基于自助法的无失效小样本可靠性评估

提出一种参数Bootstrap方法,解决无先验信息情况下的无失效小样本可靠性评估问题.高可靠性长寿命零件的实验结果往往是无失效小样本,对其可靠性评估是一个难题,特别是在缺乏先验信息的情况下,也难以使用较成熟的Bayes评估方法.Bootstrap方法通过计算机仿真原始样本产生大量新的自助样本,充分利用现场试验数据.本文改进原始Bootstrap方法,使其适用于无先验信息的情况下的无失效小样本分析,并通过实例验证该方法的有效性.     

增长因子动态模型法Bayes可靠性评定

对于寿命分布为指数分布的可靠性增长试验,将历史数据进行折合,从而运用Bayes方法对失效率进行评估具有重要的意义.研究了增长因子折合法,针对可靠性增长多阶段试验的特点,对采用延缓纠正的可靠性增长模式进行分析,结合AMSAA模型,建立增长因子的动态模型,通过历史数据获得增长因子.运用数据折合和共轭分布,获得当前阶段的验后分布,然后,对多阶段可靠性增长的失效率作Bayes估计,给出了失效率的无偏估计和置信下限.最后通过实例给出了运用该方法进行分析的基本步骤,结果表明该方法具有一定的适用性.     

基于物理统计模型的车载IGBT振动疲劳寿命评估研究

在新能源乘用车车载环境中,受路面不平整度和发动机转动的影响,IGBT模块面临着振动疲劳失效的风险。为保证IGBT模块在使用过程中的可靠性,对其振动疲劳寿命进行评估具有重大意义。IGBT模块内部结构复杂,无法直接对其进行纯物理模型上的振动疲劳寿命评估。为此,文章提出了一种IGBT模块振动疲劳寿命的评估方法,其首先通过加速试验获取IGBT模块在高振动量级下失效的寿命数据;再基于威布尔分布的寿命分布统计模型获得模块在实际工况下的可靠性寿命分布,进而获取模块在实际应用中的可靠性寿命数据。试验结果表明,该方法可以有效预估IGBT模块在批量投入使用过程中的失效率,为合理管控应用风险提供保障。     

基于性能退化分析的电连接器可靠性评估

某型电连接器具有寿命长、可靠性高的特点,传统的基于失效寿命数据的可靠性评估方法行不通。提出了基于性能退化分析的可靠性评估方法,给出了进行评估的一般步骤,并以温度为加速应力设计了该型电连接器的加速退化试验。分析了电连接器的接触失效机理,进而推导出退化模型,估计出了样品的伪寿命值。利用Anderson-Darling统计量确定寿命分布类型为对数正态分布,对寿命分布函数和Arrhenius加速方程的参数值进行了极大似然估计,推导出了该型电连接器在工作温度下的可靠度函数,得出t0.9为244 240h。     

退化数据驱动的设备剩余寿命在线预测

为在线预测单台服役设备的可用剩余寿命,提出一种融合先验退化数据和设备自身现场退化数据的剩余寿命预测方法。建立符合非线性Wiener过程描述的设备退化模型,利用先验数据采用极大似然法估计模型中的未知参数,使用贝叶斯方法融合新增的现场退化数据实时更新模型参数,进一步实现对设备实时剩余寿命评估。数值仿真和实例计算的结果表明,与固定参数法相比,该方法能够根据现场退化数据不断更新设备剩余寿命分布,进而更好地体现设备的个体差异,显著降低剩余寿命分布的不确定性。     

电子系统性能可靠性仿真评估

针对无失效数据条件下复杂电子设备的系统可靠性评估问题,提出了一种基于电路单元性能的仿真评估方法。首先,确定组成系统的电路功能单元模块,根据单元性能参数与系统输出性能的逻辑关系,建立系统性能可靠性仿真模型;然后,通过性能数据的统计分析估计各单元的性能分布参数,根据分布参数获得性能数据的随机抽样值,由抽样结果仿真得到系统的输出性能数据;最后,统计仿真结果获得系统输出性能参数的失效比例,进而实现系统的性能可靠性评估。通过一个实例验证了该方法的有效性和实用性。     

基于贝叶斯的智能电能表可靠性评估方法

针对具有高可靠、长寿命特点的智能电能表,应用加速退化试验方法进行可靠性评估是一种有效的方法。开展加速退化试验过程中,在高加速应力激发下,一方面可观测到智能电能表的性能退化,也可能出现智能电能表的整表失效。如何融合智能电能表加速寿命试验过程中的整表失效数据、性能退化数据转化得到的伪寿命数据,从而进行智能电能表的综合可靠性评估,是智能电能表可靠性评估急需解决的问题。本文研究提出基于贝叶斯方法的智能电能表可靠性评估方法,给出融合智能电能表的整表失效数据、伪寿命数据的数据处理方法及计算模型,探讨了伪失效数据计算方法、整表失效数据与伪失效寿命数据相容性检验方法等。     

证据理论在Bayes可靠性评估中的应用

提出了一种基于D-S证据理论的Bayes可靠性评估方案,很好地表达和利用了Bayes方法中的"不确定的"先验信息。在无替换定数截尾试验样本下,研究了指数寿命型产品的可靠性指标的估计问题,提出了可靠性评估的两种方法 :通过融合可靠性指标的后验分布进行综合评估和通过融合可靠性指标的后验置信区间进行综合评估。数值实例表明,利用所提出的方法得到的评估结果是"谨慎的"和合理的。     

电子元器件加速退化寿命评估方法研究

基于退化轨迹的评估方法是退化型产品进行可靠性评估的主要方法,适合于对具有退化失效机理的高可靠长寿命产品进行可靠性评估;基于退化轨迹的可靠性评估方法首先选取合适的退化轨迹模型,利用退化数据对退化轨迹进行模型拟合得到模型参数,然后根据退化轨迹外推得到伪失效寿命,最后基于伪失效寿命利用最小二乘法进行统计分析确定产品的失效分布,并通过假设检验的方法选择拟合度最优的分布;本文以大功率开关的加速退化试验数据为例进行了分析和说明.     

混合Ⅱ型截尾样本下简单步加试验的统计分析

将Bootstrap方法引入到加速寿命试验中,在产品寿命服从Rayleigh分布的情形下,研究混合Ⅱ型截尾简单步加试验的可靠性统计分析问题,获得了参数的极大似然估计和区间估计,给出了正常应力水平下可靠度、失效率、平均寿命等可靠性指标的估计方法,最后利用Monte-Carlo方法验证了结论的正确性和可行性。     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.