不同质量浓度低聚果糖和低聚半乳糖对发酵乳品质的影响

研究不同质量浓度低聚果糖和低聚半乳糖对发酵乳在发酵期和贮藏期内乳中菌落活菌数、滴定酸度和黏度的影响。结果表明：在发酵期低聚果糖（QHT-90 FOS）对发酵乳中乳酸菌活菌数的增殖作用要显著高于低聚半乳糖（QHT-60 GOS）,在QHT-90 FOS质量浓度为1.5 g/100 mL的样品中,12 h时瑞士乳杆菌（Lactobacillushelveticus）MB2-1活菌数可达到4.44×109 CFU/g,而不同质量浓度和结构的低聚果糖和低聚半乳糖对样品滴定酸度和黏度的影响差异不显著;此外在4 ℃发酵乳贮藏期间,QHT-90 FOS对L. helveticus MB2-1有一定保护作用,在QHT-90 FOS质量浓度为1.5 g/100 mL的样品中,贮藏14 d后,活菌数仅减少11.90%,而滴定酸度基本不变,产品黏度保持在9 000 mPa·s。     

高产胞外多糖的植物乳杆菌直投发酵菊芋泡菜的研究

采用自主研发的高产胞外多糖的植物乳杆菌直投式泡菜发酵剂制备菊芋泡菜,研究其发酵过程中泡菜液pH、总酸、活菌数、维生素C、氨基酸态氮和可溶性固形物含量的变化,同时探讨菊芋主要成分菊粉对植物乳杆菌生长的影响,并测定该菌胞外多糖的产量。结果表明,菊粉可促进植物乳杆菌的生长,37℃培养24 h,该菌胞外多糖产量高达471 mg/L。与自然发酵相比,直投发酵的菊芋泡菜各项指标均优于自然发酵,其泡菜液pH达到3.46、总酸含量达到0.36%,活菌数保持在4.3×108CFU/mL、维生素C含量为16.92%、氨基酸态氮含量为0.033%、可溶性固形物含量达到15%。得到的菊芋泡菜酸度适宜,呈诱人乳白色,活菌含量高,且富含植物乳杆菌胞外多糖,为老少皆宜的益生泡菜产品。     

乳酸菌蛋白降解及产香能力分析

研究了分离自新疆酸奶疙瘩中6株乳酸菌在37℃下蛋白质降解和产香能力。结果表明,6株乳酸菌稳定期活菌数均在108CFU/mL以上,且凝乳细腻,具有良好的组织状态。各菌株发酵性能有差异,干酪乳杆菌、瑞士乳杆菌、乳脂乳球菌3株菌发酵性能较植物乳杆菌、嗜热链球菌、保加利亚乳杆菌发酵性能优,可用于不同风味和功能的发酵乳制品生产。其中,干酪乳杆菌具有良好的蛋白水解力,发酵15h,酪氨酸含量为594.33μg/mL;乳脂乳球菌产香性能好,发酵24h,丁二酮含量为12.32μg/mL、乙醛含量为59.27μg/mL,与其他菌株具有显著差异;瑞士乳杆菌具有强的产酸、产黏特性,发酵24h,酸度达159.76°T,黏度值1 389mPa·s。     

DHA在益生菌发酵乳中的应用

以添加DHA的益生菌发酵乳为研究对象,研究不同DHA添加量对贮藏期内益生菌发酵乳酸度、益生菌活菌数、黏度和感官品质的影响。结果表明:8℃下贮藏21 d,DHA的添加对益生菌发酵乳的酸度、益生菌活菌数和黏度基本无影响;当DHA添加量≤10 mg/100 mL时,发酵乳基本没有鱼腥味,但随着DHA添加量的增加及贮藏时间的延长,鱼腥味越来越明显;发酵前添加0.1%(w/v)Vc可以有效缓解益生菌发酵乳在货架期内的鱼腥味。     

屎肠球菌发酵特性及其功能性研究

探讨了分离自新疆酸奶疙瘩的一株屎肠球菌在乳制品应用中具有的潜在益生价值。通过测定滴定酸度、丁二酮、乙醛、游离氨基酸等指标,研究了屎肠球菌在脱脂乳中的发酵特性以及发酵乳上清液具有的抗氧化与抑菌功能。结果表明,屎肠球菌产酸、产香和降解酪蛋白能力强,37℃发酵24h,滴定酸度为123.55°T,丁二酮含量为12.31μg/mL,乙醛含量高达90.12μg/mL,游离氨基酸含量为331.92μg/mL,活菌数最高可达1.10×1010cfu/mL。发酵乳上清液对常见病原微生物有抑制作用,且抑菌物质具有热稳定性、较宽的pH范围、对蛋白酶敏感的特点,对羟自由基清除率为96.84%,超氧阴离子自由基清除率为31.33%,具有抗氧化能力。     

产胞外多糖乳酸菌的筛选及其芒果风味发酵乳的制备

筛选出高产胞外多糖(extracellular polysaccharide,EPS)的乳酸菌用于芒果发酵乳的制备。采用硫酸-苯酚法测定9株乳酸菌EPS的含量,筛选出2株高产EPS的乳酸菌,进一步通过单因素实验、正交实验设计及感官评定确定芒果风味发酵乳的最优配方,最后测定芒果风味发酵乳贮藏期间的滴定酸度、活菌数、持水性、质构及表观黏度的变化。结果表明:筛选出EPS产量最高的乳酸菌分别为植物乳杆菌S7和嗜热链球菌937-1;芒果风味发酵乳的最优配方为:菌株S7与937-1的配比为1∶2,培养温度37℃,芒果酱的添加量为8%;此时胞外多糖的产量为834.0 mg/L,贮藏期间滴定酸度为92.6°T、活菌数高达7.4×10~8mL~(-1);发酵乳的质构、持水性、表观黏度都保持在较好的状态,本研究可为风味发酵乳的开发和应用提供一定的参考。     

乳酸菌在豆乳中的生长特性及其与酵母菌联合发酵作用

本研究通过分析植物乳杆菌45、植物乳杆菌571、干酪乳杆菌、嗜酸乳杆菌、鼠李糖乳杆菌以及联合增香酵母PL09发酵豆乳过程中的酸度、活菌数、电泳图、胞外多糖含量、黏度等的变化,研究不同乳酸菌在豆乳中的生长特性及乳酸菌和酵母菌联合发酵豆乳时的特性。结果表明:植物乳杆菌45和植物乳杆菌571单独发酵豆乳8 h后pH分别达到4.43和4.42,活菌数分别达到3.11×108和2.78×108 CFU/mL,并且总糖含量降低较快;鼠李糖乳杆菌和干酪乳杆菌能够在豆乳中发酵分别产生胞外多糖180.82和174.45 μg/mL;乳酸菌和增香酵母PL09联合用于发酵豆乳时,增香酵母PL09能够促进乳酸菌在豆乳中的产酸能力,并且提高活菌数及产品的黏度,为开发乳酸菌和酵母菌的联合发酵豆乳提供指导。     

瑞士乳杆菌、丁二酮乳链球菌混合培养制作酮香型酸奶的研究

选用瑞士乳杆菌与丁二酮乳链球菌混合培养制作酮香型酸奶，利用统计分析系统—SAS正交实验设计优化乳酸茵混合培养条件，并考察发酵过程中和经4℃，24h冷藏后的酸乳活茵数、pH值、滴定酸度和黏度，利用气相色谱法对酸奶的典型风味物质乙醛、乙酸乙酯、双乙酰进行分析。结果表明，当乳固体质量分数为12％，瑞士乳杆菌与丁二酮乳链球菌的比例为2：1，接种量为4％，培养温度为38℃时所制得的发酵乳活茵数为最高，测得其中乙醛含量为10．67mg／kg，乙酸乙酯7．64mg／kg，丁二酮34．19mg／kg。经感官评定，凝乳组织状态均匀细腻，香气浓郁纯正、酸度适口，品质最佳。     

益生菌干酪乳杆菌Zhang和乳双歧杆菌V9发酵乳胞外多糖含量对流变学特性、质构和稳定性的影响

干酪乳杆菌Zhang和乳双歧杆菌V9是我国自主开发具有良好益生特性的益生菌,发酵乳是益生菌的最优载体之一。本研究以2株益生菌应用于发酵乳为研究对象,采用多频扩散波谱法研究发酵过程中的流变学特性,通过稠度、硬度、内聚性和黏度指数测定分析发酵乳的质构特性,并分析贮藏期间活菌数和稳定性,胞外多糖(EPS)含量。结果表明,干酪乳杆菌Zhang、乳双歧杆菌V9和二者复配的发酵乳中EPS含量从贮藏期起始的(546.3±31.5),(361.1±20.1),(515.2±17.5)mg/L至贮藏期末增至(1 165.4±37.8),(903.6±33.9),(1 103.8±45.6)mg/L,显著高于对照组(P0.05)。在发酵过程中,干酪乳杆菌Zhang组表现出较高弹性因子和低固液平衡值的流变学特性,显示形成紧密的凝胶结构。后熟后,干酪乳杆菌Zhang(包括单一和复配)发酵乳的稠度、硬度、内聚性和黏度指数显著较高,乳双歧杆菌V9发酵乳硬度和黏度指数显著较高,前者的黏度和持水性显著高于对照组,后者的黏度显著高于对照组(P0.05)。各组发酵乳贮藏期间的后酸化程度没有显著差异(P0.05),表明益生菌及其代谢产生的EPS对发酵乳流变学特性、质构特性及贮藏稳定性具有积极影响,且干酪乳杆菌Zhang作用较为突出。此外,干酪乳杆菌Zhang和乳双歧杆菌V9在贮藏期间活菌数在10~8CFU/mL以上,可有效保证益生菌发挥其促进健康的作用。综上,在发酵乳中添加益生菌干酪乳杆菌Zhang和/或乳双歧杆菌V9,不仅能够赋予发酵乳益生功效,而且能够改善质构特性和贮藏稳定性。本研究为实际生产、推广应用提供技术依据,同时为益生菌发酵乳的发酵及贮藏特性评价提供研究思路和方法。     

协同发酵对发酵乳中益生菌活菌数及酸乳品质的影响

益生菌因能够改善肠道健康而逐渐被应用于发酵乳中,但由于部分益生菌在牛乳中生长缓慢、难以凝乳,因此益生菌发酵乳的产业化受到限制。通过复合菌种的协同发酵法能够实现益生菌发酵乳的制备,但无法保障功能性益生菌的高活菌数。该研究以2株功能性益生菌——罗伊氏乳杆菌CCFM1175和副干酪乳杆菌CCFM1176为研究对象,以发酵乳pH、酸度及活菌数变化为参考,筛选适宜与益生菌协同发酵的发酵菌株,制备益生菌发酵乳,并测定其贮藏特性及感官品质变化。结果表明,通过与保加利亚乳杆菌5L6的协同发酵,罗伊氏乳杆菌CCFM1175和副干酪乳杆菌CCFM1176在发酵乳中的产酸速率及活菌数显著增加,发酵12 h后滴定酸度分别为(68.17±0.42)°T、(62.51±0.84)°T,活菌数分别为(8.24±0.05) lg CFU/mL、(8.61±0.08)lg CFU/mL,实现快速凝乳及高活菌数。同时,协同发酵法有效改善了发酵乳的后酸化现象并提高持水力,制备得到的益生菌发酵乳具有良好的贮藏特性及感官评价。该研究解决了2株功能性益生菌在发酵乳中难以凝乳或发酵速率较慢的问题,为促进功能性益生菌在发酵乳产业中的...     

Viili直投式发酵剂复配及发酵性能研究

以Viili发酵乳为研究对象,通过测定酸度、pH值、持水力、表观黏度、双乙酰含量及乙醛含量等理化指标,得到Viili发酵乳的最适发酵时间为12 h,此时pH值为4.69,酸度为91.85 °T,持水力为51.78%,表观黏度为4 457 mPa·s,双乙酰含量为15.67 mg/L,乙醛含量为10.63 mg/L。确定最优复配发酵V7组菌相为嗜热链球菌（Streptococcus thermophilus）、保加利亚乳杆菌（Lactobacillus bulgaricus）、乳酸乳球菌乳脂亚属（Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris）、假肠膜明串珠菌（Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides）、白地霉（Galactomyces candidum）与克鲁维毕赤酵母（Pichia kluyver）的比例为162∶16∶8∶14∶74∶1,凝乳时间为19 h,酸度为74.72 °T,持水力为38.10%,表观黏度为7 780 mPa·s,双乙酰含量为7.87 mg/L,乙醛含量为15.4 mg/L。复配发酵V7组与Viili发酵乳12 h的理化性质整体接近,具备Viili发酵乳的特色品质及风味物质,为后续Viili发酵乳直投式发酵剂产品的开发提供理论基础。     

Production of menaquinones by lactic acid bacteria.

Lactic acid bacteria were examined for their ability to produce quinone compounds, which may include dietary sources of menaquinones. Isoprenyl quinones in bacterial cells grown in a synthetic medium were extracted and analyzed by thin layer chromatography. Lactococcus lactis ssp. cremoris (three strains), Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis (two strains), and Leuconostoc lactis were selected as high producers of quinone that synthesized more than 230 nmol of quinones/g of dried cells. The quinones were presumed to be menaquinone-7 to -10 by high performance liquid chromatography. Precise molecular weights were determined by mass spectrometry for Lactococcus lactis ssp. cremoris YIT 2011 and Leuconostoc lactis YIT 3001 and identified as menaquinone-8 and -9 for the former and menaquinone-9 and -10 for the latter. Those strains, when grown either in reconstituted nonfat dry milk or a soymilk medium, produced a beneficial quantity for dietary supplement (i.e., 29 to 123 micrograms of menaquinones/L of the fermented medium).     

双蛋白益生菌发酵乳的研制与品质分析

为丰富发酵乳的品类并满足消费者的多样化需求,本研究以一定比例的纯牛乳和花生蛋白粉为原料,添加益生菌制作了一种双蛋白益生菌发酵乳。将纯牛乳与不同比例的花生蛋白混合,巴氏灭菌后,将混合物与发酵物一起发酵（嗜热链球菌S10:动物双歧杆菌乳亚种菌株V9:干酪乳杆菌Zhang=10:10:1）,从感官特性、酸度、粘度、持水力及益生菌活菌数等角度,评价了贮藏期内28 d实验组及对照组发酵乳的品质及贮藏特性。结果表明,花生蛋白:牛乳蛋白=3:7时,发酵乳酸甜适口、色香兼具、组织细腻且凝聚性好,感官评分为（94±3）分,发酵时间5.4 h。经4℃下贮藏28 d后,3:7实验组的后酸化程度与对照组相比较弱,内聚性及黏度指数均高于两个对照组（分别为-20.24±1.77 g、-20.63±2.79 g·s）。与此同时,3:7实验组的粘度最高可达（1085±100）m Pa·s,持水力可平均稳定在75%左右,发酵乳中的干酪乳酪杆菌Zhang及动物双歧杆菌乳亚种V9的活菌数均可保持在1×107 CFU/mL以上。因此,通过花生蛋白替代部分牛乳蛋白来制作发酵乳的工艺是可行的,产品在28 d贮藏期内能够保持良好的...     

Short communication: Effect of the addition of Bifidobacterium monocultures on the physical,chemical, and sensory characteristics of fermented goat milk

The aim of the study was to use 3 monocultures of Bifidobacterium (Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis AD600, Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis BB-12, and Bifidobacterium longum AD50) in fermented goat milk to assess the microbial, physicochemical, rheological, and sensory quality of beverages during a 3-wk storage period at 5°C. The results indicated that selected bifidobacteria may be used for production of fermented goat milk because they comply with the minimum standards specified by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the World Health Organization during the entire period of storage. However, goat milk fermented by Bif. longum AD50 had less than 10⁶ cfu/g after 21 d of storage. The acidity, acetaldehyde content, viscosity, and hardness of fermented goat milk beverages depended on the strain and the storage period. Sensory properties were similar and acceptable, with a tendency for the quality to be reduced with an extended storage time. Depending on the monoculture of bifidobacteria used to manufacture fermented goat milk, the product had a different pH value. Titratable acidity in all fermented goat milk increased significantly along with the time of storage. Our study has shown that monocultures of bifidobacteria had a significant effect on the content of acetaldehyde, but the lowest effect over the entire storage period was observed in goat milk fermented by Bif. animalis ssp. lactis BB-12. This sample also had the lowest viscosity values compared with other samples and the best organoleptic properties during a 3-wk storage period.     

Predicting the behavior of Escherichia coli introduced as a postprocessing contaminant in shrikhand, a traditional sweetened lactic fermented milk product

The increasing popularity of traditional milk-based foods has placed emphasis on the need for microbial safety in food-chain establishments, as there are ample possibilities for foodborne pathogens to occur as postprocessing contaminants. The behavioral pattern of an enterotoxigenic strain of Escherichia coli D 21 introduced as a postprocessing contaminant in shrikhand, a traditional sweetened lactic fermented milk product, was studied with variables of initial inoculum (4.3, 5.3, and 6.3 log10 CFU/g), storage temperature (4, 10, and 16 degrees C), and storage period (4, 9, and 14 days). During storage of shrikhand prepared individually with Lactobacillus delbruecki ssp. bulgaricus CFR 2028 and Lactococcus lactis ssp. cremoris B-634, there was a steady decrease in the viable count of E. coli that was proportional to the initial inoculum of E. coli introduced into shrikhand. The data were subjected to multivariate analysis, and equations were derived to predict the behavior of E. coli in shrikhand. The predicted values for the probable survival of E. coli showed good agreement with the experimental values with a majority of these predictions being fail-safe. The values of statistical indices showed that the model fits ranged between extremely good and satisfactory. Response surface plots were generated to describe the behavioral pattern of E. coli. The derived models and response surface plots enabled prediction of the survival of E. coli in shrikhand as a function of initial inoculum levels, storage temperatures, and storage periods of shrikhand. These predictions were valid within the limits of the experimental variables used to develop the model.     

不同直投式酸奶发酵剂发酵性能的比较研究

为了比较六种不同国内外直投式酸奶发酵剂的发酵性能,对六种发酵剂进行酸奶发酵实验。根据不同酸奶的pH、滴定酸度、乳酸菌活菌数、乙醛和双乙酰含量、持水力、质构及感官评定等指标进行对比。结果表明：6号国外进口发酵剂产酸速度最快,3 h基本凝乳,酸奶中乳酸菌的活菌数最多（1.29×109 CFU/g）、风味物质乙醛的含量最高（22.17 μg/mL）以及感官评分最高（88分）。综合而言,6号进口发酵剂的发酵性能要优于其他五种国产发酵剂。     

The behavior of selected microorganisms during the manufacture of high moisture Jack cheeses from ultrafiltered milk.

Whole milk was pasteurized and concentrated two times by ultrafiltration. Starter cultures, Lactococcus lactis ssp. cremoris and Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis, were propagated in either reconstituted skim milk, two times UF retentate, or UF permeate, or a direct vat system was used for the starter culture. The cheese milk was simultaneously inoculated with starter culture and Pseudomonas fragi 4973, Staphylococcus aureus 196E, and Salmonella typhimurium var. Hillfarm. Control whole milk, UF control milk, inoculated whole milk, and inoculated UF milk were made into Monterey Jack cheese using traditional procedures. The process of cheese manufacture was followed by determination of pH, titratable acidity, and microbial population levels. The cheeses were stored for 6 mo and analyzed every month for percentage solids and microbial population levels. Generally, numbers of contaminant microbes increased at a similar rate during manufacture in all cheeses. During the 6-mo ripening period, bacterial starter culture population levels remained high, psychrotrophs declined slowly, Staphylococcus levels remained stable, and Salmonella populations decreased. No Staphylococcus enterotoxin was detected by reverse passive latex agglutination assay.     

双菌种混合发酵制备富含γ-氨基丁酸酸奶工艺优化

为提升富含γ-氨基丁酸（gamma-aminobutyric acid,GABA）酸奶中GABA的含量与品质,以脱脂复原乳液为主要原料,以课题组前期筛选的在乳基底物中具备高产GABA潜力的乳酸乳球菌乳酸亚种为发酵剂,以活菌数、GABA产量、L-谷氨酸钠（L-Glu-Na）残留和感官评定等为评价指标,对富含GABA酸奶的发酵工艺进行优化。经单因素实验和均匀试验,推导出双菌种混合发酵脱脂复原乳的模型方程,并确定发酵工艺最优条件。结果表明,复配菌种为干酪乳杆菌;乳酸乳球菌乳酸亚种和干酪乳杆菌复配比例为1:3,发酵时间为48 h,发酵温度为32 ℃,L-Glu-Na添加量为8 g/L;在此最优发酵工艺最优条件下,GABA产量为4.10±0.10 g/L,是优化前的3.78倍。此外酸奶中活菌数为3.03×1010±1.75×1010 CFU/g,酸度值为129.67±2.08 °T,L-Glu-Na残留为0.11±0.01 g/L,各项指标满足GB 19302-2010《食品安全国家标准 发酵乳》中要求,综合感官评分78.42±4.63 分。该工艺有望为更多富含GABA发酵乳制品的开发奠定基础。