瓜尔胶与甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯的接枝共聚合

以硝酸铈铵(CAN)为引发剂,采用溶液聚合法,制备了瓜尔胶与甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯的接枝共聚物(GGgGMA).研究了反应条件对接枝率的影响,在反应温度为50℃,瓜尔胶浓度为5g/L,硝酸铈铵占瓜尔胶单体质量分数为12%,甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯用量为4 mL,反应时间为6h时,接枝率达最大值,并对接枝共聚物用红外光谱FT-...     

聚丙烯微孔膜表面接枝聚合丙烯酰胺的改性研究

用化学方法在聚丙烯微孔膜表面接枝丙烯酰胺单体,分别考察了反应温度、单体浓度、反应时间和引发剂浓度等反应因素对接枝率的影响,红外光谱和扫描电镜证实了丙烯酰胺在聚丙烯微孔膜表面的接枝,水接触角测试显示接枝膜具有良好的亲水性,热分析表明接枝膜基本没有改变聚丙烯微孔膜的基体性质.实验发现当反应温度为60℃,单体浓度为10%,反应时间为4h,引发剂浓度为2.0×10-3mol/L时,获得最佳接枝效果.     

苎麻落麻纤维MMA接枝共聚的研究

本文研究了以硝酸铈铵为引发剂 ,MMA与苎麻落麻纤维进行非均相接枝共聚合反应 ;讨论了接枝率与铈离子浓度、单体浓度、温度的关系 ;试验结果表明 :在温度为 4 5℃ ,单体浓度为 1 5mol/L ,引发剂浓度为 4× 10 - 3mol L时 ,MMA与落麻纤维的接枝率达 187% ;接技后落麻纤维的单纤维强度保留率为 76 9% ,接枝纤维与环氧树脂及酚醛树脂的接触角变小 ,平衡吸水率下降。     

蔗渣木聚糖-丙烯酰胺/丙烯酸丁酯三元接枝共聚物的合成与表征

通过过硫酸铵引发丙烯酰胺、丙烯酸丁酯与蔗渣木聚糖接枝共聚,合成了蔗渣木聚糖-丙烯酰胺/丙烯酸丁酯三元接枝共聚物.考察了引发剂浓度、单体配比、反应温度和反应时间对单体转化率(C)、接枝率(G)、接枝效率(GE)的影响.得到较佳的反应条件为:过硫酸铵的浓度为0.043mol·L-1,m(蔗渣木聚糖):m(丙烯酰胺):m(丙烯酸丁酯)=4:3:1,55℃反应7h.用FTIR、SEM和XRD对原料和接枝共聚物结构进行了表征.     

氧化木薯淀粉与丙烯酸丁酯/醋酸乙烯酯的接枝共聚反应研究

以过硫酸铵为引发剂,以氧化后的木薯淀粉为接枝骨架,制备了氧化淀粉-丙烯酸丁酯-醋酸乙烯酯接枝共聚物.考察了氧化剂浓度对黏度及引发剂浓度、单体浓度、反应温度和反应时间对接枝率、接枝效率的影响.实验结果表明,在氧化剂浓度为0.04mol/L,引发剂浓度为9×10-3mol/L,单体浓度为1.0mol/L,反应温度为65℃,反应3h时,反应体系的接枝率和接枝效率较高.通过红外光谱对接枝共聚物进行了结构表征.     

薄膜反应器中UV光引发丙烯酰胺反相乳液连续聚合过程

报道了薄膜反应器在UV光直接引发丙烯酰胺(AM)反相乳液聚合中的应用。以OP-10/Span-80为复合乳化剂,环己烷为溶剂,在室温且不使用引发剂,采用UV光直接引发AM反相乳液聚合,所得聚合物相对分子质量达107。考察了单体浓度、光照强度、液体流量、转速等因素对聚合反应的影响。结果表明,单体浓度增加,聚合物相对分子质量提高,聚合速率先增加后减小;随着光强的增大,单体转化率和聚合速率增加,而聚合物相对分子质量下降;随着转速的增加,单体转化率和相对分子质量先增加后降低,当转速为300 r/min时达到最大值。通过调节转盘转速和原料流量得到最优停留时间。     

Fe2+-H2O2引发淀粉-二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵接枝共聚的研究

采用Fe^2 -H2O2氧化还原引发体系进行淀粉与二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵（DMDAAC）接枝聚合，制备了一系列分子中含有阳离子季铵基团的淀粉－DMDAAC接枝共聚物。研究了单体浓度，引发剂用量，反应温度对接枝体系的接枝率，接枝效率，单体转化率和阳离子度等因素的影响，探讨了Fe^2 -H2O2引发淀粉接枝DMDAAC共聚反应的基本规律。并用IR和^1H-NMR对接枝共聚物进行了分析表征。     

淀粉与丙烯酸乙酯接枝共聚物的合成与表征

以硝酸铈铵(CAN)为引发剂,研究了丙烯酸乙酯(EA)与玉米淀粉接枝共聚体系的自由基引发反应规律.实验结果得到较佳的反应条件为:单体浓度1.4939mol/L,引发剂浓度0.0293mol/L,AGU浓度1.1075mol/L,硝酸浓度0.02 mol/L,反应温度50℃,反应时间3h.在以上的反应条件下,转化率(C)可达98.64％,接枝率(G)可达34.92％,接枝效率(GE)可达74.55％.通过对接枝共聚产物的红外分析、核磁共振波谱分析、DSC分析及电镜扫描分析对产物进行了表征.结果表明,EA与淀粉发生了接枝共聚反应.     

(NH_4)_2S_2O_8-CO(NH_2)_2引发丙烯酸甲酯与明胶接枝共聚

研究了(NH_4)_2S_2O_8-CO(NH_2)_2新氧化还原体系引发丙烯酸甲酯、明胶接枝共聚,讨论了各反应参数如聚合温度、引发剂浓度、单体浓度、主链浓度及反应时间对接枝率、接枝效率、总转化率的影响。测定了接枝聚合物粘度及支链分子量。     

丙烯酰胺与熔喷聚丙烯非织造布的接枝共聚研究

本实验以熔喷聚丙烯非织造布为基材、KMnO4为引发剂、丙烯酰胺为单体,通过正交实验得到影响反应的优化条件;然后又讨论了各单因素条件对接枝共聚反应的影响变化规律;并对接枝产物的结构及润湿性能进行了分析.结果表明:接枝物的润湿性能明显改善,并且当KMnO4浓度为10*10-3mol/L、H2SO4浓度为0.3mol/L、预处理温度为50℃、单体浓度为0.4mol/L、接枝反应温度为50℃时接枝效果最好.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...