自适应蒙特卡洛法评定全站仪测距不确定度

全站仪测距精度的校准需要在标准基线场上进行,由于野外环境不可控和气象条件波动剧烈,因此判断全站仪的测量结果的可靠程度具有重要意义。为了解决全站仪测距不确定度评定模型的非线性和输入量强相关等问题,本文首先采用了自适应蒙特卡洛法进行不确定度评定,然后与GUM的不确定度评定结果进行对比,当测距距离为1 176 m时,自适应蒙特卡洛法评定的不确定度结果为2.2 mm,GUM为2.6 mm,结果显示两种不确定度评定方法的测量结果均在合理预期之内,且自适应蒙特卡洛法评定的不确定度置信区间更窄。自适应蒙特卡洛法结合了大量数据样本和自适应优化仿真次数的优势,不仅对全站仪测距过程中的各项误差源引入的不确定度分量评估更为全面,而且在保证了全站仪测距不确定度评定结果准确的同时,相比于蒙特卡洛法节约了70%的样本数量。     

380~780 nm总光谱辐射通量量值导出及不确定度评定

叙述了光源380~780 nm总光谱辐射通量量值导出的基本原理。该量值基于测量灯的总光通量及用变角辐射计测量灯的光谱辐射强度相对分布,溯源至总光通量国家基准和高温黑体光谱辐射照度国家基准。总光谱辐射通量量值导出的不确定度主要影响因素包括总光通量、光谱辐射标准灯、光谱辐射计自身特性、变角辐射计(机械部分)和测量系统重复性,扩展不确定度U=3.3%~1.6%, k=2。     

Solid laboratory calibration of a nonimaging spectroradiometer

Field-based nonimaging spectroradiometers are often used in vicarious calibration experiments for airborne or spaceborne imaging spectrometers. The calibration uncertainties associated with these ground measurements contribute substantially to the overall modeling error in radiance- or reflectance-based vicarious calibration experiments. Because of limitations in the radiometric stability of compact field spectroradiometers, vicarious calibration experiments are based primarily on reflectance measurements rather than on radiance measurements. To characterize the overall uncertainty of radiance-based approaches and assess the sources of uncertainty, we carried out a full laboratory calibration. This laboratory calibration of a nonimaging spectroradiometer is based on a measurement plan targeted at achieving a 相似文献   

CMM尺寸测量的不确定度评定模型研究

研究了坐标测量机(CMM)尺寸测量的不确定度评定方法。建立了符合ISO国际标准的测量不确定度评定黑箱模型。利用测量系统分析的方法,对6项量值特性指标引入的不确定度分量进行量化分析或实验标定,依据产品几何技术规范给出了各不确定度分量的评定模型。最后,通过工件直径测量的不确定度评定实例验证该方法的可行性。实验结果表明CMM尺寸测量的不确定度主要来源是偏倚和线性,不确定度分量为1.88μm,是所有其他分量合成的2倍以上,而温度补偿引入的不确定度分量仅为0.04μm,在实际测量中可忽略不计。     

气相色谱法测定肉品中六六六、滴滴涕残留量不确定度分析的简易模型

对气相色谱法测定肉品中六六六、滴滴涕残留量的不确定度进行分析,找出影响不确定度的因素,以及它们的相互关系,建立不确定度评估简易模型,以便适用、有效、快捷地评估此类分析的测量不确定度。并通过对各个不确定度分量的分析计算,然后计算出合成不确定度和扩展不确定度。这一不确定度分析模型简单、易懂、有效,有较强的参考价值。     

Improved entrance optic for global irradiance measurements with a Brewer spectrophotometer

A new entrance optic for a Brewer spectrophotometer has been designed and tested both in the laboratory and during solar measurements. The integrated cosine response deviates by 2.4% from the ideal, with an uncertainty of +/- 1%. The systematic uncertainties of global solar irradiance measurements with this new entrance optic are considerably reduced compared with measurements with the traditional design. Simultaneous solar irradiance measurements between the Brewer spectrophotometer and a spectroradiometer equipped with a state-of-the-art shaped diffuser agreed to within +/- 2% during a five-day measurement period.     

探测器响应度不均匀性对测量LED平均发光强度的影响

使用响应度分布不均匀的探测器来测量光分布不均匀LED的平均发光强度时,其测量结果可能会引入显著的测量误差。设计实验装置对3种不同类型的探测器的响应度分布进行测量,结果表明带光漫射器的光度探测器响应度均匀性很差,这样的光度探测器用于测量一种白光LED平均发光强度时,响应度不均匀引起的测量误差可达2.0%。类似于光谱失配修正方法,给出了对探测器响应度不均匀性评价的方法以及响应度不均匀性评价因子c的表达式,并建议在进行LED平均发光强度测量时,应避免使用带光漫射器的光度探测器。     

测量不确定度与测绘学精度

测量不确定度评定理论已经是其他学科公认的测量可靠性评价规范,而测绘学科仍然一直沿用传统的精确度评价理论.通过对传统测量理论及不确定度理论核心思想原理的回顾,联系测绘生产实践中的具体事例,从概念定义、误差认识论、测量可靠性评价理念、测量仪器评价等角度,对测量不确定度理论和测绘学精度理论进行比较,指出测量不确定度和测绘学精度评定的内在联系与区别,阐明不确定度理论较传统的精确度理论的科学性和在测绘学科推广不确定度评定理论的必要性.     

Quality assurance and quality control methodologies used within the Austrian UV monitoring network

The Austrian UVB monitoring network is operational since 1997. Nine detectors for measuring erythemally weighted solar UV irradiance are distributed over Austria in order to cover the main populated areas as well as different levels of altitude. The detectors are calibrated to indicate the UV-Index, the internationally agreed unit for erythemally weighted solar UV irradiance. Calibration is carried out in the laboratory for determination of spectral sensitivity of each detector, and under the sun for absolute comparison with a well-calibrated, double-monochromator spectroradiometer. For the conversion from detector-weighted units to erythemally weighted units a lookup table is used, which is calculated using a radiative transfer model and which reflects the dependence of the conversion on the solar zenith angle and total ozone content of the atmosphere. The uncertainty of the calibration is about +/-7%, dominated by the uncertainty of the calibration lamp for the spectroradiometer (+/-4%). The long-term stability of this type of detectors has been found to be not satisfactory. Therefore, routinely every year all detectors are completely recalibrated. Variations of the calibration factors up to +/-10% are found. Thus, during routine operation, several measures take place for quality control. The measured data are compared to results of model calculations with a radiative transfer model, where clear sky and an aerosol-free atmosphere are assumed. At each site, the UV data are also compared with data from a co-located pyranometer measuring total solar irradiance. These two radiation quantities are well correlated, especially on clear days and when the ozone content is taken into account. If suspicious measurements are found for one detector in the network, a well-calibrated travelling reference detector of the same type is set up side-by-side, allowing the identification of relative differences of approximately 3%. If necessary, a recalibration is carried out. As the main aim for the Austrian UV monitoring network is the information of the public about the actual levels of UVB irradiance, the measurement results are published on-line in the Internet (http://www.uibk.ac.at/projects/uv-index). For the previous day and backwards approximately 2 years, the distribution of maximal UVB levels over Austria is shown on a regional map. Additionally, near real-time data of most of the measurement stations are presented with a delay of usually less than half-an-hour. Together with these actually measured data there is also shown the diurnal variation of the maximal expected value of the UV-Index under ideal clear conditions.     

生活饮用水3M Petrifilm~(TM)菌落总数测试片法的不确定度评定

对3M PetrifilmTM菌落总数测试片法检测生活饮用水中菌落总数的测量结果进行了不确定度评定,评述了引起测量结果不确定度的主要因素,对样品稀释及方法精密度因素进行了详细评价,并对单一样品重复测量10次及30个样品每个样品平行测量2次的两种情况,分别进行了重复性标准偏差评价。结果显示:单一样品重复测量时,测量结果的不确定度主要由样品稀释和重复性标准偏差引起,扩展不确定度U95为20CFU/mL,k=2;多个样品每个样品平行测量2次时,测量结果的不确定度主要由重复性标准偏差引起,在95%的置信度时,扩展不确定度U(lgxj)为0.093,k=2.75。     

紫外辐射计的波长定标及不确定度分析

限于常规汞灯谱线法波长定标的局限性,构建了紫外辐射计波长定标装置,研究了紫外辐射计波长定标的物理过程和测量链,并对紫外辐射计中臭氧十二个吸收波长进行了光谱定标,通过对定标影响量的分析和计算,得到定标影响量的测量不确定度和波长定标合成标准不确定度,其中波长定标合成标准不确定度为0.026nm,同时通过光学CAD分析和实验验证紫外辐射计的光谱带宽可以达到1.0nm.应用自行构建的紫外波长定标装置较好地完成了紫外辐射计臭氧吸收谱线的定标工作,满足了臭氧反演所需的波长精度要求和光谱带宽要求.     

生活饮用水3M Petrifilm^TM菌落总数测试片法的不确定度评定

对3M PetrifilmTM菌落总数测试片法检测生活饮用水中菌落总数的测量结果进行了不确定度评定,评述了引起测量结果不确定度的主要因素,对样品稀释及方法精密度因素进行了详细评价,并对单一样品重复测量10次及30个样品每个样品平行测量2次的两种情况,分别进行了重复性标准偏差评价。结果显示：单一样品重复测量时,测量结果的不确定度主要由样品稀释和重复性标准偏差引起,扩展不确定度U95为20CFU/mL,k=2;多个样品每个样品平行测量2次时,测量结果的不确定度主要由重复性标准偏差引起,在95%的置信度时,扩展不确定度U（lgxj）为0.093,k=2.75。     

一种闪光动态参数校准方法

建立了闪光测量理论模型,提出了一种利用亮度阶跃信号校准闪光动态参数的方法,分析了闪光持续时间、动态亮度和闪光强度测量误差的来源,阐述了通过静态亮度和时间参数实现闪光动态参数量值溯源的方法。利用LED光源发出的亮度阶跃信号测定了闪光测量系统的阶跃响应,分别计算了闪光参数的各误差分量,推导了测量不确定度计算公式,测量了氙灯闪光参数并给出了测量不确定度。结果表明该方法可实现闪光动态参数的计量校准和量值溯源。     

模拟示波器垂直位移线性误差的测量不确定度

介绍了模拟示波器垂直位移线性误差指标测量不确定度的分析和评价。讨论了影响垂直位移线性误差测量不确定度的主要误差来源,包括信号源幅度误差、示波器读值误差、读值重复性的影响等;通过一个实际评价例子,给出了垂直位移线性误差测量不确定度分析和评价结果。     

测量不确定度在烟尘测试仪检定中的应用

测量结果不确定度的应用范围很广,从原则上说,在给出任何测量结果的同时均应该给出测量结果的不确定度。不确定度按其获得的方法分为A、B两类评定分量,若要得到某测量结果的不确定度,必须根据其仪器、设备、实验方法、人员素质、环境条件等因素提出完整的数学模型。本文依照具体情况给出本实验测量结果的不确定度。     

Bayesian decision threshold, detection limit and confidence limits in ionising-radiation measurement

Based on Bayesian statistics and the Bayesian theory of measurement uncertainty, characteristic limits such as the decision threshold, detection limit and limits of a confidence interval can be calculated taking into account all sources of uncertainty. This approach consists of the complete evaluation of a measurement according to the ISO Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM) and the successive determination of the characteristic limits by using the standard uncertainty obtained from the evaluation. This procedure is elaborated here for several particular models of evaluation. It is, however, so general that it allows for a large variety of applications to similar measurements. It is proposed for the revision of those parts of DIN 25482 and ISO 11929 that are still based on conventional statistics and, therefore, do not allow to take completely into account all the components of measurement uncertainty in the calculation of the characteristic limits.     

基于多源融合理论的机床圆度误差测量不确定度评定

圆度误差是评价机床加工精度的重要指标.为实现机床圆度误差测量不确定度的评定,对基于球杆仪测量的机床圆度误差的贡献因素及不确定度评定方法进行研究.首先,采用最小二乘法(least sqaure method,LSM)对圆度误差进行评定.然后,基于黑箱理论提出了多源融合误差测量不确定度评定方法.接着,根据球杆仪测量机床圆度...     

Röntgenographische Spannungsermittlung: Meß- und Auswertestrategien und deren Auswirkungen auf die Resultate

Stress Analysis by X-Ray Diffraction: Measurement and Evaluation Procedures and Their Contribution to the Results The quality of measured results depends not only on the definite accuracy but also on the expression of the uncertainty of measurement. Furthermore such a statement is recommended for an accredited laboratory. In the present paper the uncertainty of measurement in residual stress analysis by means of x-ray diffraction is investigated for different samples, different evaluation methods and different data acquisition strategies. The uncertainties calculated by the computer turned out to have hardly no validity. The peak evaluation method which yields the smallest uncertainty was determined. The real uncertainty depends on the given problem, on the data acquisition time and on the peak evaluation method. The selection of the different measurement options (number of Ψ-angles, step width, number of single measurements, etc.) is of secondary importance.