An acoustic model of the respiratory tract

With the emerging use of tracheal sound analysis to detect and monitor respiratory tract changes such as those found in asthma and obstructive sleep apnea, there is a need to link the attributes of these easily measured sounds first to the underlying anatomy, and then to specific pathophysiology. To begin this process, we have developed a model of the acoustic properties of the entire respiratory tract (supraglottal plus subglottal airways) over the frequency range of tracheal sound measurements, 100 to 3000 Hz. The respiratory tract is represented by a transmission line acoustical analogy with varying cross sectional area, yielding walls, and dichotomous branching in the subglottal component. The model predicts the location in frequency of the natural acoustic resonances of components or the entire tract. Individually, the supra and subglottal portions of the model predict well the distinct locations of the spectral peaks (formants) from speech sounds such as /a/ as measured at the mouth and the trachea, respectively, in healthy subjects. When combining the supraglottic and subglottic portions to form a complete tract model, the predicted peak locations compare favorably with those of tracheal sounds measured during normal breathing. This modeling effort provides the first insights into the complex relationships between the spectral peaks of tracheal sounds and the underlying anatomy of the respiratory tract.     

Spectral characteristics of sound transmission in the humanrespiratory system

The amplitude of sound transmission from the mouth to a site overlying the extrathoracic trachea and two sites on the right posterior chest wall over the 100-600 Hz frequency range was measured in eight healthy adult subjects. An acoustic driver and a rigid tube were employed to introduce sound into the mouths of the subjects at resting lung volume, and the transmission measurements were performed using lightweight accelerometers. Similar spectral characteristics of acceleration were observed in all of the subjects showing peaks in the transmission. These characteristics included 1) two regions of increased transmission over the frequency range of the measurements, 2) a decrease in the magnitude of acceleration of the chest wall as compared to the tracheal site of roughly 20 dB at lower frequencies, 3) a strong trend of decreasing acceleration of the chest wall with increasing frequency. These spectra agreed favorably with the predictions of a theoretical model of the acoustical properties of the respiratory system. The model suggests the primary structural determinants of a number of the observed characteristics including the importance of the lung parenchyma in sound attenuation.     

舰船尾流中气泡的主动声反射/散射模型

用声反射和折射定理分析气泡与水的分界面处入射声波的反射与折射作用,振动类比电路和气泡的多阶谐振公式分析气泡的声散射作用,建立尾流中气泡的主动声特性模型.通过分析尾流中气泡的主动声反射/散射模型,为后续的多个气泡及尾流的主动声反射/散射模型奠定基础.     

Phase delay of pulmonary acoustic transmission from trachea tochest wall

The frequency-dependent propagation time, or phase delay tau (f), of sonic noise transmission from the trachea to the chest wall was estimated over the 100-600 Hz frequency range using a phase estimation technique from measurements performed on eight healthy subjects. Since tau (f) can be greater than one period of the input signal at frequencies greater than 100 Hz, the unambiguous phase estimate at 100 Hz was used as a starting-point to determine the phase angle H(f) and tau (f) at higher frequencies under the constraint that the spectra did not exhibit large point-to-point discontinuities. The resulting tau (f) range of 0.9-4.1 ms is consistent with sound propagation to the chest wall through both airways and surrounding parenchyma. The frequency and spatial dependence of tau (f) indicates that with increasing frequency more sonic energy travels further into the branching airway structure before coupling into the parenchyma. These results suggest that information concerning distinct regional lung structures may be obtained by probing the system acoustically over selected frequency bands.     

水下声信号激光探测技术研究

水下声信号激光探测技术采用了激光接收技术。它在空气中利用光波,而在水中利用声波,把两种最佳的信道和物理场结合了起来,是遥感探测水下声信号的一种比较理想的方法。水下声信号在水空气界面会引起表面波动而对打在水表面处的激光束进行幅度调制。利用直接光强检测方法可以检测受水下声信号调制的激光信号。本文在理论分析的基础上通过试验验证了激光探测水下声信号技术的可行性,同时对水下声信号光电探测存在的问题进行了探讨并提出了相应的解决途径。     

水下声信号红外激光探测的光线分析

水下声信号在水-空气界面会引起表面波动而对打在水表面的激光进行调制。利用直接光强检测方法可以检测到受水下声信号调制的激光信号,本文用光线分析理论模型证明了利用激光进行水下声波探测的可行性。     

Bubble Architectures for Locally Resonant Acoustic Metamaterials

Soft acoustic metamaterials that embed soft materials in a host media have promising applications in aqueous environments. However, the preparation of soft metamaterials under water and realization of low‐frequency soft acoustic metamaterials remains a challenge. By combining 3D printing technology and surface hydrophobic properties, this work presents a general approach to construct 3D soft acoustic metamaterials using bubbles as resonator units. Low‐frequency broadband locally resonant metamaterials can be realized using patterned bubbles with bandgaps that are orders of magnitude wider than other locally resonant metamaterials. In addition, a water‐to‐air ultratransmission metasurface is prepared by patterning a layer of bubbles beneath the water surface, which allows for the ultratransmission of sound across an air–water interface. This strategy opens up promising avenues for many applications based on locally resonant metamaterials such as deep subwavelength acoustic superlenses or negative‐refraction metamaterials.     

Asthmatic airways obstruction assessment based on detailed analysis of respiratory sound spectra

This paper concerns the analysis of adventitious sounds produced by individual asthmatic patients, and relates the sounds to the degree of airways obstruction at the moment of sound recording. In this study, airways obstruction is represented by a parameter commonly used in clinical tests, the forced expiratory volume in one second. A nonrestrictive approach using spectral information in detail is followed, resulting in a fairly high resolution of respiration sounds with respect to airways obstruction. The beneficial effect of a power raising transformation is presented, together with an illumination of the background of this effect.     

基于SAW 技术的高精度频率测量仪设计与实现

设计了一种基于现场可编程门阵列(FPGA)等精度测频与自动增益控制(AGC)电路的高精度声表面波测量仪,该测量仪通过声表面波传感器采集声波并转化为电信号,通过AGC电路与施密特触发器对信号限幅、整形,将其转化为可测频率的方波,最后利用FPGA测频电路实现对频率的测量,并将结果传送至单片机显示。测试结果表明,该测量仪能测量频率100 Hz~100 kHz的信号,系统的最大测量误差为1.2%,测频范围广,精度高,稳定性好。     

参量换能器收发电路设计

介绍了超声波参量换能器的工作原理,设计了一种声学参量换能器结构、超声波发射电路和声波接收电路。发射电路由正弦信号产生电路、功率放大电路和补偿电路等组成,声波接收电路由前置放大电路和带通滤波电路组成,并利用NI公司的6024E数据采集卡进行数据采集。理论分析表明,当原波信号为87 kHz时,利用该收发电路可以较好地实现参量阵差频信号的发射与接收。     

一种改进的水下光击穿声辐射计算方法

为了从理论上对光击穿辐射声波进行定量描述,在点源模型的基础上提出了一种改进的水下光击穿声辐射计算方法,利用波动方程和水下爆炸理论求解单点击穿的辐射声波,并推导了多点击穿的辐射声波。从理论上对多点击穿的声压波形、声源级、传播特性和指向性进行了定量计算,并通过实验数据对比进行了验证。结果表明,计算与实验结果是一致的,证明了该方法的正确性和有效性;当激光能量从0.1J增大至0.8J时,声源级从182.4dB增至188.2dB;当激光能量高于0.3J时,声源级变化很小;在垂直等离子柱体的方向上声波辐射最强,在等离子柱体方向辐射最弱,所有方向上声波强度均与距离的平方成反比。     

Acoustic transmission of the respiratory system using speechstimulation

Two methods for the analysis of the acoustic transmission of the respiratory system are presented. Continuous speech utterance is used as acoustic stimulation. The transmitted acoustic signal is recorded from various sites over the chest wall. The AR method analyzes the power spectral density function of the transmitted sound, which heavily depends on the microphone assembly and the utterance. The method was applied to a screening problem and was tested on a small database that consisted of 19 normal and five abnormal patients. Using the first five AR coefficients and the prediction error of an AR(10) model, as discriminating features, the system screened all abnormals. An ARMA method is suggested, which eliminates the dependence on microphone and utterance. In this method, the generalized least squares identification algorithm is used to estimate the ARMA transfer function of the respiratory system. The normal transfer function demonstrates a peak at the range of 130-250 Hz and sharp decrease in gain for higher frequencies. A pulmonary fibrotic patient demonstrated a peak at the same frequency range, a much higher gain in the high frequency range with an additional peak at about 700 Hz.     

直管谐振式低频压电声能量回收系统

为了高效回收环境中的声能,基于阵列式压电换能器、直管谐振腔以及能量回收电路提出了一种声能量回收系统.当声波进入直管谐振腔,管中产生谐振驻波作用于压电换能器,将声能转换为电能.本文设计了能量回收电路并且进行理论、仿真分析实验研究了压电振子数量、声波频率、声压级对输出电压的影响,分析了负载电阻对输出电压及功率的影响.实验结果表明,该装置可回收不同频率的声能量,在声波频率为96Hz时发电效果最优.当入射声压级为110dB时,不使用能量回收电路,输出交流电压有效值最高达12.9V,输出交流功率最高达到799μW;使用设计的能量回收电路,最高输出直流电压为64.2V,最高输出直流功率为473μW.该声能量回收系统不仅可以作为声能量采集器,还能对无线传感节点等独立工作的微型电子系统供能.     

尾流中气泡的主动声特性模型及有限元分析

尾流中气泡的主动声学特性是主动声探测和声波在尾流中传播的理论基础。分析入射声波在空气与水的分界面的反射/折射特性和气泡在受迫振动条件下的散射,建立尾流中气泡的主动声学特性的弹性薄球壳模型。对气泡模型运用有限元分析得到气泡的谐振频率,与理论值比较验证了模型的正确性。     

Localizing Lung Sounds: Eigen Basis Decomposition for Localizing Sources Within a Circular Array of Sensors

Lung disorders or injury can result in changes in the production of lung sounds both spectrally and regionally. Localizing these lung sounds can provide information to the extent and location of the disorder. Difference in arrival times at a set of sensors and triangulation were previously proposed for acoustic imaging of the chest. We propose two algorithms for acoustic imaging using a set of eigen basis functions of the Helmholtz wave equation. These algorithms remove the sensor location contribution from the multi sensor recordings using either an orthogonality property or a least squares based estimation after which a spatial minimum variance (MV) spectrum is applied to estimate the source locations. The use of these eigen basis functions allows possible extension to a lung sound model consisting of layered cylindrical media. Theoretical analysis of the relationship of resolution to frequency and noise power was derived and simulations verified the results obtained. Further, a Nyquist’s criteria for localizing sources within a circular array shows that the radius of region where sources can be localized is inversely proportional to the frequency of sound.The resolution analysis and modified Nyquist criteria can be used for determining the number of sensors required at a given noise level, for a required resolution, frequency range, and radius of region for which sources need to be localized.     

An investigation of acoustic-to-seismic coupling to detect buriedantitank landmines

When an acoustic wave strikes the ground surface, energy is coupled into the motion of the fluid/solid frame comprising the ground. This phenomenon is termed acoustic-to-seismic (A/S) coupling In the ground, the Biot Type Il or Biot slow waves travel with a speed well below the speed of sound in air. The porous nature of the ground causes the entering acoustic wave to bend toward the normal and the acoustic wave propagates downward into the ground. When an object is buried a few cm below the ground surface, it distinctly changes the A/S coupled motion. These changes can be sensed by measuring vibrational particle velocity on the ground surface. Taking advantage of a noncontact remote measurement technique, the A/S coupling measurements for antitank landmine detection are conducted using a laser Doppler-vibrometer (LDV). Recent field measurements in both calibration and blind mine lanes and the resulting data analysts, which demonstrate the effectiveness of this technique, are described in this paper     

声导航自行小车研究

采用特定频率的声音信号作为声源对小车进行导航,使小车能够通过接收和处理声信号以确定声源方向和位置,并行进至声源处的功能。其中,用硬件滤波电路对声信号进行滤波处理,由FPGA计算声信号到达的时间差,单片机计算出声源偏离小车的角度和距离并产生PWM波驱动电机运转。在行进过程中,小车可以自主追踪移动声源,修正移动路径。准确到达声源处是声导航自行小车的重点和难点。     

The estimation of tube wall compliance using acoustic inputimpedance

An acoustic-electric analog and transmission line theory have been used to examine acoustic wave propagation in a tube with a compliant wall. The input impedance (i.e., input pressure-flow) has been simulated using a distributed element model. A relative minimum and maximum, denoted by fr and f2, respectively, that are independent of tube length have been identified theoretically and confirmed experimentally from input impedance measurements on a compliant tube. A method has been devised which uses measured values of fr and f2 to deduce the tube wall properties from the theoretical model. This method has been validated on a tube with known wall properties determined using standard methods. In practice, the input impedance is measured through a short section of rigid connecting pipe. In this case fr remains constant while f2 is reduced. This reduction can be accounted for by the volume compliance of the gas within the lumen of the rigid pipe. The theory could have useful applications such as estimating the wall properties of the airways from noninvasive measurements made through the mouth.     

漫射界面矩形扁平空间的混响时间计算

所谓矩形扁平空间就是指高度远小于宽度和长度的长方体空间,也可以称作二维空间。虽然高度比较小,但是其相对于声波波长来说仍然比较大。这样的空间内的声场一般不是完全的扩散声场或者自由声场,传统的处理声场的理论,例如赛宾公式,并不能很好地处理这种情况。对于完全漫射界面,一种可行的处理方法是采用辐射度算法。将计算机图形学中的辐射度算法加以改进,提出改进的声学辐射度算法,并且用这一算法计算一个矩形扁平空间的混响时间(RT)和早期衰减时间(EDT)。此外还分析了声源位置、接收点位置、界面吸声和空气吸声的影响。     

多DSP火炮声探测系统设计与实现

针对火炮发射阵地的侦察与探测,利用声学定位技术,设计并实现了一种基于TMS320C6713多片.DSP为核心的火炮声探测系统。提出了该系统的设计方案,说明了硬件电路的详细组成并进行了功能描述,重点阐述了以多DSP算法为核心的火炮声探测软件设计。本系统采用相关峰精确插值算法(FICP)和优化线性调频Z变换(MCZT)算法,提高目标时延估计,采集气象信息对时延差进行修正,有效实现了对火炮发射波、爆炸波的特征提取和定向。在实际使用中验证了系统的可靠性和探测精度。