Flow Characteristics in a Vortex Chamber

In this article we examine confined swirling flows using the integral equations of continuity and energy, along with the minimum pressure criterion. The pressure drop and the core size have been studied in the swirling confined vortex chamber. Both the n = 2 vortex model, with reverse and non‐reverse flow, and the free vortex model have been used at the vortex chamber exit plane. The influence of vortex chamber geometry, such as contraction ratio, inlet angle, area ratio, aspect ratio, and Reynolds number, on the flow field has been analyzed and compared with the present experimental data. The pressure drop across the vortex chamber differs from that in pipe flow, due to the mechanism of swirl flow that depends mainly on the intensity of tangential velocity. If the chamber length is increased, the vortex decays producing a weaker tangential velocity (less centrifugal force) that leads to less pressure drop. Based on the present theory, a new approach to determine the tangential velocity and radial pressure profiles inside the vortex chamber is developed and compared with the available experimental data. It shown that the n = 2 vortex model with reverse flow gives better results for strongly swirling flow.     

Flow characteristics of a laminar swirling impinging jet: A numerical study

The primitive Navier-Stokes equations were solved to predict the flow field induced by a partially confined swirling laminar jet impinging normally on a flat surface. A study is made of the influence of the jet Reynolds number, nozzle-to-plate spacing, axial and swirl velocity profiles at nozzle exit plane, size of the confining and impingement plate and uniform suction applied at the plate. An interesting feature of the flow configuration is the predicted development of a recirculation bubble in the stagnation region which influences the heat and mass transfer characteristics. Axial and swirl velocity profiles at entry have dominant influence on the development of the flow field.     

旋风分离器内气相旋转流不稳定性的实验研究

旋风分离器内气相旋转流具有较强的不稳定性,其表现形式是旋转流的旋转中心围绕几何中心的偏心摆动,导致流场的瞬时速度随时间发生脉动变化。这种旋流的不稳定特性难以用时均流场参数进行描述,需要用动态流场参数描述,为此采用热线风速仪测量了?300 mm旋风分离器内瞬时切向速度随时间的变化。实验结果表明瞬时切向速度是由气体湍流形成的高频脉动和旋转流偏心摆动形成的低频脉动两部分叠加构成,据此探讨了旋转流摆动形成的机制。瞬时切向速度的低频脉动来源于刚性涡的偏心摆动,脉动幅值与偏心距成正比。通过瞬时切向速度频域建立了旋转流的摆动频率与入口速度、筒体直径和排气管直径的计算模型。     

旋风分离器内气相旋转流不稳定性的实验研究

旋风分离器内气相旋转流具有较强的不稳定性,其表现形式是旋转流的旋转中心围绕几何中心的偏心摆动,导致流场的瞬时速度随时间发生脉动变化。这种旋流的不稳定特性难以用时均流场参数进行描述,需要用动态流场参数描述,为此采用热线风速仪测量了?300 mm旋风分离器内瞬时切向速度随时间的变化。实验结果表明瞬时切向速度是由气体湍流形成的高频脉动和旋转流偏心摆动形成的低频脉动两部分叠加构成,据此探讨了旋转流摆动形成的机制。瞬时切向速度的低频脉动来源于刚性涡的偏心摆动,脉动幅值与偏心距成正比。通过瞬时切向速度频域建立了旋转流的摆动频率与入口速度、筒体直径和排气管直径的计算模型。     

旋风分离器内气相旋转流动态特性分析与表征

旋风分离器内的气相旋转流具有很强的动态特性,表现为流场瞬时参数随时间波动变化。为了对旋风分离器内气相旋转流动态特性进行表征,本文基于热线/热膜风速仪（HWFA）和动态压力传感器测量的旋风分离器内瞬时切向速度和瞬时压力,从时域和频域两个方面进行了分析。结果表明,旋风分离器内瞬时切向速度信号时域上的波形分布与旋转流的摆动存在联系,时域上的标准偏差可以直观地表征旋风分离器内旋转流的波动强度;频域的主频和功率谱密度（PSD）可以表征旋转流动态参数波动的准周期行为、传递行为和强度衰减特征,也是旋转流摆动行为及其影响范围的反映。基于瞬时切向速度和瞬时压力的时域和频域分析能较好地反映旋转流流场的波动特点,均可用于表征旋风分离器内气相旋转流的动态特性。     

旋风分离器有无灰斗对气相流场动态特性的影响

旋风分离器底端的排尘口依据气固分离工艺的要求分别采用有灰斗或无灰斗结构。但灰斗是否存在对旋风分离器内部流场影响的研究尚显不足。为此，采用热线风速仪对排尘口有灰斗和无灰斗的旋风分离器气相流场的切向速度进行了测量。结果表明旋风分离器内旋转流具有较强的不稳定性，表现为瞬时切向的速度低频高幅值波动变化。灰斗的存在进一步导致了排尘口附近瞬时切向速度的强烈波动。通过对瞬时切向速度的频谱分析表明，有灰斗结构的旋风分离器瞬时切向速度有2个主频，分别是存在于整个空间的全空间主频和出现在锥体下端排尘口附近区域的局部主频。无灰斗结构的旋风分离器仅有1个全空间主频。全空间主频是气体旋流中心围绕旋风分离器几何中心摆动造成的，而局部主频是灰斗气体回流造成的。灰斗气体回流主频与全空间旋转流摆动的主频叠加形成了锥体下端排尘口附近区域瞬时切向速度的2个主频。     

Experimental and numerical study on the flow behavior in a jet-driven swirling flow

In order to understand the asphalt separation processes in a new technique of solvent deasphalting, the hydrodynamics of the jet-driven swirling flow within a spray granulation tower (SGT) was studied by using experimental and numerical methods. Mean velocity components were measured by use of the Phase Doppler Particle Anemometer (PDPA). Simulation with Reynolds Stress Model (RSM) was carried out to understand the flow information. Two different zones in the jet-driven swirling flow were observed in both experiment and simulation. A combined effect of jet, jet entrainment and jet interactions leads to complex flow behavior in the upper part. A double swirling flow was identified on the basis of the tangential and the axial velocity distribution in the lower part. The specific flow pattern was identified based on the experimental and computational flow field. An empirical formula was proposed to predict the percentage of the SGT occupied by the jet and the swirl zone.     

Lagrangian trajectory model for turbulent swirling flow in an annular cell: comparison with residence time distribution measurements

Knowledge of the flow field can be very useful for reactor design and optimization. Data concerning the displacement and trajectories of reactive elements are of primary interest for a better understanding of process running. Results can be deduced from computational fluid dynamics or experimental measurements. However, numerical simulation is difficult to achieve for complex flow such as swirling decaying flow, and trajectories need to be calculated on the basis of velocity field measurements. This problem can be simplified by using a Lagrangian formulation, in which case the only major difficulty is to express the influence of turbulence on calculated trajectories. Velocity fluctuations can be considered as pure random functions or related to turbulence correlations. These two methods were used to calculate trajectories of elementary fluid particles in a swirling decaying flow on the basis of hydrodynamic characteristics obtained by particle image velocimetry (PIV) studies. Trajectory dispersion was then compared with experimental results obtained by PIV measurements of the instantaneous flow field. This comparison shows the great dependence of velocity fluctuation (and thus of trajectories) on spatial correlations. Finally, the correct mathematical formulation of velocity fluctuation was checked by using the trajectory calculation algorithm to determine residence time distribution (RTD). A comparison with experimental RTD confirmed the efficiency of the method for determining trajectories in swirling decaying flow.     

旋风分离器气相旋转流流场动态特性的研究进展

旋风分离器的气相旋转流场对颗粒的分离过程有重要影响。本文指出实验测量和数值模拟表明这种流场具有很强的动态特性,表现为速度和压力随时间的低频高幅脉动变化。但以往的研究主要关注流场的稳态时均特性,缺少对流场动态特性的研究。旋风分离器内流场动态特性主要产生于旋转流的旋转中心围绕着几何中心作随机摆动,由此造成了流动参数的脉动和湍流强度的急剧增大,也导致了对时均流场中一些现象的分析不清晰。此外,由于各种气固分离模型没有考虑流场的动态效应造成了计算结果不够准确。文章指出目前这种流场动态特性主要是实验测量分析,数值模拟方法尚难以准确描述,还需在计算模型上改进。开展流场动态特性的研究对开发高效低阻旋风分离器和改进其分离性能是非常必要的。     

一种新型裂解炉炉管强化传热数值模拟

利用计算流体动力学(computational fluid dynamic,CFD)方法对含新型内插件强化传热辐射炉管(fortified induced turbulence,FIT)进行了流体流动与传热特性的研究,采用RNG双方程模型求解了动量方程和能量方程,给出了FIT炉管内的流体流动和传热特性,包括速度场、湍动强度和温度场的分布;计算了FIT炉管的强化传热因子和压降。研究结果表明,FIT炉管内插件迫使流体流动由活塞流转变为旋转流,增强了流动湍流程度,符合流动-能量场协同理论,同时流体边界层由于FIT炉管的特殊结构而减薄。FIT炉管具有增强辐射传热、减薄边界层、增加比表面积和旋流增强等强化传热特性。相比于普通当量圆炉管,FIT强化传热炉管的整体传热能力提高了20%左右,证明该新型炉管强化传热效果显著,可以在工程实际中应用。     

两级组合式除雾器的分离性能分析

为研究两级组合式除雾器的分离性能,对两级旋流式、组合式、两级折流式3种除雾器进行性能分析。通过数值模拟方法分析除雾器内部流场差异,通过搭建实验平台,利用高速摄影技术并结合除雾器流场分布分析液滴在除雾器内部运动行为,进而从压降损失、分离效率、出口液滴粒径等方面开展除雾器分离性能的实验研究。结果表明：液滴在折流板内主要靠撞击叶片累积形成液膜而被捕集,在旋流板内沿叶片边缘滑动,以接近叶片倾角角度向壁面运动形成液膜被捕集;随入口截面速度增加,3种除雾器压降均逐渐增大,差值不断增加,两级旋流式除雾器压降最高;当入口截面速度低于5.7m/s时,两级旋流式、组合式除雾器分离效率均接近100%,同时组合式除雾器出口液滴中位粒径始终低于入口液滴中位粒径,并小于其余两种形式除雾器,对小粒径液滴分离能力显著;当液相流量从6.2m³/h逐步增加至13.7m³/h,3种形式的除雾器分离效率随液相流量增加呈下降趋势,其中两级旋流式除雾器在高气速、高液相流量下适应性最强,同时3种除雾器出口液滴中位粒径总体呈现下降趋势,其中组合式除雾器出口液滴中位粒径仍居于最低水平。     

旋风分离器内旋转流的不稳定性

<正>引言旋风分离器内的流场是一个复杂的旋转流流场,以往的流场研究主要集中在稳态流场的时均特性上,重点关注流场的时均速度分布和湍流特性方面,从实验测量和模拟两方面进行,而对瞬态速度的分析不够,对流场的不稳定性尚缺乏分     

Experimental study of gas swirling flow instability characteristics in a cyclone using the hot-wire anemometry technique

The instability characteristics of gas swirling flow in a cyclone were investigated experimentally by measuring the instantaneous tangential velocity with the hot-wire anemometry. The results showed that the instantaneous tangential velocity fluctuated continuously with time at both low and high frequencies. Further analysis of measured data regarding time and frequency domain by probability density and spectral methods revealed that the velocity fluctuation was affected not only by the turbulence flow itself but also by gas swirling flow instability. Also, the distributions of dominant frequency and amplitude indicated that low-frequency velocity fluctuation caused by the instability had the transfer behavior and attenuation character, which could be characterized by the dominant frequency that varied little along the radial position and decreased gradually along the axial direction, while the amplitude increased significantly with decreased radial position. Due to the gas swirling instability, the turbulence intensity and the fine particle diffusion were enhanced, which would degrade the separation efficiency of cyclone.     

圆管内轴向旋转流切向速度湍流强度

采用热线风速仪(hot wire anemometry,HWA)测量了ø300 mm×2000 mm圆管内轴向旋转流瞬时切向速度随时间的变化,重点分析了切向速度湍流强度的分布特点和旋转流摆动对切向速度湍流强度的影响.测量结果表明,瞬时切向速度由高频的湍流脉动速度和低频的波动速度叠加构成.由于受旋转流旋转中心偏离圆管几何中心造成的旋转流摆动的影响,在圆管中心区域瞬时切向速度随时间的波动速度变化较大,边壁区域瞬时切向速度随时间的波动速度变化较小.通过对瞬时切向速度数据进行概率密度分析可知,切向湍流强度不仅受气流脉动的影响,还受旋转流中心摆动的影响,是由自身气流脉动产生的湍流强度和旋转流摆动产生的湍流强度两部分叠加构成.旋转流摆动导致了中心区域的湍流强度远大于边壁面区域的湍流强度.     

Stereoscopic PIV studies on the swirling flow structure in a gas cyclone

Understanding the swirling flow in a gas cyclone is of great importance in improving the cyclone design. Once the three-dimensional strong swirling flow is fully understood, cyclone performance such as pressure drop and separation efficiency can be improved by optimizing the cyclone design. The swirling flow was investigated by the stereoscopic particle image velocimetry (Stereo-PIV) in this work. The instantaneous whole-field tangential, axial, and radial velocities were measured simultaneously in the cylindrical and conical separation zone, and in the dust hopper area of the cyclone with gas inlet velocity of .The time-averaged flow pattern in the cylindrical and conical sections of the cyclone showed: a typical Rankine vortex with inner quasi-forced vortex and outer quasi-free vortex which is generated by tangential gas velocity; inner upward flow and outer downward flow of axial gas velocity; and centripetal flow in the region close to the wall due to the presence of radial gas velocity. In the dust hopper, a secondary longitudinal circular flow is formed in the annulus area between the conical body and the cylindrical wall. Experimental results indicate that the separated particles may be re-entrained into the cyclone from the bin to degrade the separation efficiency of the cyclone.     

重介质微型旋流器内切向速度的数值模拟

重介质旋流器在选煤领域中已得到广泛应用。根据硅和碳化硅等不同密度微细颗粒易团聚且难用化学方法分离的特点,本文选用重介质微型旋流器对其进行分离。为探索重介质微型旋流器的流场特性,本文基于CFD软件Fluent对重介质微型旋流器的切向速度场进行了数值模拟研究,考察了介质的密度及黏度对旋流器内切向速度的影响。结果显示,密度不变,黏度增大,切向速度减小,且旋流器直径越小,切向速度减小越快,即旋流强度衰减得越快。虽然黏度不变时密度的增大会导致切向速度的增加,但当密度和黏度按实际重介质溶液同时增大时,黏度对切向速度的影响远大于密度的影响。     

90°弯管内湍流流动的数值模拟

进行了90°弯管内湍流流动的数值模拟实验。结果表明,切向速度在开始旋转阶段内侧的速度增大、压力减小,外侧速度降低、压力增大;当转过60°截面后,外侧的速度增大、压力减小,内侧速度降低、压力增大。弯管内流体旋转产生的离心力导致压力分布的变化,使得弯管内流体产生垂直于主流切向速度的轴向速度和径向速度,形成了二次流。90°弯管流场是主流切向速度与二次流的叠加,呈现出复杂的三维流动特性。     

Liquid mixing intensification by adding swirling flow in the transverse jet mixer

In this study, effect of swirling addition on the liquid mixing behavior of multiorifice-impinging transverse jet mixer has been investigated by planar laser-induced fluorescence as well as large eddy simulation (LES). In the case of swirling addition into the jet flow, there exists an optimized swirling jet angle or optimized jet-to-cross velocity ratio for the fixed mixer configuration. A larger swirling jet angle will make the flow dominated by the swirling, resulting in a slower mixing process. Interaction of swirling crossflow with no-swirling-injected streams, or with swirling-injected streams in the opposite direction is beneficial for the mixing. LES predictions show that many small vortices are produced homogenously due to intensified impingement in the case of opposite swirling directions, leading to a relative fast mixing process in few milliseconds. Whereas the mixing is restrained when the swirling directions of two flows are the same.     

Evaluations and Modifications on Reynolds Stress Model in Cyclone Simulations

The prediction performance of the Reynolds stress model (RSM) on the flow field in a cyclone has been validated by using particle imaging velocimetry (PIV) experimental results. The validations mainly focus on two features of the flow information with averaged and fluctuating flow fields, which can mostly reflect the turbulent flow properties in the cyclone. The comparisons between predictions and measurements show that the RSM has good performance on the averaged flow field prediction, especially on the prediction of the mean tangential velocity. However, for the fluctuating flow field, the prediction performance of RSM is rather poor. The predicted root mean square (RMS) velocities are greatly underestimated. The standard model coefficients used in RSM have to be modified to enhance its accuracy when used to predict the fluctuating structure of the strong swirling flow in the cyclone. The recommended model coefficients give much better predictions on the fluctuating flow field than the standard coefficients, without decreasing the prediction accuracy on the mean flow field.     

The turbulent characteristics of the gas-solid suspension in a square cyclone separator

Three-dimensional particle dynamics analyzer was employed to study the gas-solid flow in a square-shaped cyclone separator which was designed for large CFB application. Distribution of flow vector, fluctuating velocity, turbulent kinetic energy, turbulent intensity and particle concentration were discussed. The swirling flow inside the cyclone showed the Rankine vortex characteristics, i.e., strong swirling vortex at the central region of the cross-section and weak swirling quasi-free vortex near the wall. The quasi-laminar motion of particles enhanced the turbulent movement at the corners due to particle-particle/wall collision, which led to the local peak value of the turbulent kinetic energy and turbulent intensity. The corner is one of the major region to cause pressure drop because the suspension at the corners consumed more energy of the flow. The corners were found to be beneficial to particle separation mainly because the strong fluctuating flow consumed much of the kinetic energy of both the particle and the gas.