新目标英语九年级Unit 13知识要点归纳

<正>【重点词组或短语】1.at the bottom of the river在河床底部2.be full of rubbish充满了垃圾3.throw litter into the river把垃圾扔入河中4.play a part in cleaning it up尽一份力把它清理干净5.land pollution土地污染6.fill the air with black smoke空气中充满黑烟7.cut down air pollution减少空气污染8.make a difference产生影响9.shark fin soup鱼翅汤10.at the top of the food chain处于食物链     

污染

The economic system takes resources from the natural environment, and returns the wastes generated by production and consumption——a cycle which may be harmful if the concentration of wastes exceeds the capacity of the environment to assimilate them. The subsequent pollution of the air, seas, lakes, rivers and underground fresh water resources——as well as the land‘s surface——affects not only human beings, but all living organisms and buildings. The unprecedented growth of cities in the 20th century makes them major contributors to local, regional and global environmental problems. This article briefly introduces trans-border effects of pollution, the principal sources of pollution, the impacts of pollution and pollution management and policy implications.     

城市集水区管理和污染控制

The evolution of human civilization and urbanization has been centered around catchment (watershed, river basins) areas. As evident from the archaeological ruins of the earlier civilizations, the decision makers and planners recognized the importance of catchment areas as the physical planning units for urban development.However, in the post-industrial era, the practice of catchment management has often been ignored. With the increasing industrialization and transport network, the pace of urbanization has gained momentum. The cities,which were earlier created for specific functions and carrying capacities, are increasingly expected to meet the demands of multiple economic activities and growing population. The run-away growth in urbanization without commensurate backup infrastructure for civic amenities has taken its toll through increasing pollution.Pollution and associated problems are, to a great extent, attributable to lack of environmental considerations in planning and management of urban systems. The urban centres are confronted with various kinds of pollution,the nature and extent of which depend on the sources of pollution as well as physiographic conditions such as watershed and airshed. The present proper focuses on water pollution, which has a direct bearing on the urban catchment management. This article gives an introduction to urban catchment management and pollution control.     

书讯（英文）

正Urban Spatial Form and Air Pollution Control Author:Yuan Man Year:2019Publisher:China ArchitectureBuilding Press ISBN:9787112234912 (112 pages, in Chinese)In recent years, the frequent hazy weather in many cities of China has seriously threatened the health of people, and the air pollutants represented by the PM2.5 index have been on the cusp. Given that automobile exhausts have become the main source of urban air pollution in China, and given that the urban spatial form closely influences the transportation, exhaust emission, and population exposure of the city, it is imminent to figure out what kind of urban spatial form can better alleviate air pollution exposure.     

CLESTRA in Parkview Green

<正>Parkview Green's environmental friendliness rests on a sirnple technology based on creating low energy consumption without air-conditioning.Its entire interior space acts as a solar chimney,sucking hot air to the top and removing it to outside the building-quite a feat considering the most elevated point of its pyramid shape is situated at a height of 89m.     

Research Progress in Urban Transportation and Residents' Health

Urban transportation is a major element of sustainable urban development and a key factor affecting the health of urban residents. It influences public health through noise, air pollution, social isolation, inactive modes of transportation, and sedentary behaviors. This paper reviews literature related to urban transportation and health from two perspectives: travel behavior and environmental impact. It focuses on passenger transportation and freight transportation to analyze their respective ne...     

Freezing and Thawing Durability of Ultra High Strength Concrete

Resistance to freezing and thawing of two UHSC （ultra high strength concrete） mixtures was evaluated in accordance with ASTM C 666 Procedure A. The two mixtures （plain and fiber reinforced） were developed using materials local to southern New Mexico, USA. Three different curing regimens were investigated for the mixture with fibers and one curing regimen was studied for the mixture without fibers. All curing regimens included 24 h of ambient curing followed by four days of wet curing at 50 ℃, and then two days dry curing at 200 ℃. At an age of seven days, one batch of fiber reinforced specimens was air cured at ambient conditions for the following six days and then placed in a water bath at 4.4 ℃ for 24 h prior to initiating freezing and thawing cycles. The second batch was air cured from day seven to day 12, and then wet cured for one day at 23 ℃ prior to being placed in the 4.4 ℃ water bath. The final batch was wet cured at 23 ℃ from the seventh day to an age of 13 days and then placed in the 4.4 ℃ water bath. The mixture with no fibers was air cured from the seventh day to an age of 12 days and then wet cured for one day at 23 ℃ prior to being placed in the 4.4 ℃ water bath. Higher moisture levels during curing produced greater initial dynamic elastic modulus values and durability factors at the end of the freezing and thawing tests, with the greatest durability factor being 87.5. Steel fibers were observed to improve both compressive strength and durability factor for UHSC.     

Analysis of Morphological Processes in a Disturbed Gravel-Bed River （Piave River）： Integration of LiDAR Data and Colour Bathymetry

The magnitude of river morphological changes are better analyzed through the use of quantitative approaches, wherein resolution accuracy and uncertainty assessment are treated as crucial key-factors. In this sense, the creation of precise DEMs （Digital Elevation Models） of rivers represents an affordable tool to analyze geomorphic variations and budgets, except for wetted areas, where reliable channel digitalization can normally be obtained only using expensive bathymetric surveys. The proposed work aims at improving channel surface models without having available bathymetric sensors, by deriving dry areas elevations from LiDAR data and water depth of wetted areas from aerial photos through a predictive depth-colour relationship. The methodology was applied to two different sub-reaches of the Piave River, a gravel-bed river which suffered severe flood events in 2010. Erosion and deposition patterns were identified through DEM differencing, showing a predominance of scour processes which can lead to channel instability situations. The bathymetric output was compared to other previously-derived models confirming the accuracy of the in-channel elevation estimates. Finally, a discussion on the role played by longitudinal protections during the studied flood events is proposed, focusing the attention on the incidence of two major bank erosions that removed significant volumes of stable areas.     

An experimental study on using a mass radiant floor with geothermal system as thermal battery of the building

Storing thermal energy in mass concrete floors would have a major impact on the stability of the temperature in buildings. The concept of a thermal battery refers to storing the supplied radiant heat and releasing this heat the next day through radiation and convection. In this study,an approach is introduced to examine the idea of thermal battery in thick concrete flooring( 1.22 m) using the earth as a heat source. Controlled experiments were built and conducted on an instrumented 3000 m~2 industrial facility. The heating radiant floor combining with ground source system was operated during off-peak hours and the ai conditioning system was disabled for 24 h during the test period.The heat pumps were operated in single stage using less powe compared to when operated on demand. Indoor air temperature showed that 100 °F( 37. 78 ℃) supply temperature at the groundsource heat pump would be enough to maintain a stable warm temperature during cold days. Two weather conditions in the winter were selected to do the tests. The second test had a colder ambient temperature to verify the procedure. The indoor air temperature showed that the night heating system performs well for both cases because it maintained a constant temperature for the entire operational day even in the daytime when every heating unit was off. This approach of applying the heating at nighttime with lower electricity rates would lead to significant operational cost savings in the building.     

Numerical simulations of kinetic formation mechanism of Tangjiashan landslide

Tangjiashan landslide is a typical high-speed landslide hosted on consequent bedding rock.The landslide was induced by Wenchuan earthquake at a medium-steep hill slope.The occurrence of Tangjiashan landslide was basically controlled by the tectonic structure,topography,stratum lithology,slope structure,seismic waves,and strike of river.Among various factors,the seismic loading with great intensity and long duration was dominant.The landslide initiation exhibited the local amplification effect of seismic waves at the rear of the slope,the dislocation effect on the fault,and the shear failure differentiating effect on the regions between the soft and the hard layers.Based on field investigations and with the employment of the distinct element numerical simulation program UDEC(universal distinct element code),the whole kinetic sliding process of Tangjiashan landslide was represented and the formation mechanism of the consequent rock landslide under seismic loading was studied.The results are helpful for understanding seismic dynamic responses of consequent bedding rock slopes,where the slope stability could be governed by earthquakes.