含分层损伤复合材料加筋层合板的动承载能力

采用有限元方法研究了含穿透分层损伤复合材料加筋层合板的动力响应和承载能力。根据复合材料层合板一阶剪切理论, 推导了复合材料层合板单元的刚度阵和质量阵列式;同时采用Adams 应变能法与Rayleigh阻尼模型相结合的方法, 构造了相应的阻尼阵列式;为了防止在低阶模态中分层处出现的上、下子板不合理的嵌入现象, 建立了含分层损伤复合材料加筋层合板动力分析中分层分析模型和虚拟界面联接模型。并采用Tsai提出的刚度退化准则和动力响应分析的精细积分法, 对在动荷载作用下含分层损伤复合材料加筋层合板结构进行了破坏和承载能力分析。通过典型算例分析, 分别讨论了外载频率、分层深度、筋的位置以及破坏过程中刚度退化对含损伤复合材料加筋层合板动力响应特征和承载能力的影响, 得到了一些具有理论和工程价值的结论。     

含损伤复合材料剩余弹性模量预测的不确定分析

针对传统处理不确定问题概率统计方法的局限性, 提出两种非概率分析方法对具有不确定参数的含损伤复合材料剩余弹性模量问题进行研究。非概率方法将不确定变量描述为一区间数或凸集合, 再利用Taylor展开及区间四则运算, 便可得到含损伤复合材料剩余弹性模量的区间范围。非概率分析方法优点在于: 对于不确定参数数据信息依赖性较小, 计算方法简单、 实用, 并且精度可满足工程要求。通过一数值算例的两种情况对含损伤层合板的相对剩余弹性模量进行计算, 结果表明, 所提出的两种非概率方法在不确定信息较少时, 可以得到令人满意的结果。     

含分层损伤大层数复合材料层合板层间热效应分析

在机械载荷和热载下对含分层损伤大层数复合材料层合板采用三维有限元法分析其后屈曲行为。这种有限元的特点是每个单元可包含多个具有不同铺设角、不同组分材料的铺层。在分析中引入接触元来防止层间的闭合接触效应,并进一步分析了分层前缘的能量释放率。结果表明温度对于复合材料层合板的层间破坏有重要影响。     

含椭圆分层损伤复合材料层合板分层前缘接触效应研究

采用基于Mindlin 一阶剪切理论的四节点板单元, 分析了分层前缘闭合接触效应对含椭圆分层复合材料层合板前后屈曲行为的影响。通过在分层区域内引入虚杆单元来防止上、下子板发生相互重叠, 并假设接触区内没有摩擦。结果表明, 分层前缘的闭合接触效应受分层几何形状的影响很大, 当椭圆分层子板的长轴与压缩载荷方向一致时, 闭合接触效应对含分层层合板前后屈曲行为最大。      

基于频率和阻尼分析的含分层损伤复合材料层合板的损伤诊断

提出了一种基于动力有限元分析和神经网络相结合的含分层损伤层合板的诊断方法。采用作者发展的含分层损伤层合板的动力有限元分析模型和方法,计算了具有不同分层长度损伤层合板的频率和模态阻尼值,以此建立样本库。应用反向传播BP神经网络训练和形成网络。典型含层间分层损伤层合板的仿真结果表明,采用对损伤变化较为灵敏的高阶模态阻尼作为网络的输入参数进行分层损伤诊断比常用的模态频率更为合理。本文中提出的是一种用于层合板的分层损伤诊断的有效和经济的方法。      

含分层损伤复合材料层合板非线性动力稳定性

采用Reddy 的板高阶剪切变形简化理论研究了含分层损伤复合材料层合板的非线性动力稳定性问题。建立了分层模型, 推导了考虑几何非线性和阻尼效应的Methieu 方程, 给出了该方程的解析解表达式; 研究了参数振动解的稳定性; 然后通过典型数例讨论了分层损伤对层合板固有频率、屈曲临界力以及动力稳定区域的影响; 研究了保守与非保守体系的外载荷的激励频率对层合板第一参数振动的振幅的影响, 以及线性、非线性阻尼对非保守体系的最大牵引深度的影响。由典型算例讨论可知, 随着复合材料层合板分层损伤的扩大, 其动力稳定性能逐渐减弱, 特别是损伤接近层合板的中面时, 分层损伤对其动力稳定性能的影响最大。      

动荷载作用下含损伤复合材料层合板承载能力

研究了含分层损伤层合板的动力响应和承载能力。基于层合板的一阶剪切理论,采用分项等参插值方法推导了复合材料层合板刚度阵、质量阵列式,在瑞利阻尼的基础上构造了相应的阻尼阵列式;建立了用于含分层损伤复合材料层合板动力分析的分层模型和虚拟界面联接单元,以防止低阶模态中在分层处出现的上、下子板不合理的脱离和嵌入现象;同时又采用Tsai提出的0.44刚度退化准则和动力分析的Newmark法,对含分层损伤复合材料层合板结构进行了在动荷载作用下的破坏和承载能力分析;通过典型算例,分别讨论了外载频率,分层位置,以及刚度退化对含损伤复合材料动力响应特征和承载能力的影响。本文中提出的方法和得到的结论对复合材料工程设计具有参考价值。      

复合材料层合板低速冲击损伤的有限元模拟

建立了用于预测复合材料层合板在低速冲击作用下损伤的3D有限元模型。采用应变描述的失效判据来判断铺层层内的各类损伤, 如纤维断裂、 纤维挤压、 基体开裂、 基体挤裂, 并结合相应的刚度折减方案对失效单元进行刚度折减。使用界面元模拟层间区域, 结合传统的应力失效判据和断裂力学中的能量释放率准则来定义分层损伤的起始和演化规律, 提出了一种界面元损伤起始强度沿厚度方向的分布函数。通过对数值仿真结果和实验结果的比较, 验证了模型的合理性和准确性。      

复合材料层合板三维分层问题的断裂力学分析

对复合材料层板中椭圆分层的断裂力学问题进行了研究。根据层板平面剪切型分层和反平面剪切型分层尖端附近位移场、应力场与应力强度因子的关系,利用法向切片法,得到椭圆分层前缘应力强度因子与能量释放率的关系。结合由附加位移所确定的总位能,确定了能量释放率和应力强度因子沿分层前缘分布的表达形式。数值计算给出了二者随分层区形状、载荷以及各层厚度比等参数变化的分布情况。     

复合材料层合板分层损伤数值模拟方法研究现状

复合材料层合板在航空航天等领域受到广泛应用,分层损伤作为复合材料层合板主要的损伤形式,对复合材料结构的强度和刚度有显著的影响,是限制其重大工程应用的热点问题之一.通过实验的方法对复合材料结构进行研究,往往需要耗费大量的时间和成本,成熟的有限元数值模拟技术可以较低成本实现复合材料结构的分层行为模拟,成为分层损伤研究的重要...     

Fatigue life prediction of woven composite laminates with initial delamination

An engineering approach for fatigue life prediction of fibre‐reinforced polymer composite materials is highly desirable for industries due to the complexity in damage mechanisms and their interactions. This paper presents a fatigue‐driven residual strength model considering the effect of initial delamination size and stress ratio. Static and constant amplitude fatigue tests of woven composite specimens with delamination diameters of 0, 4 and 6 mm were carried out to determine the model parameters. Good agreement with experimental results has been achieved when the modified residual strength model has been applied for fatigue life prediction of the woven composite laminate with an initial delamination diameter of 8 mm under constant amplitude load and block fatigue load. It has been demonstrated that the residual strength degradation‐based model can effectively reflect the load sequence effect on fatigue damage and hence provide more accurate fatigue life prediction than the traditional linear damage accumulation models.     

An interface element for the simulation of delamination in unidirectional fiber-reinforced composite laminates

Unidirectional fiber-reinforced composite laminates are widely used in aerospace industry for a great variety of structural parts. In order to enhance the exploitation of material reserves, there is a need for the integration of progressive damage scenarios in the design phase. Due to their hazardous effects on the load-carrying capacity of composite structures, this work focusses on the simulation of delaminations. A finite element based on a cohesive zone approach is developed. Two constitutive laws are proposed. One is characterized by linear degradation after delamination onset, the other is governed by exponential softening response. The damage process is history-dependent leading to an irreversible stiffness degradation in damaged zones. The practicability of the proposed model and the assets and drawbacks of the two material laws are shown by some numerical examples.     

Interaction between matrix cracking and edge delamination in composite laminates

Matrix cracking and edge delamination are two main damage modes in continuous-fibre composite laminates. They are often investigated separately, and so the interaction between two damage modes has not yet been revealed. In this paper, a simple parallel-spring model is introduced to model the longitudinal stiffness reduction due to matrix cracking and edge delamination together. The energy release rate of edge delamination eliminating the matrix crack effect and the energy release rate of matrix cracking in the presence of edge delamination are then obtained. Experimental materials include carbon- and glass-fibre-reinforced bismaleimide composite laminates under static tension. The growth of matrix cracks and edge delaminations was recorded by means of NDT techniques. Results show that matrix cracks may initiate before or after edge lamination. This depends on the laminate layup, and especially on the thickness of the 90° plies. Edge delamination may also induce matrix cracking. Matrix cracking has a significant effect on the stiffness reduction in GRP laminates. The present model can predict the stiffness reduction in a laminate containing both matrix cracks and edge delaminations. The mixed-mode delamination fracture toughness obtained from the present model shows up to 50% differences compared with O'Brien's model for GRP laminates. However, matrix cracking has a small effect on the mixed-mode interlaminar fracture toughness of the CFRP laminates.     

Mesh design in finite element analysis of post-buckled delamination in composite laminates

The role of mesh design in the post-buckling analysis of delamination in composite laminates is addressed in this paper. The determination of the strain energy release rate (SERR) along the crack front is central to the analysis. Frequently, theoretical analysis is limited to treatment of the problem in two dimensions, since considerable complexity is encountered in extending the analysis to three dimensions. However, many practical problems of embedded delamination in composite laminates are inherently three-dimensional in nature. Although in such cases, the finite element (FE) method can be employed, there are some issues that must be examined more closely to ensure physically realistic models. One of these issues is the effect of mesh design on the determination of the local SERR along the delamination front. There are few studies that deal with this aspect systematically. In this paper, the effect of mesh design in the calculation of SERR in two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) FE analyses of the post-buckling behavior of embedded delaminations is studied and some guidelines on mesh design are suggested. Two methods of calculation of the SERR are considered: the virtual crack closure technique (VCCT) and crack closure technique (CCT). The 2D analyses confirm that if the near-tip mesh is symmetric and consists of square elements, then the evaluation of the SERR is not sensitive to mesh refinement, and a reasonably coarse mesh is adequate. Despite agreement in the global post-buckling response of the delaminated part, the SERR calculated using different unsymmetrical near-tip meshes could be different. Therefore, unsymmetrical near-tip meshes should be avoided, as convergence of the SERR with mesh refinement could not be assured. While the results using VCCT and CCT for 2D analyses agree well with each other, these techniques yield different quantitative results when applied to 3D analyses. The reason may be due to the way in which the delamination growth is modeled. The CCT allows simultaneous delamination advance over finite circumferential lengths, but it is very difficult to implement and the results exhibit mesh dependency. Qualitatively, however, the two sets of results show similar distributions of Mode I and Mode II components of the SERR. This is fortunate, since the VCCT is relatively easy to implement.     

Finite element interface models for the delamination analysis of laminated composites: mechanical and computational issues

The finite element analysis of delamination in laminated composites is addressed using interface elements and an interface damage law. The principles of linear elastic fracture mechanics are indirectly used by equating, in the case of single‐mode delamination, the area underneath the traction/relative displacement curve to the critical energy release rate of the mode under examination. For mixed‐mode delamination an interaction model is used which can fulfil various fracture criteria proposed in the literature. It is then shown that the model can be recast in the framework of a more general damage mechanics theory. Numerical results are presented for the analyses of a double cantilever beam specimen and for a problem involving multiple delamination for which comparisons are made with experimental results. Issues related with the numerical solution of the non‐linear problem of the delamination are discussed, such as the influence of the interface strength on the convergence properties and the final results, the optimal choice of the iterative matrix in the predictor and the number of integration points in the interface elements. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Inverse/genetic method and its application in identification of mechanical parameters of interface in composite

In this paper, an inverse/genetic method for interfacial parameter identification is developed. The interfacial parameter identification process can be converted into an inverse approximation problem using the method which includes finite element method and genetic algorithms for searching solution. Based on the interfacial failure information obtained from experiment, the inverse approximation procedure identifying interfacial parameters is constructed by taking the advantages of genetic algorithms over traditional gradient-based search methods. The study indicates that a good prediction with relatively high accuracy of the interfacial parameters of real composite can be achieved with the proposed method. It seems that the proposed method is promising in solving a wide range of parameter identification problems in robust way.     

Modelling delamination onset and growth in pin loaded composite laminates

A three-dimensional (3D) finite element (FE) model is created with cohesive zone elements (CZE) to simulate a mechanically fastened [0°/90°]_s pin-loaded joint in a composite laminate. The model incorporates fully integrated solid elements in the pin-loaded area to accurately capture the high stress gradients. Contact based cohesive elements with a bilinear traction–separation law are inserted between the layers to capture the onset and growth of delamination. The stress distribution around the pin-loaded hole was verified with the widely used cosine stress distribution model. Results from the FE model show that delamination damage initiated at the point of maximum average shear stress at the 0°/90° interface. The delaminated area develops an elliptical shape which grows in a non-self similar manner with increasing pin displacement. It is concluded that a progressive damage model should be included to provide a full understanding of the failure sequence, work that the authors are currently engaged with.     

XFEM simulation of delamination in composite laminates

In this paper, the extended finite element method (XFEM) is extended to simulate delamination problems in composite laminates. A crack-leading model is proposed and implemented in the ABAQUS® to discriminate different delamination morphologies, i.e., the 0°/0° interface in unidirectional laminates and the 0°/90° interface in multidirectional laminates, which accounts for both interlaminar and intralaminar crack propagation. Three typical delamination problems were simulated and verified. The results of single delamination in unidirectional laminates under pure mode I, mode II, and mixed mode I/II correspond well with the analytical solutions. The results of multiple delaminations in unidirectional laminates are in good agreement with experimental data. Finally, using a recently proposed test that characterizes the interaction of delamination and matrix cracks in cross-ply laminates, the present numerical results of the delamination migration caused by the coupled failure mechanisms are consistent with experimental observations.     

Analysis of SMA composite laminates using a multiscale modelling technique

The present work deals with the analysis of smart laminates, obtained as stacking sequence of fibre‐reinforced composite laminae and composite shape memory alloy (SMA) layers. The behaviour of composite SMA (CSMA) laminate is studied developing a full micro–macro approach. In fact, a non‐linear 4‐node mixed interpolation of tensorial components (MITC4) laminate finite element, based on the first‐order shear deformation theory, is developed. The SMA layer constitutive relationship is determined solving a non‐linear homogenization problem at each non‐linear iteration of each time step for each integration Gauss point. Some numerical applications are developed in order to investigate the influence of the CSMA on the buckling behaviour of plates and on the transversal displacement control of plates subjected to different loading conditions. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.