路阵列天线权重,将阵列天线应用于下行链路中,最后给出系统误码率性能的计算机仿真结果。     

Experimental studies of direction of arrivals using a smart antenna testbed in wireless communication systems

This paper presents some preliminary results from experimental studies on space‐division‐multiple‐access (SDMA) for wireless communications. A smart antenna system utilizing direction‐of‐arrival (DOA)‐based beamforming techniques can enhance signal quality by reducing co‐channel interference from mobiles located at angles spatially distinct from the base station. Adopting both smart uplink and downlink beamforming, a communication system with an antenna array can increase the cell coverage of a base station and significantly boost capacity compared with conventional antenna systems. However, successful implementation of DOA‐based beamforming techniques depends on the DOA characteristics. This paper presented the feasibility of direction finding and DOA variation with respect to frequency. Furthermore, the angle spread was studied for selected environments. The results demonstrate the feasibility of applying proposed smart antenna system utilizing DOA‐based beamforming algorithm for increasing channel capacity and improving system performance in frequency‐division‐duplex (FDD) wireless communication systems. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.