基于最小熵DCFT的双基地SAR多普勒参数估计

多普勒参数估计是SAR成像技术研究中的一项关键技术,多普勒参数估计精度将直接影响机载双基地SAR系统成像质量,为了实现对感兴趣目标区域有效地成像,需要对回波信号的参数进行准确估计。本文提出基于最小熵的离散调频傅里叶法(DCFT),该方法基于线性调频信号,可同时估计多普勒质心和多普勒斜率,并用RD算法对双基地SAR仿真数据成像,通过仿真验证了该方法的性能。     

Estimation of doppler centroid frequency in spaceborne ScanSAR

Doppler centroid frequency is an essential parameter in the imaging processing of the Scanning mode Synthetic Aperture Radar （ScanSAR）. Inaccurate Doppler centroid frequency will result in ghost images in imaging result. In this letter, the principle and algorithms of Doppler centroid frequency estimation are introduced. Then the echo data of ScanSAR system is analyzed. Based on the algorithms of energy balancing and correlation Doppler estimator in the estimation of Doppler centroid frequency in strip mode SAR, an improved method for Doppler centroid frequency estimation in ScanSAR is proposed. The method has improved the accuracy of Doppler centroid frequency estimation in ScanSAR by zero padding between burst data. Finally, the proposed method is validated with the processing of ENVironment SATellite Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar （ENVISAT ASAR） wide swath raw data.     

太赫兹视频SAR多普勒中心估计方法

受外界因素影响,机载合成孔径雷达(SAR)的飞行航迹与理想状态相比往往存在偏差,同时平台导航系统精确度有限,故需要从回波数据中精确估计多普勒中心频率,从而进行距离走动校正。多普勒中心估计误差决定了距离走动的校正精确度,从而决定了合成孔径成像方位压缩效果,是影响SAR成像质量的关键。在机载太赫兹成像雷达系统中,对运动补偿精确度的要求达到了亚毫米级,从而对多普勒中心估计误差提出了更高的要求。传统的多普勒中心估计方法在正侧视或小斜视模式下具有良好的效果,但在具有一定斜视角的模式下往往偏差较大。为了在多模式下有效完成太赫兹视频SAR距离走动校正,本文基于实测数据结果,从传统的包络估计方法出发,探究了一种改进包络估计的多普勒中心估计方法。通过比较,本文所提出的改进包络估计方法在对太赫兹视频SAR正侧视模式回波数据的多普勒中心估计上与另外两种传统方法都具有很高精确度,但在本文所提方法扫描模式下对97%的图像都作出了较为精确的估计,精确度与鲁棒性明显高于另外两种传统方法。结果说明了本文所提出的多普勒中心估计方法具有更好的鲁棒性、更高的效率。这一工作有助于高频段SAR多模式下的成像研究。     

一种基于局域中心频率的SAR图像舰船方位向速度估计方法

针对现有船速估计算法大多数只能估计出舰船距离向速度的问题,该文提出一种基于合成孔径雷达(SAR)图像局域中心频率的舰船方位向速度估计方法。首先分析了动目标在SAR图像局域多普勒中心频率的变化规律,并推导了利用中心频率变化率估计目标方位向速度的理论公式。然后给出了根据SAR图像局域方位向功率谱的概率密度函数,利用最大似然估计算法估计中心频率变化率的方法。同时,对所提方法的精度与适用性应用性进行分析。最后,通过仿真和实测数据,将该方法的估计结果与直接计算调频率获得的结果进行对比分析。结果表明,相对于调频率法,该方法具有更高的估计精度,验证了所提方法的有效性。     

基于特征分解的方位向多通道SAR相位失配校正方法

作为实现高分辨率宽幅成像的重要技术手段之一,方位多通道合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar, SAR)近年来得到了广泛的研究与发展。在进行多通道数据重建之前,通道之间的传输特性必须校正一致,以避免图像中出现严重的虚假目标。在多通道SAR数据处理中,精确的基带多普勒中心估计对系统的通道失配校正和高分辨率成像具有非常重要的意义。但是单一通道数据的多普勒频谱混叠制约了传统基带多普勒中心估计算法在方位多通道SAR系统中的应用。基于特征分解处理,该文提出一种新的基带多普勒中心估计方法。该方法在推导过程中考虑了波束指向存在斜视的影响,能够实现方位多通道SAR系统基带多普勒中心和通道间相位误差的鲁棒估计。仿真实验和C波段方位向四通道机载SAR实验数据处理分析验证了算法的有效性。      

基于多普勒谱优化的HRWS SAR系统通道相位偏差估计算法

方位多通道SAR系统通过抑制多普勒模糊,能够实现高分辨率和宽测绘带(HRWS)对地观测。针对通道间幅相偏差会导致成像结果中出现目标模糊分量的问题,该文提出一种通道相位偏差估计算法。该算法利用通道间相位偏差会造成多通道重构方位谱在主瓣内展宽的特性,通过优化多谱勒谱能够实现通道相位偏差的有效估计。该算法在通道相位偏差估计前不需要进行多普勒中心估计,减小了由多普勒中心估计不准引入的误差,并且在低信噪比的情况下仍然具有良好的估计性能。基于仿真数据和实测数据的实验验证了该文算法的有效性。     

A NEW METHOD OF DOPPLER CENTROID ESTIMATION FOR SPACEBORNE SAR-AMPLITUDE CORRELATION METHOD

The linear relationship between Doppler centroid and range walking in spaceborne SAR data is analyzed, and a new method to estimate Doppler centroid is proposed, which is so called amplitude correlation method. Compared with clutter-lock method which is widely used now, the new method has much less computation burden and is able to give higher estimation accuracy for a quasi-homogeneous scene or a non-homogeneous scene. This is clearly verified by the experimental results of estimating Doppler centroid for SEASAT-A raw data.     

A spatially selective approach to Doppler estimation for frame-based satellite SAR processing

When Doppler centroid estimators are applied to satellite synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data, biased estimates are often obtained because of anomalies in the received data. Typical anomalies include areas of low SNR, strong discrete targets, and radiometric discontinuities. In this paper, a new method of Doppler centroid estimation is presented that takes advantage of principles such as spatial diversity, estimator quality checks, geometric models, and the fitting of a "global" estimate over a wide area of a SAR scene. In the proposed scheme, Doppler estimates are made over small blocks of data covering a whole frame, so that all parts of the scene are potentially represented. The quality of each block estimate is examined using data statistics or estimator quality measures. Poor estimates are rejected, and the remaining estimates are used to fit a surface model of the Doppler centroid versus the range and azimuth extent of the scene. A physical model that relates the satellite's orbit, attitude, and beam-pointing-direction to the Doppler centroid is used to get realistic surface fits and to reduce the complexity (dimensionality) of the estimation problem. The method is tested with RADARSAT-1 and Shuttle Radar Topography Mission X-band SAR (SRTM/X-SAR) spaceborne data and is found to work well with scenes that do have radiometric anomalies, and in scenes where attitude adjustments cause the Doppler to change rapidly.     

A new method of doppler centroid estimation for spaceborne SAR—Amplitude correlation method

The linear relationship between Doppler centroid and range walking in spaceborne SAR data is analyzed, and a new method to estimate Doppler centroid is proposed, which is so called amplitude correlation method. Compared with clutter-lock method which is widely used now, the new method has much less computation burden and is able to give higher estimation accuracy for a quasi-homogeneous scene or a non-homogeneous scene. This is clearly verifled by the experimental results of estimating Doppler centroid for SEaSAT-A raw data.     

基于椭圆轨道的Geo-SAR精确多普勒参数解析计算方法

该文综合考虑了轨道偏心率、地球扁率和地球自转三方面的因素,推导得出高精度星载SAR多普勒中心频率和多普勒调频率解析式。鉴于2维姿态导引对于Geo-SAR的必要性,进一步分析了姿态导引后和零姿态导引两种情况下的多普勒参数,为Geo-SAR的多普勒参数计算提供了实用且有效的方法。该文得到的多普勒参数解析计算式适用于任意轨道高度和任意姿态的星载SAR,且具备很高的精度。基于该结论,研究了运行于椭圆轨道的Geo-SAR多普勒中心和多普勒调频率特性。     

一种单星方位多通道高分辨率宽测绘带SAR系统通道相位偏差时域估计新方法

方位多通道合成孔径雷达(SAR)可有效抑制多普勒模糊以实现高分辨率宽测绘带(High-Resolution Wide-Swath, HRWS)成像。通道间的幅相误差以及位置测量误差都将影响多普勒模糊抑制性能。通过分析单星方位多通道SAR系统的通道相位误差特性,该文提出一种基于回波数据的通道相位误差时域估计方法。该方法首先利用相邻通道间的回波数据进行干涉处理,其干涉相位包含回波多普勒中心信息以及相邻通道间的相位偏差信息。然后利用循环相消方法消除通道间相位偏差的影响,提取出原始回波的多普勒中心。最后,通过对去除多普勒中心分量后的通道间干涉相位进行积分,即可得到各通道相对于参考通道的相位误差。该文方法不仅可以有效地估计通道间的相对相位偏差,还可对原始回波的多普勒中心进行有效地估计。仿真实验验证了该文算法的有效性。     

Application of the multiple PRF technique to resolve Dopplercentroid estimation ambiguity for spaceborne SAR

The range correlation technique for resolution of Doppler centroid estimation ambiguity for a spaceborne SAR is reviewed. A new technique using multiple pulse repetition frequencies (PRFs) is presented. An algorithm employing simple integer arithmetic for radar systems, such as moving target indicator radar (MTIR) systems, where the PRFs contain a large common divisor, is formulated. For SAR systems, where other performance factors control selection of the PRFs, an algorithm that uses PRFs of arbitrary numerical values is devised to resolve the ambiguity. The performance of this multiple PRF technique is analyzed using a statistical error model. An example is presented for the Shuttle Imaging Radar-C (SIR-C) C-band SAR     

星载SAR多普勒质心估记的新方法幅度相关法

本文分析了星载合成孔径雷达(SAR)多普勒质心与距离走动之间的线性关系,提出了一种估计多普勒质心的新方法幅度相关法。利用星载SEASAT-A SAR原始数据,讨论了该方法与目前最常用的杂波锁定法的差别。结果表明,采用幅度相关法具有运算量小和在准均匀或非均匀场景下估计精度高的优越性。     

Blind deconvolution for Doppler centroid estimation in highfrequency SAR

For high-quality SAR (synthetic aperture radar) processing, the Doppler centroid frequency is needed. However, SAR data are sampled along the azimuth direction at the pulse repetition frequency (PRF); the estimation of the Doppler centroid frequency by means of spectral analysis techniques may produce ambiguous results due to aliases. The mathematical expression of the residual error that occurs when SAR data are focused with an incorrect alias of the PRF is thus derived. Then, a blind deconvolution technique is used to estimate the actual PRF replica from the focused image. Squinted X-band data, corresponding to those that will be generated by the SIR-C mission, have been generated from the JPL-AirSAR L- and C-band data by means of an inversion of the focusing process. Even if the real data may show differences with respect to the simulated data, the blind deconvolution method appears to be more precise and robust than the other conventional techniques tested     

地球同步轨道星载SAR多普勒特性分析

该文推导了适用于任意轨道高度的星载SAR多普勒中心频率和调频率的精确公式,为中高轨SAR多普勒特性的研究提供了有效的方法。基于上述公式,分析了地球同步轨道SAR多普勒中心频率与低轨SAR的联系;研究了星载SAR多普勒调频率随轨道高度的变化和地球自转对同步轨道SAR和低轨SAR调频率的影响;探讨了同步轨道SAR多普勒中心频率和调频率的特征。通过数值仿真验证了推导公式和多普勒特性分析的正确性。     

PRF-ambiguity resolving by wavelength diversity

For high-precision synthetic aperture radar (SAR) processing, the determination of the Doppler centroid is indispensable. The Doppler frequency estimated from azimuth spectra, however, suffers from the fact that the data are sampled with the pulse repetition frequency (PRF) and an ambiguity about the correct PRF band remains. A novel algorithm to resolve this ambiguity is proposed. It uses the fact that the Doppler centroid depends linearly on the transmitted radar frequency for a given antenna squint angle. This dependence is not subject to PRF ambiguities. It can be measured by Fourier-transforming the SAR data in the range direction and estimating the Doppler centroid at each range frequency. The achievable accuracy is derived theoretically and verified with Seasat data of different scene content. The algorithm works best with low contrast scenes, where the conventional look correlation technique fails. It needs no iterative processing of the SAR data and causes only low computational load     

Optimal range and Doppler centroid estimation for a ScanSAR system

This paper presents a new range and Doppler centroid estimation algorithm for a ScanSAR system. This algorithm is based on processing the image data in the overlapped region of two bursts of the same beam or adjacent beams. It leads to highly accurate radar pointing angles that are paramount to achieving good radiometric performance in ScanSAR imagery. The achievable accuracy is derived theoretically and verified by tests performed using SIR-C ScanSAR data and ERS data. This algorithm is computationally efficient and easy to implement. The proposed Doppler centroid estimation algorithm is also an excellent candidate for a strip mode SAR system     

卫星姿态对星载SAR成象的影响

本文从卫星与地面目标之间的空间几何关系出发推导了多普勒参数(多普勒中心频率和多普勒调频率)与卫星轨道参数和姿态参数的关系式,并与从雷达信号中提取的参数值进行了比较;分析了各参数误差的灵敏度;提出了卫星姿态角误差分配原理。最后分析了由已知的多普勒中心频率反算姿态参数的可行性。     

一种用于海洋要素反演的机载SAR多普勒中心偏移计算方法

多普勒中心偏移是合成孔径雷达(SAR)反演海面风场、海表流场的重要参数。该文针对机载正侧视提出一种多普勒中心偏移计算方法,分别利用载机运动状态数据和海洋探测回波数据计算多普勒中心频率,再作差求解多普勒中心偏移,并在多普勒谱分析中加入小波分析去除噪声的影响来提高计算精度。以CDOP经验模型计算结果作为比对真值,机载SAR飞行探测试验结果表明,9组探测数据多普勒中心偏移计算误差的绝对值均小于2 Hz,均方根误差为1.4 Hz,满足海洋环境要素反演的精度要求。实验表明高精度的平台运动状态数据和探测回波数据是多普勒中心偏移海洋应用的关键。      

Doppler frequency estimation and the Cramer-Rao bound

Addresses the problem of Doppler frequency estimation in the presence of speckle and receiver noise. An ultimate accuracy bound for Doppler frequency estimation is derived from the Cramer-Rao inequality. It is shown that estimates based on the correlation of the signal power spectra with an arbitrary weighting function are approximately Gaussian-distributed. Their variance is derived in terms of the weighting function. It is shown that a special case of a correlation-based estimator is a maximum-likelihood estimator that reaches the Cramer-Rao bound. These general results are applied to the problem of Doppler centroid estimation from SAR (synthetic aperture radar) data