正火温度对Nb-V-Ti微合金化大截面锻材Q345E钢组织与韧性的影响

采用热膨胀法测定了Nb-V-Ti微合金化Q345E钢的相变临界温度Ac1和Ac3,使用45kW箱式电阻炉对实验钢进行了正火处理,利用光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、电子背散射衍射(EBSD)和透射电镜(TEM)观察了正火后试样的组织演变规律,分析了正火温度对组织与低温韧性的影响。结果表明,Q345E钢的Ac1约732℃、Ac3约871℃;当正火温度为820℃和850℃时,组织由针状珠光体和未发生重结晶的粗大原始铁素体构成,针状珠光体由针状奥氏体转变而来,相邻针状珠光体中的铁素体相具有相同的晶体取向特征;当正火温度不低于880℃时,组织由重结晶后的铁素体和珠光体构成,随正火温度的提高组织尺寸逐渐增大;当正火温度为820~940℃时,随正火温度的提高冲击功呈现先增加后降低的变化规律,组织类型、尺寸、形态和均匀性是影响大截面锻材Q345E低温韧性的主要因素。     

V、N含量和热处理对抗腐蚀油套管组织和性能的影响

研究了不同正火温度和不同V、N含量对1%Cr中碳钢的组织和力学性能的影响,结果表明,V、N含量提高,虽然增加了析出强化作用,但材料强度却随之降低,韧性大幅度提高。在950℃正火温度下较高V、N含量V3钢中的铁素体含量是较低V、N含量的V1钢中铁素体的6倍,而在850℃正火温度下V1钢中的珠光体晶粒尺寸是V3钢的3倍。随着正火温度提高,铁素体和珠光体含量均降低,贝氏体含量增加。因此可以看出增加V、N含量以及降低正火温度都有利于铁素体和珠光体组织转变。通过分析可知,未溶解的V(C,N)会阻碍奥氏体晶粒的粗化,并作为先共析铁素体的形核质点促进了铁素体转变,阻碍了贝氏体的形成,从而获得了具有良好抗腐蚀性能的铁素体+珠光体组织结构,并且使材料强度达到80ksi(552 MPa)。     

V和Si对珠光体车轮钢显微组织和力学性能的影响规律

利用光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)以及拉伸和冲击试验等方法研究了V(0.03%-0.12%)(质量分数,下同)、Si含量(0.32%-0.89%)对中碳(0.54%)珠光体车轮钢显微组织及力学性能的影响。结果表明:提高V含量细化了实验钢的奥氏体晶粒尺寸、珠光体团尺寸及其片层间距,并且提高了铁素体体积分数。随着V含量的提高,由于VC沉淀强化和细化晶粒的作用,室温屈服强度和-20℃冲击韧性得到改善;但软相(先共析铁素体)增多,室温抗拉强度降低。提高Si含量显著降低了铁素体体积分数和细化了珠光体片层间距,略细化奥氏体晶粒和珠光体团尺寸;Si也促进VC的析出但作用很小。Si主要以固溶强化和细化片层间距的方式提高屈服强度和抗拉强度。结合适中含量的V(0.07%-0.08%)微合金化和较高含量的Si(0.8%-0.9%)合金化,可以使中碳珠光体钢获得较好的强韧性匹配。     

利用纳米压痕表征高铁车轮微观相的力学性能

为了研究高铁车轮钢微观组织相的力学性能,利用纳米压痕仪对我国现行的CRH5型动车组车轮的微观组织进行纳米压痕测试,结果表明:该车轮钢微观组织相的纳米压痕硬度具有明显的尺寸效应,而弹性模量无明显的尺寸效应;具有不同宏观力学性能的轮辋及轮辐的微观组织的力学性能基本相同,说明宏观力学性能不仅与微观组织力学性能有关,还可能与微观相的晶粒取向等有关。通过本研究得出了该车轮钢中铁素体及珠光体的微观力学性能,有助于高速车轮钢力学性能的改善。     

马氏体板条控制单元对20CrNi2Mo钢韧性的影响

测试了不同淬火温度下20CrNi2Mo低碳钢的冲击韧性和断裂韧性,并使用OM、SEM、EBSD、TEM定量分析了试验钢的多层次组织。结果表明,在1200℃淬火处理的试样具有较好的韧性,断裂韧性和冲击韧性的最大增幅分别为43.58%和27.78%。同时,随着淬火温度的提高试验钢原奥氏体晶粒(dr)、马氏体束(dp)、马氏体块(db)增大,而马氏体板条(dl)略微减小。根据裂纹扩展路径和韧窝尺寸分析并结合Hall-Petch关系,证明了马氏体板条是韧性的有效控制单元。同时,根据EBSD应力分析揭示了裂纹扩展的塑性变形能,并计算了断裂韧性和冲击韧性在裂纹扩展过程中的能量关系。     

低温临界区退火时间对22MnB5钢组织和性能的影响

为了研究22MnB5钢在退火过程中的组织演变规律,细化热冲压成形后马氏体板条束,通过扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱分析、电子背散射衍射(EBSD)分析技术和拉伸实验等方法,研究了不同低温临界区退火时间对22MnB5钢显微组织和力学性能的影响,并阐述了不均匀奥氏体在退火过程中的转变机制及合金元素对粒状珠光体形成的影响.研究表明,经低温临界区不同退火时间保温及随后等温处理后,得到不同的珠光体形态,在770℃保温0.5 h,并在700℃等温处理后,得到铁素体基体上分布颗粒状碳化物的粒状珠光体组织;随着临界区保温时间的延长,奥氏体转变逐渐均匀,使部分奥氏体在随后的等温过程中发生共析转变,得到多边形铁素体+片层状珠光体组织.粒状珠光体组织有利于细化淬火后的马氏体板条束,提高综合力学性能.     

新型热轧低碳TRIP 钢的轧制工艺与疲劳性能

对比研究了现场不同工艺所得碳锰系车轮用钢及低碳低硅含磷铬系相变诱发塑性(TRIP)钢的力学性能、微观组织、疲劳性能和疲劳断口。结果显示,较传统碳锰系车轮用钢,新型TRIP钢具有相当的屈服强度,抗拉强度明显提高了100~150 MPa,疲劳极限提高了50~140 MPa。疲劳极限随抗拉强度的提高有增大趋势。铁素体、贝氏体、残余奥氏体组织较铁素体、贝氏体、珠光体组织和铁素体、珠光体、马奥岛组织具有更好的疲劳性能。     

热输入对E36钢SAW焊缝组织及韧性的影响

为提高建造海洋采油平台的效率、减少生产周期,进而为实际生产提供数据支持,采用3种不同热输入对海洋采油平台用E36钢进行埋弧焊焊接,通过光学显微镜(OM)、透射电镜(TEM)、扫描电镜(SEM)和电子背散射衍射技术(EBSD)对焊缝微观组织及夹杂物形貌进行了观察,研究了不同热输入对焊缝组织及韧性的影响,并分析了不同热输入对焊缝夹杂物尺寸分布和成分的影响.结果表明:热输入为50 k J/cm时,焊缝金属韧性较好;随着焊接热输入的增加,焊缝的冲击韧性降低,但仍能满足性能指标,焊缝金属中夹杂物成分相差较大,有效夹杂物数量减少,焊缝金属中大角度晶界比例减少;对于E36钢,热输入为160 k J/cm时不仅能使韧性符合要求还能提高生产效率.     

高速车轮钢表面激光熔覆铁基合金涂层的摩擦磨损性能

为了探究激光熔覆对高速车轮钢合金涂层摩擦与磨损性能的影响,利用LDM2500-60型半导体全固态激光器在高速车轮钢表面激光熔覆制备Fe基合金涂层。分别采用金相显微镜、能量色散X射线光谱仪、X射线衍射仪(XRD)分析了熔覆涂层的组织结构、元素分布以及物相,利用MM-2000高速摩擦试验机研究了高速车轮材料激光熔覆处理前后轮轨材料的摩擦磨损性能。结果表明:激光熔覆处理能有效改善车轮材料的抗磨损性能,熔覆涂层主要由γ-Fe、Cr7C3碳化物以及含铁固溶体等物相组成,涂层组织主要以树枝晶和共晶为主;车轮合金涂层的磨损速率相比基体材料降低了51%左右,车轮熔覆铁基合金后的轮轨磨损机制主要表现为轻微的磨粒磨损和氧化磨损。     

抗CO2腐蚀低Cr管线钢组织和性能研究

在管线钢中添加1%~5%(质量分数,下同)Cr可提高其抗CO2腐蚀能力,本工作重点研究了Cr含量对低Cr管线钢组织、力学性能、耐蚀性能及焊接性能的影响.结果表明:3%~5%Cr元素的添加可使钢的组织由铁素体加少量珠光体变为以贝氏体为主.1%以上Cr的加入即可提高钢的硬度、强度,同时保持良好的韧性.由于富Cr保护性腐蚀产物膜的形成,3%~5%Cr的添加可显著降低CO2全面腐蚀速率,并抑制局部腐蚀的发生.含1%~5%Cr的合金钢焊接接头具有较好的综合力学性能,但5%Cr钢焊接接头热影响区硬度偏高.     

夹杂物和晶粒尺寸对洁净车轮钢室温冲击韧度的影响

对洁净车轮钢在不同温度下进行正火处理,得到不同晶粒尺寸的显微组织,然后对车轮钢进行室温冲击试验,利用扫描电镜对冲击试样断口形貌进行观察,研究了夹杂物和晶粒尺寸对洁净车轮钢室温冲击韧度的影响。结果表明：部分车轮钢冲击试样以夹杂物起裂,夹杂物类型为Ti（C,N）,另一部分冲击试样断口起裂源处则未发现有夹杂物,但尺寸在10μm以下的Ti（C,N）夹杂物对车轮钢的冲击韧度没有明显的影响,而晶粒尺寸对车轮钢的冲击韧度有明显影响;其主要原因是室温下车轮钢冲击断裂的临界事件是微裂纹穿过晶界扩展引发解理断裂,因此晶粒尺寸是决定洁净车轮钢冲击韧度的主要因素。     

Investigation of small crack behaviour under cyclic loading in a dual phase steel with an FIB tomography technique

Damage accumulation is investigated in the early stage of fatigue life in a ferritic martensitic dual phase steel. Microcrack initiation and propagation are influenced by microstructure, such as grain boundaries, grain orientation and/or phase distribution morphology. The dominant crack initiation pattern is one in which microcracks are generated in a ferrite grain along slip bands inclined at a certain angle with respect to the loading direction. Subsurface observation with a focused ion beam (FIB) device and additional crystallographic characterization by means of the electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) technique show that a slip system having a high Schmid factor value is activated and results in a crack nucleus. The FIB tomography technique with the help of EBSD measurement allows a three‐dimensional investigation of small crack behaviour to be performed.     

Effect of Microstructure Refinement on the Strength and Toughness of Low Alloy Martensitic Steel

Martensitic microstructure in quenched and tempered 17CrNiMo6 steel with the prior austenite grain size ranging from 6 μm to 199 μm has been characterized by optical metallography （OM）, scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and transmission electron microscopy （TEM）. The yield strength and the toughness of the steel with various prior austenite grain sizes were tested and correlated with microstructure characteristics. Results show that both the prior austenite grain size and the martensitic packet size in the 17CrNiMo6 steel follow a HalI-Petch relation with the yield strength. When the prior austenite grain size was refined from 199 μm to 6 μm , the yield strength increased by 235 MPa, while the Charpy U-notch impact energy at 77 K improved more than 8 times, indicating that microstructure refinement is more effective in improving the resistance to cleavage fracture than in increasing the strength. The fracture surfaces implied that the unit crack path for cleavage fracture is identified as being the packet.     

两次淬火对HSLA钢组织和冲击韧性的影响

研究了两次淬火+回火和传统的一次淬火+回火热处理对HSAL钢的显微组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,在不显著降低强度的条件下,两次淬火使实验钢的冲击功明显提高,还改善了低温韧性和稳定性。两次淬火回火热处理可细化钢的组织,使原始奥氏体晶粒的尺寸和有效晶粒尺寸减小、大角度界面的密度和解离裂纹的扩展偏折频率提高。组织的细化和大角度晶界的增多抑制了裂纹的扩展,使韧性大幅度提高。     

Microstructure and properties of carbide free bainite railway wheels produced by programmed quenching

Abstract

A kind of carbide free bainite steel was used to produce railway wheels. The alloy design, manufacture process, microstructure and behaviours are summarised. The novel steel is distinctively superior in excellent combination of strength and toughness compared with the traditional pearlite type wheel steels. The details of the microstructure of novel steel have been investigated in nanoscale.     

X100级管线钢的组织和强韧性

用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、透射电镜和EBSD等方法研究了X100管线钢热连轧钢带的微观组织、析出物、晶粒尺寸等对X100管线钢强韧性的影响。结果表明,通过合理的成分设计和TMCP工艺得到的X100管线钢的平均有效晶粒尺寸约为2.38μm,晶内含有大量位错和亚结构;显微组织由粒状贝氏体、板条贝氏体和M/A岛组成,组织中粒状贝氏体含量较多,板条贝氏体含量较少,M/A岛尺寸较小,弥散分布;细小的第二相能有效钉扎位错的移动,产生沉淀强化效果;实验钢的抗拉强度高于970 MPa,屈服强度高于800 MPa,-40℃以上的Charpy冲击功大于250 J,韧脆转变温度在-40℃与-60℃之间。     

Microstructure of X52 and X65 pipeline steels

The microstructure of two commercial pipeline steels X52 and X65 was examined to provide a foundation for the understanding of the IGSCC mechanism of pipeline steels. Observation of the microstructure was carried out using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and an analytical electron microscope. The microstructure of X52 and X65 pipeline steels shows banding of pearlite rich and ferrite rich areas. The ferrite grains were about 10 μm in size with curved grain boundaries. There was carbide at the ferrite grain boundaries for X52 steel, and there was circumstantial evidence to suggest carbon segregation at the boundaries. The pearlite colonies were consistent with nucleation by a number of different mechanisms. This revised version was published online in September 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

含铜抗菌不锈钢拉伸过程中的微观组织演变EBSD分析

目的 研究含铜抗菌不锈钢拉伸性能,为工业生产中的成形工艺优化提供一定的理论依据。方法 在拉伸应变分别为5%、15%、30%、45%、60%、75%以及最后拉伸断裂时应变为81%条件下,采用岛津AGS-100KN万能拉伸试验机对含铜抗菌不锈钢进行拉伸试验。通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、电子背散射衍射仪(EBSD)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)表征分析含铜抗菌不锈钢拉伸断裂后的断口形貌以及拉伸过程中的微观组织演变。结果 含铜抗菌不锈钢抗拉强度最大值为587.523 MPa,应变最大值为81%。拉伸断口与拉伸方向呈45°开裂,呈杯锥状,断裂模式是韧性断裂。结论 随着应变的增大,低角度晶界逐渐增多,高角度晶界与孪晶逐渐减少,GOS值逐渐增大,Goss织构、S织构和R织构含量逐渐减少,Brass织构含量逐渐增加,拉伸断裂后的体积分数为23.3%。在拉伸后期,Copper织构和Brass织构含量较多,在拉伸过程中起到整体稳定协调微观组织作用的S织构不断减少,随应变的增大,组织内部协调变形加快,变形程度快速增大,从而导致S织构向Copper织构和Brass织构转变,出现板条状马氏体,存在应变诱发马氏体相变。位错滑移、形变孪晶和形变诱导马氏体等多种变形机制的共同作用使含铜抗菌不锈钢具有良好的塑性。     

Improvement of toughness of high chromium white cast iron: duplex ferritic-austenitic matrix

It is attempted to enhance the impact toughness of industrially used high chromium white cast iron (WCI) without sacrificing wear resistance. The microstructure is engineered by cyclic annealing to obtain features such as duplex grain matrix, where austenite envelops ferrite grain, refined M₇C₃ carbide. The newly cast and heat-treated alloy shows remarkable impact toughness i.e. 13J with improved wear resistance. The fracture micro-mechanism is studied through extensive scanning electron microscopy and it is ascertained that enhanced impact toughness results from crack arrest at duplex grain boundaries. A few other toughness enhancing features are also discussed. The results are compared with standard ASTM grade Class-III high chromium WCI and are found to be encouraging.     

In situ observations of crack propagation and role of grain boundary microstructure in nickel embrittled by sulfur

In situ observations of crack propagation in sulfur-doped coarse-grained nickel were performed for the specimens with grain boundary microstructure pre-determined by SEM/EBSD analysis. The role of grain boundary microstructure was studied in the crack propagation in nickel embrittled by grain boundary segregation of sulfur. It was found that the main crack tends to predominantly propagate along random boundaries, and the crack propagation rate can be locally accelerated at the grain boundary network with a high connectivity of random boundaries. On the other hand, the cracks can propagated along fracture-resistant low-Σ coincidence site lattice (CSL) boundary only when the trace of the grain boundary is arranged being almost parallel to slip bands in the adjacent grains. The local crack propagation rate was found to become lower when a crack propagated along low-Σ CSL boundaries. Moreover, when the crack propagation is inhibited by low-Σ CSL boundaries, the branching of propagating crack occurs at partially cracked triple junctions. The crack propagation can locally slow down due to the occurrence of crack branching. The optimum grain boundary microstructure for the control of sulfur segregation-induced brittle fracture is discussed on the basis of new findings obtained from the in situ observations on crack propagation and fracture processes in polycrystalline nickel.