电冶熔铸WC/钢复合材料组织及碳化物演变的研究

采用电冶熔铸法制备了以GCr15轴承钢为基体,WC颗粒为硬质相的WC/钢基复合材料。借助金相分析、扫描电镜、X射线衍射、透射电镜及能谱分析等方法研究了该材料熔铸态显微组织结构及其演变过程。结果表明：随着加入WC含量和颗粒尺寸的不同,其凝固后组织结构不同。当加入10%WC时,WC颗粒大多溶解于钢液中,冷却后沿晶界析出断续网状复式碳化物,同时基体中析出细小的Cr7C3、β-WC1-x、Fe3W3C颗粒;当加入20%WC时,大颗粒WC外围部分溶解形成Fe3W3C反应层,钢基体中析出共晶碳化物;当加入35%WC时,显微组织主要是以γ-Fe＋WC、γ-Fe＋Fe3W3C共晶组织为主,多数呈树枝状和锚状,少数为不规则块状;当加入40%或50%WC时,WC颗粒基本保留原始形状且稳定不易溶解,多数呈三角状、矩形,均匀分布。     

等离子熔覆添加碳化钨的铁基合金涂层的研究

为了提高钢铁材料表面的硬度和耐磨性,采用等离子弧在Q235钢基体上熔覆添加50%镍包WC的Fe-Cr-B-Si合金粉末,制备了具有冶金结合的复合涂层.采用SEM、EDS、XRD等研究了涂层的组织,利用显微硬度计测试了涂层的显微硬度分布.结果表明:Q235钢表面经等离子熔覆形成的复合涂层中,WC颗粒部分溶解于铁基合金,WC颗粒与涂层界面形成厚达数微米的反应层,有效提高了涂层与WC的界面结合强度.涂层由基体组织γ-Fe枝晶,颗粒状WC、Fe3W3C、Fe6W6C、W2C等相组成,其显微硬度可达560～820HV0.2.     

WC溶解对WCp/钢基表层复合材料组织和性能的影响

利用V-EPC法制备了WC颗粒增强钢基表层复合材料.通过金相、扫描电镜、XRD、显微硬度及冲击磨料磨损性能测试等手段重点研究了在预制层中添加镍基自熔合金粉末(Ni6025 WC)后,WC在基体中的溶解对复合材料组织和性能的影响.结果表明,WC在复合层中全]溶解使复合层基体中出现珠光体,残留奥氏体,马氏体以及M6C型碳化物,经分析知该M6C型碳化物为Fe3W3C.本试验得到的试样显微硬度与同类WC/钢基表层复合材料相比显著降低,冲击磨料磨损下的体积磨损率也较高.这些均表明WC在基体中过度溶解和Fe3W3C在基体中的含量较多时,复合材料的性能较差.     

H13钢表面电火花沉积WC-Ni基金属陶瓷涂层微观组织及摩擦磨损性能

为了提高H13钢表面性能,延长其使用寿命,采用电火花沉积工艺在H13钢基体上制备了WC-Ni基金属陶瓷涂层,并分别以Ni和Mo作为过渡层制备了复合涂层.利用XRD、SEM、EDS、显微硬度计和摩擦磨损试验机分析了涂层的物相、微观组织、显微硬度和摩擦磨损性能.结果表明,WC-Ni涂层表面由溅射状沉积斑点堆积而成,横截面分为涂层区、过渡层和基体3个区域,WC硬质相弥散分布于涂层内.Ni/WC-Ni复合涂层的表面较为光滑平整,Ni过渡层的引入并未改变涂层的物相,界面处WC硬质相异常长大.Mo/WC-Ni复合涂层表面存在微细裂纹,且生成了新相Fe9.7Mo0.3.复合涂层的硬度均高于WC-Ni涂层,复合涂层的摩擦系数和磨损失重均低于基体与WC-Ni涂层,Mo/WC-Ni复合涂层具有更好的耐磨性.     

添加钨铁粉对WC/钢基表面复合材料界面及硬度的影响

采用真空铸渗工艺制备了WC/Cr15钢基表面复合材料,研究了在预置层中添加16.7 vol%钨铁粉对复合层的界面组织和基体硬度的影响。运用OM、SEM、XRD和显微硬度计对复合层的界面组织和基体硬度进行了分析。结果表明,添加16.7vol%钨铁粉改善了复合层的界面组织及力学性能的连续性,有利于降低应力集中,改善应力分布状态;反应层中形成过渡均匀分布的Fe3W3C相,使WC颗粒与基体之间形成组织过渡;复合层基体中形成弥散分布的Fe3W3C相,提高了复合层的基体硬度,增强了复合层基体的耐磨性及其对WC颗粒的支撑与固定作用。     

等离子熔覆WC-Ni/Fe梯度涂层的组织与性能

采用同轴送粉等离子熔覆工艺在Q235基体上制备了多层65%Ni60A-35%WC体积梯度涂层。采用OM、SEM、EDS、XRD等研究了涂层与基体、涂层与涂层的界面及组织特征,测量了涂层的硬度(HRC)。结果表明:涂层与基体界面处元素Cr、Ni由涂层向基体扩散;靠近界面约223μm范围内基体内的晶粒尺寸约长大了1.75倍;梯度涂层内部界面上层与层枝晶交错生长,形成联生结晶;梯度涂层由下至上的组织特征为:粗大树枝晶逐渐过渡为细小杂乱无方向性的致密组织;WC颗粒周围的Ni与基体Fe互熔,形成冶金结合;梯度涂层物相成分主要由Cr2Ni3、FeCr0.29Ni0.16C0.06、Fe3Ni2、CrFe7C0.45、BNi2、WC等组成;梯度涂层内硬度(HRC)值与65%Ni60A-35%WC体积分数成正相关关系。     

外加颗粒增强钢基复合材料的研究

采用离心铸造法获得了WC颗粒增强钢基复合材料环形件，其复合层厚度为15～18mm。分析表明：复合材料层的组织由大量的骨状的复式碳化物和针状马氏体基体组成；复合材料层中增强颗粒被高温钢液全部溶化，原位析出含W，Fe，Cr，Mo复式碳化物；基体合金被溶解的增强颗粒不同程度的合金化，复合层从外至内韧性升高、硬度降低，但梯度不大。     

WC增强镍基复合喷焊层的组织与磨粒磨损性能研究

采用扫描电镜、电子探针、X射线衍射和透射电镜技术分析了氧乙炔火焰喷焊WC增强镍基自熔性合金复合涂层的组织结构,并采用湿砂橡胶轮式磨粒磨损试验机对该涂层与等离子喷涂NiCr/Cr3C2涂层的磨损性能进行了实验比较.结果表明,复合喷焊层内形成了γ-Ni固溶体基体,其中弥散分布着大量细小的碳化物硬质相Cr3C2、B4C、Cr7C3、Cr23C6等.WC颗粒仅在边缘处发生部分溶解,与涂层基体形成了冶金结合,周围生成针状的碳化铬枝晶.该组织决定了喷焊层基体具有较高的硬度,WC增强颗粒与基体之间具有很高的结合强度.复合喷焊层具有很好的耐磨粒磨损性能,其磨损失重量仅为NiCr/Cr3C2涂层的57%.     

激光熔覆WC颗粒增强Ni基合金涂层的组织与性能

利用15 kW横流连续输出CO2激光器在CCS?B钢板上熔覆WC颗粒增强Ni基合金涂层,研究了不同WC颗粒含量下熔覆层组织形态和显微硬度的变化规律。结果表明,在激光熔覆Ni基合金与WC颗粒混合粉末的过程中,WC颗粒发生溶解并与周围元素相互作用形成低熔点共晶,析出后分别以树枝状、块状与粒状等形态存在;随着WC含量增加,熔覆层上部区域γ?Ni枝晶先粗化后变细,熔覆层下部区域枝晶组织持续增多且粗化。随WC含量增加,熔覆层平均硬度增加,WC质量分数为0%时,熔覆层平均硬度约为基体的3倍,当WC质量分数增加到30%时,熔覆层平均硬度可达到基体硬度的4倍。     

添加WC改善Ni3Al的焊接性能

Ni3Al金属间化合物是一种潜在的高温结构材料和耐磨材料,由于含有较多易氧化元素,它的焊接性能一直未得到有效的解决.本文研究了WC/Ni3Al复合材料焊条中的WC含量对焊接性能的影响.当焊条中不含WC时,Al大量被氧化,形成球形氧化物夹杂,焊接表面沿夹杂/基体界面出现细微裂纹.当焊条中含质量分数5%WC时,WC溶解,析出W2C,部分Al被氧化,基体转化成Ni3(AlTi)C,形成碳化物包裹氧化物/金属间化合物的复合材料.当焊条中的WC含量升高达到30%时,由于溶解C的保护作用,焊层中的Al不被氧化,可获得无裂纹的焊接面,形成碳化物/金属间化合物复合材料.     

Microstructure evolution of WC/Fe-based coating by plasma cladding

The composite coatings were formed by plasma cladding Fe-based alloy(Fe-Cr-B-Si) added 10%, 30% and 50%(mass fraction) nickel-clad WC respectively on Q235 steel. The microstructure evolution and microhardness of the coatings were investigated. The WC particles were completely melted into the composites coating when 10% WC was added, however, when 30% or 50% WC was added, only part of them could be melted in the coatings. Two significantly different solidification microstructures were found. When WC content is 10% or 30%, the microstructure is mainly dendrites and inter-dendrite eutectics, while when the content of WC reaches 50%, it becomes remained WC particles, Fe3W3C carbide faceted dendrite and eutectics hypereutectic structure. The microhardness of these three coatings reaches 560-600, 650-810 and 920-1 100 HV0.2 respectively, and is improved with the increasing of WC content.     

Characteristics of Fe-based WC Composite Coatings Prepared by Double-pass Plasma Cladding Process

The Fe-based WC composite coatings were clad on Q235 steel by double-pass plasma cladding method,in which the WC-Co(WC covered with cobalt:78wt%WC,12wt%Co)doping was about 10wt%,20wt%and 40wt%,respectively.The microstructure and wear performance of the composite coatings were investigated by X-ray diffraction(XRD),scanning electron microscope(SEM),energy dispersive spectrometer(EDS)and ball-disc wear tests.The results show that the clad coatings contain mainly?-Fe,WC and carbides(Cr23C6,Fe3W3C-Fe4W2C)phases and the precipitation of carbides increases with the increase of WC-Co doping content.The WC-Co doping content has an obvious effect on the microstructure of the clad coatings.For the clad coatings with low WC-Co doping,the microstructure gradually transforms from planar crystal at the interface of substrate/coating to cell/dendritic crystal at the middle and the upper portion of the coatings.But there are a number of fishbone-like structure at the middle and the upper portion of clad coating with 40wt%WC-Co doping.The microstructure at the top is smaller than that at the bottom for all the coatings.The maximum of hardness of the clad coatings is 72.3HRC which is about 6.9 as much as the hardness of Q235 steel substrate.The composite coatings have good wear resistance due to the reinforcement of carbide particles and the strong bonding between carbide particles and ferroalloy.The suitable increase of WC-Co doping content can improve the wear resistance of the composite coatings.     

WC/W_2C_P在NiCrBSi合金中的分解机理及其表面渗碳改性

为了抑制铸造碳化钨颗粒(WC/W2C P)在复合材料制备过程中的过度分解,利用SEM、EDS和XRD等测试手段对WC/W2C P在Ni Cr BSi合金中的分解机理及其表面改性渗碳处理进行了研究。结果表明,铸造碳化钨由WC和W2C两相组成,在Ni Cr BSi合金中WC相比W2C相具有更好的化学稳定性。在熔烧法制备WC/W2C P增强Ni Cr BSi基复合材料涂层的过程中,基体熔液和WC/W2C P发生元素互扩散;WC/W2C P中的化学稳定性差的W2C相与从基体熔液中扩散过来的Ni、Cr等元素反应生成了富W、Ni的碳化物,而化学稳定性好的WC相几乎完整的保留下来;基体中的Ni、Cr元素与从WC/W2C P中扩散过来的W、C元素形成了富W、Ni、Cr的碳化物在凝固过程中析出。经渗碳表面改性后,WC/W2C P表面形成了化学稳定性好的WC壳层,该壳层能有效抑制WC/W2C P在基体中的扩散分解,减少基体中碳化物的析出。     

Microstructures and mechanical properties of FeCoCrNi high entropy alloy/WC reinforcing particles composite coatings prepared by laser cladding and plasma cladding

FeCoCrNi HEA coatings with 20% mass fraction of WC reinforcing particles were prepared by two different cladding methods, laser cladding (LC) and plasma cladding (PC). The microstructure of HEA matrix and WC particles of LC and PC coatings were discussed respectively. For HEA matrix, dendritic morphology was observed in both coatings. For WC particles, a few granular (Cr,W)₂C carbides around WC particles in LC coatings, and a large number of crystal and fishbone Fe₃W₃C carbides around WC particles in PC coatings. Mechanical properties as hardness and wear resistance of the two kinds of coatings were also investigated. The interstitial solution strengthening effect of C element is stronger in PC coating, and the hardness of HEA matrix in LC coatings is twice that of in PC coating, which shows a strong retention force on WC particles. The friction coefficient of LC coating is lower and stable, with the volume wear rate of 0.7 × 10⁻⁵ mm⁻³/N·m, showing high wear resistance. PC coatings have poor wear resistance due to decarbonization and oxidation of WC particles and reduction of retention force of HEA matrix, with the volume wear rate of 8.29 × 10⁻⁵ mm⁻³/N·m. The wear mechanism of both coatings were also discussed.     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of 90WC-8Ni-2Mo2C cemented carbide developed by conventional powder metallurgy

In this paper, the microstructure and mechanical properties of a WC-Ni based cemented carbide with the addition of 2 wt% Mo₂C, processed by conventional powder metallurgy, was investigated. With the addition of only Mo₂C in the WC-Ni alloy system, the wettability between the WC and Ni binder phase was improved, which was confirmed by the increased density, hardness, fracture toughness and flexure strength of the cemented carbide obtained, which is superior than those observed in WC-10Ni cemented carbides and similar to those observed in WC-Co and WC-Ni-TiC-Mo₂C cemented carbides. Microstructural examinations of the developed cemented carbide 90WC-8Ni-2Mo₂C indicated that there was no excessive grain growth of the WC particles during sintering, confirming that Mo₂C is a grain growth inhibitor as effective as other carbides such as VC, TiC, Cr₂O₃, showing that the addition of only Mo₂C is able to improve the overall mechanical properties of the WC-Ni alloy system without sacrificing the toughness.     

电冶稀土WC钢结硬质合金中碳化物特征的研究

采用电渣熔铸冶金工艺,用回收的碳化钨钢结硬质合金作原料,再加入微量的稀土,制备了新型的钢结硬质合金。用透射电镜、扫描电镜、金相显微镜及X射线衍射等测试手段研究了新材料中的碳化物的特征。结果表明：在该材料的显微组织中存在原始颗粒区和扩散区。原始颗粒区组织中碳化物的特征是存在大量变化甚微的角状大尺寸原始WCp及具有明显反应层的长椭圆状WC颗粒,界面反应产物为Fe3W2C。在粗大碳化钨颗粒附近能够原位生成先共晶析出相（WC和W2C）,在较远处的钢基体中分布着细网状碳化物,同时有（Cr,Fe）7C3等条状复式碳化物生成;而扩散区主要细小W2C小颗粒、WC颗粒及再结晶W-Fe-C小颗粒组成。稀土的加入可提高WC颗粒分散性。     

截齿表面感应熔覆WC增强Fe基熔覆层的研究

采用高频感应熔覆技术在采煤机截齿前端表面制备高耐磨的WC增强Fe基熔覆层,结果表明:熔覆层与基体为冶金结合,组织主要为奥氏体、鱼骨状共晶体及少量WC,增强相由(Cr,Fe)7C3,WC,Fe3 W3C及Fe3C等组成,熔覆层厚度约2 mm,硬度达63.6HRC,显微硬度平均值为1 007.9HV0.3,耐磨性为基体的4...     

Wear-resistance and hardness: Are they directly related for nanostructured hard materials?

The major challenge in the field of cemented carbides and other hard materials is to obtain their better combination of hardness, wear-resistance and fracture toughness. It is well known that the dependence of abrasion wear on fracture toughness for WC–Co cemented carbides is represented by a relatively narrow band and it is hardly possible to “break away” out from it by the use of conventional approaches based on varying the WC mean grain size and Co content. Also, it is well known that the wear-resistance of conventional cemented carbides depends mainly on their hardness. The major objective of this paper is to establish what will happen with the wear-resistance of hard materials as a result of their nanostructuring when the hardness is nearly the same as for conventional WC–Co cemented carbides. The results obtained provide clear evidence that, if one enters the region of nanostructured materials with the mean grain size of less than 10 nm, traditional wisdom indicating that the wear-resistance is directly related to the hardness appears not to be valid. In some cases of such nanostructured materials, it can be possible to achieve the dramatically improved wear-resistance compared to that of conventional WC–Co cemented carbides at nearly the same level of hardness and fracture toughness. The abovementioned is based on considering hard nanomaterials of the following four types: (1) WC–Co cemented carbides with nanograin reinforced binder, (2) near-nano WC–Co cemented carbides, (3) cemented carbides of the W–C–Cr–Si–Fe system for hard-facing having a nanostructured Fe-based binder, and (4) CVD hard materials consisting of nanostructured W₂C grains embedded in a tungsten metal binder.     

初始成分对梯度硬质合金微观组织及脱β层厚度的影响

采用普通市售中颗粒Ti(C,N)粉末,以一步烧结法制备脱β层梯度硬质合金;利用显微组织分析和图像分析等手段,研究合金初始成分对其微观组织及脱β层厚度的影响规律。结果表明:当Ti(C,N)含量低于1.6%(质量分数)时,随着Ti(C,N)含量的增加,脱β层厚度明显增大,而当Ti(C,N)含量超过1.6%时,脱β层厚度呈缓慢缩小的趋势;随着钴含量的增加,脱β层的厚度迅速增大,但当钴含量达到10%(质量分数)左右时,在脱β层与芯部的界面处钴相聚集现象严重;总碳含量为6.51%(质量分数)的合金中WC晶粒度较大且呈规则的多边形,在1 450℃、2 h梯度烧结工艺下制备的脱β层厚度可达38μm左右,而总碳含量为6.23%的合金中WC晶粒度较小且呈等轴化趋势,同时脱β层的厚度仅为17μm左右。     

WC颗粒增强Ni基合金复合涂层的热处理组织变化

制备了Ni60B合金激光熔覆涂层、微米WC颗粒增强Ni60B合金激光熔覆涂层(WCm)和纳米WC颗粒增强Ni60B合金激光熔覆涂层(WCn),模拟干滑动磨损温升和磨损时间对激光熔覆涂层进行了100～900℃不同温度下的热处理,用扫描电镜、透射电镜和X射线衍射技术等分析了原始激光熔覆涂层的组织以及在不同温度处理后涂层的组织变化,研究了仅在热的作用下,有无WC颗粒强化对涂层组织变化的影响,以及微米WC和纳米WC不同颗粒增强对镍基合金涂层组织变化的作用。分析结果表明:激光熔覆Ni60B涂层随温度上升到700℃,Cr、Fe、C元素发生扩散,碳硼化物形态变化并发生晶型转变,在900℃时才有相析出现象。WCm涂层和WCn涂层随着温度的升高,Ni基固溶体中出现W和Cr、Fe、C的脱溶,各种形态的碳化物组织将发生不同形式的转化。纳米WC的加入使得WCn涂层组织过饱和度增大,出现上述变化的温度降低。