Electron backscatter diffraction investigation of duplex-phase microstructure in a forged Zr-2.5Nb alloy

Microstructural features of a duplex-phase Zr-2.5Nb alloy were investigated in detail using electron channeling contrast(ECC)imaging and electron backscatter diffraction(EBSD)technique in an emission gun scanning electron microscope(FEGSEM).The excellent resolution provided by the FEGSEM promises the combined utilization of both techniques to be quite adequate for characterizing the duplex-phase microstructures.Results show that the microstructure of the Zr-2.5Nb alloy is composed of bulkαgrains(majority)in equiaxed or plate shape and thinβfilms(minority)surrounding the bulk grains,with their average grain size and thickness measured to be 1.4μm and 72 nm,respectively.Analyses onα-grain boundaries reveal a number of low angle boundaries,most of which belong to deformation-induced dislocation boundaries.Measurements on relative proportions of various Burgers boundaries suggest very weak(if any)variant selection duringβ→αcooling,which should be related to deformation-induced higher nucleation rate ofαphases.Compared to earlier attempts,more satisfactory indexing of fineβphases(down to nanoscale)is attained by the FEGSEM-based EBSD.Examples are presented to clearly reveal well-obeyed Burgers orientation relationships between adjacentαandβphases.Finally,it is deduced that continuing application of the FEGSEM-based EBSD to duplex-phase Zr alloys could help clarify controversies like the deformation priority of the two phases.     

Cr3C2颗粒增强型堆焊合金组织与性能分析

对加入Cr3C2的药芯焊丝制备的Cr3C2增强型堆焊合金组织和性能进行了分析。添加Cr3C2的自保护药芯焊丝堆焊工艺性能良好,堆焊表面少飞溅,无裂纹气孔。通过对比实验研究发现,加入Cr3C2的药芯焊丝制备的Cr3C2增强型堆焊合金组织细小,高温冲击韧性明显优于WC颗粒增强型药芯焊丝,合金组织中既有颗粒增强型药芯焊丝堆焊产生的颗粒增强相,又有高铬铸铁型药芯焊丝堆焊产生的高硬度初生碳化物,双重强化机制使堆焊层显微硬度达到含Nb高铬铸铁堆焊层的水平,平均硬度60 HRC以上。     

Interfacial microstructure of Cu Cr/1Cr18Ni9Ti bi-metal materials and its effect on bonding strength

The Cu Cr/1Cr18Ni9 Ti bi-metal materials were prepared by the solid-liquid bonding method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and formation mechanism of the bonding interface were studied. The results show that there exists a serrated transition layer with a certain width at the interface of Cu Cr/1Cr18Ni9 Ti bi-metal materials, and the transition layer consists of Fe-based and Cu-based solid solutions. The elastic modulus and hardness reach the maximum values at the interface closing to the 1Cr18Ni9 Ti zone. The bonding temperature has a significant effect on the width and morphology of the transition layer. The interfacial bonding strength is at least 30% higher than that of the Cu Cr alloy, and the tensile fracture occurs at the side of the Cu Cr alloy rather than at the bonding interface.     

Analysis of diffusion bond interface of TiAl base alloy with Ti, TC4 alloy and 40Cr steel

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Effect of cold working and annealing on microstructure and properties of powder metallurgy high entropy alloy

An equiatomic CoCrFeNiMn high entropy alloy(HEA) was produced by powder metallurgy method. Cold rolling followed by subsequent annealing was conducted to further optimize the microstructure and mechanical properties. The results show that the SPSed CoCrFeNiMn HEA has an equiaxed single fee phase microstructrue. Cold rolling results in extensive dislocation pile-up and twinning within the grains. The 80% cold-rolled alloy shows very high yield strength of 1292 MPa, but a limited elongation of 3%. Subsequent annealing produces recrystallization and precipitation of fine σ particles with particle size of 30-100 nm. The annealed alloy has a yield strength of 540 MPa, which is about two to three times of the cast CoCrFeNiMn HEA, while still maintains a high tensile ductility of 41%. The improvement of the tensile properties is caused by the grain boundary strengthening,solid solution strengthening, and precipitation strengthening.     

Evolution of surface microstructure of Cu-50Cr alloy treated by high current pulsed electron beam

A Cu-50Cr alloy was treated by the high current pulsed electron beam(HCPEB)at 20 and 30 ke V with pulse numbers ranging from 1 to 100.Surface morphologies and microstructures of specimens before and after the treatments were investigated by employing scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction.Results show that the HCPEB technique is able to induce remarkable surface modifications for the Cu-50Cr alloy.Cracks in Cr phases appear even after one-pulse treatment and their density always increases with the pulse number.Formation reason for these cracks is attributed to quasi-static thermal stresses accumulated along the specimen surface.Craters with typical morphologies are formed due to the dynamic thermal field induced by the HCPEB and they are found to prefer the sites near cracks or boundaries between neighboring Cr phases.Another microstructural characteristic produced by the HCPEB is the fine Cr spheroids,which are determined to be due to occurrence of liquid phase separation in the Cu-50Cr alloy.Finally,a general microstructural evolution profile that incorporates various HCPEB-induced surface features is tentatively outlined.     

Characterization of surface hardness and microstructure of high performance concrete

The relationship between compressive strength obtained by universal testing machine and rebound value obtained by the hammer of high performance concrete was systematically investigated at the macro level. And a model of high performance concrete strength curve was established from them. At the micro level, the microstructure, hydration products and pore structure of concrete surface were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), comprehensive thermal analysis (TG-DSC) and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP), respectively. The effect of carbonation on surface strength was also investigated. The results showed that the concrete surface hardness layer grew rapidly at early stage and then stabilized at last with ongoing curing age; the rebound value and compressive strength of concrete with slag were higher than those of concrete with the same content of fly ash. In addition, the strength curve obtained by the least square method can satisfy the local standard requirements with an average relative error of 8.9% and a relative standard deviation of 11.3%. When the carbonation depth was 6 mm, the compressive strength calculated by national uniform strength curve was 25 PMa higher than that by high performance concrete.     

9Cr2钢激光淬火组织和硬度

用大型LEICA型显微镜和QUANTA400型扫描电镜观察和分析了9Cr2钢激光热处理后的组织和硬度.结果表明,激光工艺参数对9Cr2钢激光淬火组织及硬度有重要的影响,随着扫描速度的增加和激光功率的减小,熔凝区减小,相变区的组织细化.     

热处理对S7钢组织和硬度的影响

研究了热处理工艺对S7钢组织和硬度的影响,结果表明,S7钢在810－830℃加热,15－30℃/h冷却,软经效果最好,在850－880℃加热淬火,550℃回火,可满足热作模具钢的使用性能要求。     

The evolution of hardness homogeneity in commercially pure Ti processed by ECAP

The evolution of hardness homogeneity in commercially pure titanium processed by equal channel angular pressing(ECAP) for up to 4 passes following route C at room temperature using a die of 90° was investigated by recording the microhardness on the cross-sectional and longitudinal planes of each billet. The results show that the hardness increases signifi cantly after the fi rst pass although there is a region of lower hardness on the cross-section running in a band near the bottom surface of the billet, and then increases by very small amounts in subsequent passes. With increasing numbers of passes, the lower hardness region near the bottom surface disappears and the microhardness values are distributed homogeneously throughout the crosssectional and longitudinal planes after 4 passes of ECAP. The microhardness values in the central regions of the billet are slightly lower than those of the top and bottom surfaces. The results show that good homogeneity may be achieved throughout the billets after 4 passes of ECAP following route C.     

退火工艺对Ti50.2Ni29.8Cu20合金薄带中马氏体相变的影响

通过快速凝固法制备Ti50.2Ni29.8Cu20合金薄带,并利用XRD(X射线衍射仪)、DSC(差示扫描量热仪)、TEM(透射电子显微镜)等手段研究退火温度和退火时间对Ti50.2Ni29.8Cu20合金薄带马氏体相变的影响.结果表明,退火处理后Ti50.2Ni29.8Cu20合金薄带的室温相主要是B19马氏体和少量...     

高碳高硬度冷焊焊缝韧性改善

在含碳０．６５％～０．７％的冷焊焊缝中,利用Ｎｂ、Ｔｉ、Ｖ、Ｚｒ及ＲＥ进行变质处理,可以使大量颗粒状碳化物早期弥散析出,使大量Ｃ元素被稳定在第二相,造成基体的“贫碳”,在冷焊快速冷却条件下得到低碳马氏体基体,从而在保证高硬度、良好耐磨性的条件下使焊缝焊态韧性及抗裂性得以改善。     

Effect of annealing cooling rate on microstructure and mechanical property of 100Cr6 steel ring manufactured by cold ring rolling process简

Pre-heat treatment is a vital step before cold ring rolling and it has significant effect on the microstructure and mechanical properties of rolled rings. The 100Cr6 steel rings were subjected to pre-heat treatment and subsequent cold rolling process. Scanning electron microscopy and tensile tests were applied to investigate microstructure characteristic and mechanical property variations of 100Cr6 steel rings undergoing different pre-heat treatings. The results indicate that the average diameter of carbide particles, the tensile strength and hardness increase, while the elongation decreases with the decrease of cooling rate. The cooling rate has minor effect on the yield strength of sample. After cold ring rolling, the ferrite matrix shows a clear direction along the rolling direction. The distribution of cementite is more homogeneous and the cementite particles are finer. Meanwhile, the hardness of the rolled ring is higher than that before rolling.     

熔体温度处理对磷铜变质Al-20%Si组织的影响

研究熔体温度处理工艺（包括熔体混合及熔体过热处理）与磷铜变质对Al-20%Si合金中硅相形态的影响。结果表明：在本试验条件下,单纯添加磷铜变质剂的Al-20%Si合金,当添加其合金质量的0.4%时,初晶硅由未变质前的97μm减小到65μm,减小了33%;当将熔体温度处理工艺与磷变质处理相结合时,此时Al-20%Si合金中的初晶硅尺寸减小至36μm,减小了62%,且钝化现象显著,弥散分布于α-Al基体上,共晶硅也由未变质前的长针状变为短纤维状和点状。     

Effect of Aging on Fracture Toughness and Stress Corrosion Cracking Resistance of Forged 7475 Aluminum Alloy

The effects of two-stage aging and retrogression and reaging heat treatment on the fracture toughness and stress corrosion cracking resistance of 7475 alloy were studied. The fracture toughness, conductivity and strength of samples of nine groups under duplex aging conditions and three retrogression and reaging heat treatments were also measured. Incorporating the microstructure and property, we found that when the condition of the first order aging kept identical, the fracture toughness and stress corrosion cracking resistance increase with aging time and the second aging temperature. The optimal treatment conditions are （ 115℃×7h ＋ 185 ℃×13h） among all tested two-stage aging treatments. Although the 7475 alloy treated by RRA method shows the highest strength and its stress corrosion cracking resistance after twenty minutes retrogression can also reach the same level as those by the optimal treatment of （115℃×7h＋ 185℃×13h ）, the fracture toughness is even low.     

工艺条件对镁合金中CaMgSn形态与硬度的影响

由于CaMgSn的形貌对Mg-Sn-Ca系合金力学性能有重要影响,因此,研究了慢冷、快冷及时效处理对CaMgSn组织形貌的影响规律.分别采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、x-射线衍射仪和显微硬度计对比分析了不同处理条件对Mg-3Sn-2Ca-3Cu合金微观组织、相结构和硬度的影响.分析结果表明：Mg-3Sn-2Ca-3Cu合金慢冷组织主要由α-Mg、CaMgSn、CuMg₂、（Cu,Ca）Mg₂和Mg₂Sn构成,其中CaMgSn为粗大的棒状相.快冷及时效处理后,CaMgSn的形态发生了明显的改变,在时效48h的时候转变为近球状形貌;时效处理后,合金的显微硬度得到了明显的提高,在时效48h的时候达到最高值HV 77.随着时效时间的延长,表现为硬度的降低和第二相与基体的脱离.     

热老化对核级316LN锻造控氮奥氏体不锈钢微观组织及性能的影响

研究了热老化对核级316LN锻造奥氏体不锈钢的位错组态、电阻率及显微硬度的影响规律。结果表明,随着热老化的进行,奥氏体基体中位错密度总体下降,而始于晶界向晶内延伸的扩展位错数量增多且宽度变窄,其中,固溶态的扩展位错宽度约为1．0μm,热老化5000h后约为0．2μm。分析认为,碳原子在晶界及其附近微区的偏聚是引起位错亚结构变化的主要原因：电阻率随热老化时间的延长、检测温度的升高而增大,且热老化5000h后电阻率随温度的增长速率高于固溶态;晶内和晶界处的显微硬度值随热老化的进行均有所升高,二者之间显微硬度的差值逐渐增加。