基于锁相环的谐振筒式液体密度传感器检测系统

为实现液体密度的在线测量,设计了一种基于谐振原理的液体密度传感器检测系统,并进行了检测实验.液体密度传感器由薄壁短管式谐振筒和检测系统构成,所设计的检测系统以锁相环为核心,可实现无相差的频率跟踪,并由单片机对频率进行测量、控制和输出显示.实验测试结果表明:在1~5 k Hz频率范围内,检测系统能够实时跟踪谐振频率的变化,频率跟踪不确定度为0.01 Hz;20℃下的传感器系数K0、K1、K2分别为153.867 0 kg/m3、-3.321 4×106kg/(m3·s)、1.766 7×1010kg/(m3·s2).在密度为700~1 200 kg/m3的测量范围内,传感器综合测量精度为0.076%.     

导热增强型PVDF膜及其膜冷凝过程强化

为了增强PVDF膜的导热性能,将导热性能优异的短多壁碳纳米管(SMWCNTs)与PVDF共混制成疏水多孔膜.当SMWCNTs质量分数为0.2%时,PVDF膜的疏水性和机械性能都得到了明显提升,其导热性能从0.068 6 W/(m·K)提升到0.077 1 W/(m·K),在膜冷凝应用中的回收率和流量分别达到了17.39%和0.85 kg/(m~2·h),提高了膜冷凝过程的效率.     

采用多通道直冷板的两相循环冷却系统实验研究

本文搭建了以R1233zd(E)为工质的多通道直冷板两相循环冷却系统,并在冷凝温度为10、15、20 ℃,质量通量147~882 kg/(m2?s),热流密度7.73~39.75 kW/m2工况下对系统热力学循环和冷却性能进行实验研究。实验结果表明：质量通量上升,出口制冷剂焓值降低,热流密度上升,蒸发压力与出口制冷剂焓值升高。不同热流密度下冷板壁面温度随质量通量的变化趋势有所不同：当热流密度为7.73 kW/m2时,制冷剂质量通量由147 kg/(m2?s)增至735 kg/(m2?s),最大温差由2.9 K降至1.6 K;当热流密度为39.75 kW/m2时,最大温差由3.6 K增至5.2 K。不同质量通量下,换热系数随热流密度增加有不同幅度的升高：质量通量为147 kg/(m2?s)时,换热系数由1 843 W/(m2?K)增至4 528 W/(m2?K);而质量通量为588 kg/(m2?s)时,在相同条件下换热系数由1 536 W/(m2?K)增至3 569 W/(m2?K)。     

黄铜矿型三元合金CuGaTe2的热电性能

利用放电等离子烧结技术制备了三元半导体CuGaTe2。XRD分析结果表明,该半导体为单相化合物CuGaTe2,带隙宽度(Eg)约为1.0eV,与Ga2Te3(1.65eV)的带隙相比明显变窄。在701K时电导率达到1.6×104/(Ω.m)。电导率的显著提高与带隙变窄密切相关。晶格热导率占总热导率(κ)的主要部分,κ值由室温时的3.64W/(m.K)降低到701K时的1.1W/(m.K),并基本符合∞T-1关系,即声子散射基本受Umklapp过程控制。在701K时该三元化合物的最大热电优值ZT为0.49,而Ga2Te3在860K时的最大ZT值为0.16。     

温室气体全球变暖潜值的实验法评测

本文通过搭建模拟温室气体与大气中OH自由基等活性物种反应的实验装置,研究其大气化学特性,进而对全球变暖潜值(GWP)等环境影响指标进行评测。采用此装置,通过相对速率法测定了常见制冷剂1,1-二氟乙烷(R152a)与OH自由基在298 K和272 K的反应速率常数分别为(2.0±0.1)×104m3/(mol·s)和(1.37±0.02)×104m3/(mol·s),同时得到其红外吸收光谱。根据测试结果并利用现有计算模型得到大气寿命为1.4 a,辐射效率(RE)为8.4×10-12W/(m2·kg),20、100、500 a GWP分别为:474、129、37,与IPCC-AR5报告中的数据差异小于7%(测试误差范围内)。     

玻璃纤维的预处理及含量对硅质隔热材料性能的影响

以玻璃纤维、气相法白炭黑、TiO_2及结合剂为原料,采用干法成型工艺制备了玻璃纤维增强硅质隔热复合材料,系统研究了玻璃纤维预处理技术及其含量对材料导热性能及力学性能的影响,并且观察了其微观形貌。结果表明,纤维表面预处理可有效提高其在基体中的分散性,改善其与基体的界面粘结性;纤维最佳含量为20%;在200℃、500℃和900℃时其热导率分别仅为0.029W/(m·K)、0.033 W/(m·K)和0.043W/(m·K),耐压强度为1.38MPa;与未添加纤维的硅质隔热材料相比,热导率降低21%～28%,耐压强度提高了116%。     

α-Al_2O_3中空纤维支撑体的制备与表征

采用干-湿法纺丝技术制备了α-Al2O3中空纤维支撑体,系统研究了Al2O3/PESf(聚醚砜)原料比、焙烧温度、保温时间以及原料粒径等因素对支撑体结构性能的影响.优化的支撑体渗透性为4.09×10-5mol/(m2.s.Pa),弯曲强度为142.7 MPa,最大孔径与平均孔径分别为0.66μm和0.56μm.在该支撑体上合成了NaA分子筛膜,其水/乙醇分离因子>5 000,通量达7.37 kg/(m2.h).     

石墨化碳泡沫导热性能研究

以煤焦油基沥青为原料,在420～450℃的范围内热解制备中间相沥青,用所制得的沥青在6～8MPa的压力下升温发泡,保温一段时间,然后再经过碳化和石墨化制得一种性能优良的导热材料--碳泡沫,其导热系数最高可以达到110W/(m·K).讨论了沥青中间相含量、发泡时的压力、保温时间、升温速率对泡沫导热性能的影响:随着中间相沥青含量的增加,所制备的碳泡沫的导热系数明显提高,中间相由0%提高到100%时,导热系数由77.5W/(m·K)上升到110W/(m·K);发泡时保温时间的影响相对于成型压力更为明显,保温时间从1h提高到4h,导热系数会由85 W/(m·K)上升到100W/(m·K);发泡的压力对导热系数的影响不是很明显.     

Zn、Pr共掺In2O3陶瓷材料的高温热电传输性能

利用放电等离子SPS烧结工艺制备得到Zn、Pr共掺的In2O3多晶陶瓷材料。通过研究材料的热电传输性能和微观结构,发现共掺工艺对SPS烧结的In2O3陶瓷材料的传输性能有着显著的影响,其结构为多孔结构。低浓度共掺的样品在测试温度范围内能够得到较高的电导率(约100S/m)和热电势(约200μV/K)。其中试样In1.92(Pr,Zn)0.08O3的热导率973K最低为2.5W/(m.K),该样品可获得最高的热电功率因子3.5×10-4 W/(m.K2),对应其热电优值0.10。其性能表明利用放电等离子SPS烧结工艺制备的In2O3基陶瓷作为n型高温热电材料具有很好的潜力。     

气凝胶/硅酸铝纤维保温包装材料导热性能研究

目的利用气凝胶/硅酸铝纤维制备一种保温包装材料,并研究其导热性能。方法利用真空抽滤成型方法及微波加热的干燥方法制备保温包装材料,利用正交试验得到影响该保温包装材料的主要因素。结果导热系数测定结果表明,正交实验最佳配方的导热系数为0.0164 W/(m·K),符合温控包装要求。随着二氧化硅气凝胶加入量的增大,导热系数变小;在最佳体积密度范围51.29~55.09 mg/cm3内,材料的导热系数最低可达到0.013 W/(m·K)。结论文中方法扩大了气凝胶和硅酸铝纤维材料在包装行业中的应用范围,对于农产品包装具有一定现实意义。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from