基于移动agent的能量平衡环形路由算法

由于无线传感器网络(WSNs)自身的特点,将移动agent(MA)用于WSNs可以解决诸多网络问题.提出一种基于MA的能量平衡环形路由算法(EBRRMA),网络首先建立节点到sink节点的最小跳数链路,形成环状跳数梯度,为MA提供路由和工作空间;然后MA在梯度环内以记录迁移路径方式和最小延时策略完成环内巡游,融合节点数据并找到环内能量最多的节点;最后MA通过此节点与sink节点通信链路将融合信息回传并且休眠和等待下一次工作.该算法引入MA技术来降低网络能耗和时延,利用梯度环中能量最多的节点提供MA所需能量以及数据回传路径,以达到网络能量平衡.仿真表明,此路由算法可以有效地平衡网络能量,延长网络寿命.与DD路由相比,该路由算法节能效果显著.     

基于移动Agent的能量平衡螺旋形路由算法

针对节点均匀分布的无线传感器网络,提出一种基于移动Agent（MA）的能量平衡螺旋形路由（EBSRMA）算法.网络首先以定向扩散方式建立全网最小跳数梯度环.然后MA从最外环开始,以最短延时策略和优先访问外环策略为迁移原则,并通过访邻、标轨和找源3种方法完成网络的螺旋形路由.最后MA将迁移过程中收集的全网数据带回给Sink节点.仿真表明：EBSRMA可以有效平衡网络能量、延长网络寿命以及提高数据收集率.与定向扩散（DD）路由算法相比,该路由算法节能效果显著.     

基于REPBR跳数效用转发的改进路由算法

针对基于压力的水下无线传感器网络路由协议数据包传输路径距离过长、能量消耗不均衡等问题,提出一种基于REPBR跳数效用转发的改进路由算法。采用一种效用函数策略即加入剩余能量、节点间的跳数和链路质量3种因子解决能量消耗不均衡的问题,引入最小跳数算法获取节点到sink节点的跳数值,在数据包转发阶段综合比较路由效益选择最佳转发节点。仿真结果表明,改进后算法相比REPBR、EEDBR、DBR有较小的网络时延,提升了数据包的转发效率,提高了网络性能。     

基于模糊综合评判的多sink最优路由算法

基于模糊综合评判,提出一种针对无线传感器网络的多sink最优路由算法。考虑路径最小剩余能量、路径最小平均链路质量和节点到sink的跳数等因素,通过路由发现、数据传输和路由更新3个过程,得到节点到多个sink的分布式路由。OMNeT++仿真结果表明,该算法能延长网络生存期,提高数据包交付率,并将路由建立时发送的数据包数量控制在尽量少的范围内。     

一种SRIO网络负载均衡最短路径路由算法

在串行RapidIO传输过程中,路由选路算法是影响传输性能的重要因素之一。针对串行高速输入-输出(SRIO)网络深度优先搜索分配路径非最优问题,提出一种负载均衡最短路径路由算法。通过广度优先搜索对SRIO网络中的节点进行枚举并建立网络拓扑信息,以路由跳数定义路由的成本,根据改进Floyd-WarShall算法计算并保存交换节点间的K最短路径。给出预期负载的概念和链路上的路由路径数量来定义链路的负载,采用负载均衡算法从K最短路径中进行选路,建立SRIO网络最短路径约束的负载均衡路由。实验结果表明,与深度遍历路由算法、最小跳数算法相比,该算法在网络传输平均跳数、链路平均负载和链路负载均衡方面有更好的表现,能够有效提升SRIO路由网络的稳定性。     

基于蚁群的无线传感器网络能量均衡非均匀分簇路由算法

无线传感器网络(WSN)路由中,节点未充分考虑路径剩余能量及链路状况进行的路由会造成网络中部分节点网络寿命减少,严重影响网络的生存时间。为此,将蚁群优化算法与非均匀分簇路由算法相结合,提出一种基于蚁群优化算法的无线传感器非均匀分簇路由算法。该算法首先利用考虑节点能量的优化非均匀分簇方法对节点进行分簇,然后以需要传输数据的节点为源节点,汇聚节点为目标节点,利用蚁群优化算法进行多路径搜索,搜索过程充分考虑了路径传输能耗、路径最小剩余能量、传输距离和跳数、所选链路的时延和带宽等因素,最后选出满足条件的多条最优路径,完成源目的节点间的信息传输。实验表明,该算法充分考虑路径传输能耗和路径最小剩余能量、传输跳数及传输距离,能有效延长无线传感器网络的生存期。     

蓝牙Mesh网络AODV路由改进算法

蓝牙Mesh网络使用泛洪进行多跳通信,在没有路由机制的情况下,由于消息的连续广播,原有泛洪机制会导致网络开销增大和通信延迟。本文基于能量有效的AODV改进算法E-AODV使用MATLAB进行仿真,根据跳数、节点剩余能量、链路质量来选择最优节点进行数据包的转发。仿真结果表明,E-AODV算法可减小蓝牙Mesh网络中RREQ数据包传输数量,通过与传统泛洪、AODV算法比较,该算法能够有效降低数据包传输时延,降低网络能耗,提高网络性能。     

基于网络拓扑优化的WSN最小跳路由算法

以节能为主要目标,基于最小跳路由的思想提出一种基于网络拓扑优化的WSN最小跳路由算法——MH-TO算法。该算法采用折半匹配的功率调整策略对网络拓扑进行优化,并引入“塔模型”实现节点的最小跳信息的学习,使得信息包路由时沿着最小跳的路径向sink节点传送。理论分析和仿真实验结果表明,与基于最小跳数场的自组织路由算法相比,该算法能够降低能量消耗并均衡能量负载,从而显著延长网络的生存期。     

面向无线传感器网络能量均衡的地理位置路由方法

针对地理位置的无线传感器网络路由算法往往只注重地理信息的不足,提出了一种融合节点能量的多径路由算法。算法采用地理位置和能量信息建立三维坐标系,根据邻居节点有效向前距离和剩余能量大小来计算下一跳的概率值,进行路由选择。使能量消耗分散在有效向前推进距离较远的邻居节点之中,延长了网络生存时间,减小并推迟了路由"空洞"的出现。仿真结果显示,区域内节点死亡数、节点存活数和路由"空洞"数等相对TPGF算法均有较大改善,验证了算法的有效性。     

一种分级的无线传感器网络路由算法设计

提出了一种分级的路由算法,分为路由建立、路由维护和周期性链路评估三个部分。该算法根据节点到汇聚节点的跳数将节点分级,根据级数建立和维护路由。还提出了基于路径最小节点能量信息的路由选择策略,该策略应用在路由建立、路由维护和周期性链路评估三个模块中,理论上延长了传感器网络的寿命。     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.     

Editorial: Special issue on recent advances in hybrid control theory and applications

正The demands of a rapidly advancing technology for faster and more accurate controllers have always had a strong influence on the progress of automatic control theory.In recent years control problems have been arising with increasing frequency in widely different areas,which cannot be addressed using conventional control techniques.The principal reason for this is the fact that a highly competitive economy is forcing systems to operate in regimes where     

Information for Authors

正Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)areedited by the international board of distinguished Chinese andforeign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest devel-opments and achievements in scientific research in China andoverseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulateand promote academic exchange between Chinese and for-eign scientists everywhere.     

Enhancing a leaf radiative transfer model to estimate concentrations and in vivo specific absorption coefficients of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b from single-needle reflectance and transmittance

The relative concentrations of different pigments within a leaf have significant physiological and spectral consequences. Photosynthesis, light use efficiency, mass and energy exchange, and stress response are dependent on relationships among an ensemble of pigments. This ensemble also determines the visible characteristics of a leaf, which can be measured remotely and used to quantify leaf biochemistry and structure. But current remote sensing approaches are limited in their ability to resolve individual pigments. This paper focuses on the incorporation of three pigments—chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total carotenoids—into the LIBERTY leaf radiative transfer model to better understand relationships between leaf biochemical, biophysical, and spectral properties.Pinus ponderosa and Pinus jeffreyi needles were collected from three sites in the California Sierra Nevada. Hemispheric single-leaf visible reflectance and transmittance and concentrations of chlorophylls a and b and total carotenoids of fresh needles were measured. These data were input to the enhanced LIBERTY model to estimate optical and biochemical properties of pine needles. The enhanced model successfully estimated reflectance (RMSE = 0.0255, BIAS = 0.00477, RMS%E = 16.7%), had variable success estimating transmittance (RMSE = 0.0442, BIAS = 0.0294, RMS%E = 181%), and generated very good estimates of carotenoid concentrations (RMSE = 2.48 µg/cm², BIAS = 0.143 µg/cm², RMS%E = 20.4%), good estimates of chlorophyll a concentrations (RMSE = 10.7 µg/cm², BIAS = − 0.992 µg/cm², RMS%E = 21.1%), and fair estimates of chlorophyll b concentrations (RMSE = 7.49 µg/cm², BIAS = − 2.12 µg/cm², RMS%E = 43.7%). Overall root mean squared errors of reflectance, transmittance, and pigment concentration estimates were lower for the three-pigment model than for the single-pigment model. The algorithm to estimate three in vivo specific absorption coefficients is robust, although estimated values are distorted by inconsistencies in model biophysics. The capacity to invert the model from single-leaf reflectance and transmittance was added to the model so it could be coupled with vegetation canopy models to estimate canopy biochemistry from remotely sensed data.     

Mr. Twinn’s bombes

This article discusses the history and design of the special versions of the bombe key-finding machines used by Britain’s Government Code & Cypher School (GC&CS) during World War II to attack the Enigma traffic of the Abwehr (the German military intelligence service). These special bombes were based on the design of their more numerous counterparts used against the traffic of the German armed services, but differed from them in important ways that highlight the adaptability of the British bombe design, and the power and flexibility of the diagonal board. Also discussed are the changes in the Abwehr indicating system that drove the development of these machines, the ingenious ways in which they were used, and some related developments involving the bombes used by the U.S. Navy’s cryptanalytic unit (OP-20-G).