电子晶体-声子玻璃及热电材料研究的最新进展

论述了新型的热电材料-电子晶体-声子玻璃的结构特征和热电特性,着重介绍了填充原子对Skutterudite结构材料的电子传输和热传输性能的影响,介绍了进一步提高材料热电性能的其它途径,提出了这类材料发展的方向和亟等解决的问题。     

La填充Ni置换n型Skutterudite热电材料的制备及性能

起始原料使用La、Co、Ni和Sb元素粉末,采用机械合金化(MA)和热压烧结(HP)的方法制备了名义成分为LaxNi0.2Co3.8Sb12(x=0.1,0.3,0.5,0.7)n型填充Skutterudite化合物热电材料,研究了不同La含量对MA-HP成型后的相组成及热电性能的影响.研究结果表明,机械合金化10h后的粉末,在650℃热压2h后可得到单相Skutterudite结构化合物;随着La填充分数的增加,晶格常数增大;通过向Skutterudite结构的空隙中填充稀土La原子,能大幅度降低热导率;热电性能研究表明,La0.5Ni0.2Co3.8Sb12在750K左右能得到最大的ZT值0.33.     

Ni掺杂对Co4-xNixSb12热电转换性能的影响

采用熔融法合成了Skutterudite化合物Co4-xNixSb12，并研究了Ni掺杂对该化合物的高温热电性能的影响．实验结果表明：由于Ni向Skutterudite结构中提供电子。导致化合物的载流子浓度和电导率随Ni置换量的增加而增加，Seebeck系数为负值，Seebeck系数的峰值温度随Ni置换量的增加向高温方向移动；Ni置换引入了电子-声子散射，导致晶格热导率降低．对于Skutterudite化合物Co4-xNixSb12，得到的最大热电性能指数ZT约为0．55．     

古河机械金属开发出高性能热电转换材料

古河机械金属在中温区域（室温-600℃）实现了热电转换材料的高性能。此次开发的是由Fe（铁）、Co（钴）、Sb（锑）、稀土类元素等组成的方钴矿（Skutterudite）族热电转换材料。方钴矿族有着以CoSb3为代表的化合物的结晶结构，p型、n型均可获得良好的特性。     

钴基氧化物热电材料的研究进展及性能优化

详细介绍了钴基氧化物热电材料在其晶体结构、热电性能优化、制备等方面的研究现状;对钴基热电氧化物的掺杂研究进行了评述;分析了影响材料热电性能的主要因素;提出了提高钴基热电氧化物热电性能的主要途径;指出了钴基氧化物热电材料的应用前景和研究方向.     

机械合金化法制备N型Skutterudite热电材料研究

研究了采用机械合金化加热压烧结工艺制备n型Skutterudite热电材料的工艺路线.采用了XRD、DTA等测试方法分析了试样的成分,研究了NixCo1-xSb3系材料采用机械合金化加热压烧结的基本工艺路线.研究表明Ni含量在0.2以下的NixCo1-xSb3系材料在球磨10h之后进行2h热压烧结后,试样基本上转化为CoSb3相,并且已经有大量的Ni被置换入CoSb3的晶格之中,形成(NixCo1-x)Sb3材料.     

热电材料的第一性原理高通量研究

热电材料是一种新型能量转换材料, 在温差发电或通电制冷等领域具有广泛应用。热电优值ZT值是衡量热电材料能量转换效率的关键参数, ZT值要求热电材料具有优异的电输运性能及较低的热导率。传统第一性原理热电材料研究往往关注少量样本下的电热输运性质理解与优化, 很难得到系统性的规律, 也不利于新体系的设计优化。材料基因组计划力求通过大数据、高通量手段去加速材料设计与发现, 具有广阔的发展前景。在热电材料研究领域, 第一性原理高通量计算也将在新材料预测与性能优化等方面起到越来越重要的作用。另一方面, 高通量研究也带来了新的挑战, 譬如电热输运性质的高通量算法发展、大数据分析手段等等, 这些方面的问题决定了高通量方法在材料应用中的效率与准确性。本文综述了热电材料中现有的电热输运性质高通量计算方法, 介绍了这些方法具体的应用案例, 并对高通量与热电材料结合的未来发展趋势进行了展望。     

Skutterudite化合物FexC04-xSb12的放电等离子烧结原位合成及热电性能

采用放电等离子烧结(SPS)技术在800～1000K温度范围内原位反应合成了富Co基Skutterudite化合物FexCo4-xSb12(x=0～1.0),并对化合物的结构、微观形貌及热电性能进行了研究.结果表明化合物的晶格常数随Fe含量的增加而线性增加,电导率随着Fe置换量的增加而增加,Seebeck系数的峰值随着Fe置换量的增加而向高温方向移动,热导率随Fe置换量的增加而进一步降低.对于富Co基Skutterudite化合物FexCo4-xSb12,x=1.0的Fe1.0Co3 0Sb12化合物具有较高的热电性能指数,在673K取得最大ZT值约0.3.     

热电制冷的应用与优化综述

热电制冷(TEC)是以温差电现象为基础的制冷方式,是基于帕尔贴效应的固态环保型制冷技术。与其他制冷方式相比,热电制冷具有体积小、结构简单、可靠性高、制冷迅速等优点。本文通过研究国内外的相关文献,主要从热电制冷的应用及性能优化两方面综述了热电制冷近年来的研究进展和成果。对热电制冷在热电冰箱、热电空调和电子器件冷却等方面的应用及相关研究进行了归纳分析,并对热电制冷与太阳能、蒸气压缩以及蒸发冷却等复合系统应用进行了分析阐述。在热电制冷性能优化方面,总结了在材料已定时提升热电制冷的性能优化方法,包括热电制冷器结构、工作参数及热端散热等,并在工作参数优化过程中分析了近年来研究较多的脉冲电流研究进展。     

块体Bi2Te3基热电材料性能优化及最新进展

在分析块体Bi2Te3基热电材料性能优化设计思路的基础上,重点探讨了成分优化、结构优化、合成优化及成型优化中提高块体Bi2Te3基热电材料性能的方法。提出了一套值得探讨的优化设计方案,展望了Bi2Te3基热电材料在温差发电和半导体制冷领域颇具潜力的应用前景。     

Strength, Durability, and Safety of Engineering Systems

The evolution of approaches to the solution of machine dynamics and strength problems on the basis of determining static and dynamic nominal and local stresses of the operating load is discussed. It is shown how the material strength and plasticity characteristics, the cyclic strength characteristics in the high-cycle and low-cycle fatigue regions, the high-temperature long-term strength and creep characteristics, and the linear and nonlinear characteristics of fracture mechanics were sequentially used as the basic criterial parameters of the deformability and strength of structural materials. Particular emphasis was given to the results of studies on machine safety and catastrophe mechanics. Integrated approaches to the solution of strength and safety problems of potentially dangerous facilities (nuclear power stations, spacecraft complexes, aircraft, chemical plants, etc.) by analysis of all stages of their life cycle, including design, manufacture, testing, and operation, are discussed.     

Biomaterials and Advanced Technologies for Hemostatic Management of Bleeding

Bleeding complications arising from trauma, surgery, and as congenital, disease‐associated, or drug‐induced blood disorders can cause significant morbidities and mortalities in civilian and military populations. Therefore, stoppage of bleeding (hemostasis) is of paramount clinical significance in prophylactic, surgical, and emergency scenarios. For externally accessible injuries, a variety of natural and synthetic biomaterials have undergone robust research, leading to hemostatic technologies including glues, bandages, tamponades, tourniquets, dressings, and procoagulant powders. In contrast, treatment of internal noncompressible hemorrhage still heavily depends on transfusion of whole blood or blood's hemostatic components (platelets, fibrinogen, and coagulation factors). Transfusion of platelets poses significant challenges of limited availability, high cost, contamination risks, short shelf‐life, low portability, performance variability, and immunological side effects, while use of fibrinogen or coagulation factors provides only partial mechanisms for hemostasis. With such considerations, significant interdisciplinary research endeavors have been focused on developing materials and technologies that can be manufactured conveniently, sterilized to minimize contamination and enhance shelf‐life, and administered intravenously to mimic, leverage, and amplify physiological hemostatic mechanisms. Here, a comprehensive review regarding the various topical, intracavitary, and intravenous hemostatic technologies in terms of materials, mechanisms, and state‐of‐art is provided, and challenges and opportunities to help advancement of the field are discussed.     

Thermophysical properties of some key solids: An update

In 1985, the CODATA Bulletin published a Report of its Task Group on Thermophysical Properties of Solids which analyzed available data on, and gave recommended values for, the heat capacity of Cu, Fe, W, and Al₂O₃, the thermal expansion of Cu, Si, W, and Al₂O₃, the electrical resistivity of Cu, Fe, Pt, and W, the thermal conductivity of Al, Cu, Fe, and W, and the absolute thermopower of Pb, Cu, Pt, and W. The analysts for the different properties were R. B. Castanet, S. J. Collocott, P. D. Desai, C. Y. Ho, J. G. Hust, R. B. Roberts, C. A. Swenson, and G. K. White. The present paper is an updated version of the earlier report and includes more recent data which change some of the recommended values. notably the heat capacity of Cu and W and the thermal expansion of Si and W.     

贮藏温度对采后上海青叶片衰老及活性成分的影响

目的为了探究不同贮藏温度对采后上海青叶片衰老及活性成分的影响。方法以上海青为实验材料,分别在0,5,10,15,20,25,30℃下贮藏,对上海青叶片的感官品质、色差、叶绿素含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量、类胡萝卜素含量、叶黄素含量、叶酸含量和亚硝酸盐含量的变化进行分析。结果与20,25,30℃相比,在10℃和15℃下贮藏可减缓上海青叶片L^*值、b^*值、MDA含量和亚硝酸盐含量的增加,以及|a^*|值、叶绿素含量、类胡萝卜素含量、叶黄素含量和叶酸含量的降低;与10℃和15℃贮藏条件相比,在0℃和5℃下贮藏可显著抑制上海青叶片L^*值、b^*值、MDA含量和亚硝酸盐含量的增加,以及|a^*|值、叶绿素含量、类胡萝卜素含量、叶黄素含量和叶酸含量的降低,减缓上海青叶片的黄化衰老进程,从而维持上海青良好的外观品质。在贮藏温度为20,25,30℃时,上海青的最大贮藏期不超过4 d;贮藏温度为10℃和15℃时,最大贮藏期分别不超过9 d和7 d;贮藏温度为0℃和5℃时,最大贮藏期分别不超过40 d和15 d。结论在低温条件下贮藏,尤其是在0℃下贮藏可最大限度地减缓采后上海青叶片的衰老进程,可维持其较高的活性成分,并抑制其组织中亚硝酸盐的积累,显著延长上海青的贮藏期。     

再论标准和标准化的基本概念

本文是作者再次对标准和标准化的概念进行讨论。首先讨论的是标准化的目的、主体和对象。作者认为标准化的目的是控制、有序化和统一化;标准化的主体是人/机构;标准化对象可以是具体的或抽象的事物,也可以是它们的组合;任何事物都可以抽象地表达为实体(entity)。第二,作者讨论了标准和标准化的本质以及它们的作用;认为从内容角度看,标准是匹配问题解决方案,也是为标准化对象规定需要满足的要求;从实施角度看,标准是规则;标准化则是制定、实施、传播标准的过程;标准的作用是能够创建并组织现实世界,并能够为相关方建立互相交流和共同理解的基础;标准化的作用是对创新方案进行选择和简化,阻止现实世界过度无序化发展,形成复杂化和简化之间的平衡。第三,作者讨论了标准的记录形式、自愿/强制属性和时空范围,认为标准的记录形式有文件、样品、图形符号、物理表达等多种形式;标准具有选择的自愿性和实施的强制性;标准在时空范围内是有限的。文章的结尾给出了理解标准化概念的框架。     

Clay‐Inspired MXene‐Based Electrochemical Devices and Photo‐Electrocatalyst: State‐of‐the‐Art Progresses and Challenges

MXene, an important and increasingly popular category of postgraphene 2D nanomaterials, has been rigorously investigated since early 2011 because of advantages including flexible tunability in element composition, hydrophobicity, metallic nature, unique in‐plane anisotropic structure, high charge‐carrier mobility, tunable band gap, and favorable optical and mechanical properties. To fully exploit these potentials and further expand beyond the existing boundaries, novel functional nanostructures spanning monolayer, multilayer, nanoparticles, and composites have been developed by means of intercalation, delamination, functionalization, hybridization, among others. Undeniably, the cutting‐edge developments and applications of clay‐inspired 2D MXene platform as electrochemical electrode or photo‐electrocatalyst have conferred superior performance and have made significant impact in the field of energy and advanced catalysis. This review provides an overview of the fundamental properties and synthesis routes of pure MXene, functionalized MXene and their hybrids, highlights the state‐of‐the‐art progresses of MXene‐based applications with respect to supercapacitors, batteries, electrocatalysis and photocatalysis, and presents the challenges and prospects in the burgeoning field.     

焦磷酸盐镀铜生产工艺(Ⅰ)

对焦磷酸盐镀铜的前处理、预镀、焦磷酸盐镀铜的工艺配方、操作条件及原理、镀液的配制、镀液成分及其作用、操作条件对镀层的影响、镀液的维护、杂质的影响及其排除方法、镀液成分失调的影响与纠正、磷酸根对镀液和镀层的影响、铜粉的产生及其排除、常见故障及其排除方法等都作了详细阐述.此外,对镀铜液中磷酸根和焦磷酸根的分析方法以及不合格铜层的退除也作了一定的介绍.     

亚稳态球霰石相碳酸钙的调控制备进展

球霰石以其独特的机械、物理和化学性能, 在日用品与生物医学等领域表现出广阔的应用前景。然而在三种无水碳酸钙晶体中, 球霰石的热力学性能最不稳定, 在后续的反应和处理过程中常常转变为更稳定的文石或方解石, 因此如何抑制球霰石向稳定晶型转变一直都是碳酸钙领域研究的热点。本文在概述了球霰石晶体结构、性质、应用及其转化途径的基础上, 以碳酸钙的三种基本制备体系为线索, 综述了碳化法、复分解法、微乳液法和溶剂热法等传统方法以及自组装单分子膜法、仿生合成法和热分解法等一些新型调控制备球霰石相方法的研究进展, 还就利用添加剂促进球霰石形成与稳定的相关机制加以剖析。文章旨在为球霰石相碳酸钙的有效制备提供理论和实践的参考。     

江澳两地高校文创设计的协同研究与商业实践

目的 探索江门世遗文化的传承、发展和转化的新思路,践行国家在《粤港澳大湾区发展规划》纲要中要求江门承担与港澳地区文化创意合作与开发任务的分工。方法 与澳门高校紧密合作,开展专业培训课程,以开平碉楼为例,从人文视角开展设计研究,梳理开平碉楼的文化脉络,把世遗文化的元素和其背后的文化融入文创产品中,提升文创产品的附加值,推动当地文创产业结构的变革。结果 两地高校构建了稳定的科研团队,开设长期有效的设计培训课程,与景区建立了研究协作关系,帮助景区构建了一套产销研的商业模式。结论 以跨区域高校合作为平台,以文创产品为抓手,依托江澳两地的资源优势,可以构建江门世遗文化全新的品牌形象,最终推动开平世遗文化的活化。     

Augmented body surveillance: Human microchip implantations and the omnipresent threat of function creep

Implanted microchips can store users' medical, financial, and other personal information, and provide users with easy and quick access to various locations and items. While adopted for their convenience outside of the healthcare sector, these invasive, semi-permanent implantable devices create augmented bodies that can be subject to ubiquitous surveillance. Situating human microchip implantations within surveillance literature, we draw from neoliberal perspectives of surveillance to examine augmented bodies, particularly as sources for market activity and as subjects of social control and sorting when these bodies are used as access control mechanisms, payment methods, and tracking means in employment, residential, commercial, and transportation sectors. History has demonstrated time and time again how unfettered technology applications and uses have led to real and/or perceived misuse by private and public sectors. Through the lens of function creep, we identify a pattern of expansion of applications and uses of technology beyond those originally intended across new technologies, such as DNA genetic genealogy databases, IoT wearables, and COVID-19 contact tracing apps, and provide illustrative examples of function creep, particularly the use of these technologies in criminal investigations and prosecutions despite not being intended or marketed for such use. By demonstrating the lack of clearly defined boundaries in the applications and uses of various new technologies and their associated data, and the ways they were misused, we demonstrate how human microchip implantations are headed on a similar path. The current and potential future uses of this technology raise concerns about the absence of regulation, law, and policy barring or limiting its application and use in specific sectors, and the impact of this technology on users’ security, data protection, and privacy. Undeniably, the present and potential future functions, applications, uses, and extensions of human microchip implantations in various sectors warrant a proactive examination of their security, privacy, and data protection consequences and the implementation of proactive policies to regulate new and currently unregulated uses of this technology and its associated data within these sectors.