微波干燥中介质温度梯度与含水率变化关系的研究

含水薄层多孔介质的微波干燥处理是实现长期保存的有效方法之一。本文推导了微波干燥含水薄层介质过程中温度梯度与含水率变化的关系，可以适用于多种不同材质的含水薄层多孔介质；利用多物理场仿真软件，建立了电磁场、温度场及速度场的耦合模型，仿真了薄层多孔介质在微波干燥过程中温度梯度与含水率变化的关联关系。选取黄豆作为薄层多孔介质样本进行微波干燥的实验，测量其在微波干燥过程中温度梯度变化和含水率变化的关系及不同干燥阶段对黄豆发芽率的影响。实验结果表明黄豆在微波干燥过程中，温度梯度与干燥程度存在固定关系，通过控制梯度趋于0时的干燥时间可以达到设定的干燥程度，并且对其发芽率影响较小。     

微波加热效应的多物理场仿真与实验

微波对物质的加热涉及电磁、热、加热物的物理参数随温度变化等多种物理过程的综合作用。研究耦合电磁场、热传导和被加热物质物理参数方程构建多物理场方程组,数值求解获得微波加热过程的温度变化。给出多物理场算法公式和计算流程,以2.45 GHz微波加热水为例,多物理场仿真了该加热过程的微波功率分布、热量累积和温度上升,设计和加工制作了微波加热实验装置。在工作频点2.45 GHz处,测试装置的回波损耗为16.2 dB,同时测试了输入功率40 W时4个指定点处60 s内的温升,多物理场仿真结果与测试结果吻合良好,验证了多物理场仿真的正确性。     

柳树河油页岩微波干燥孔隙及内部水分扩散特性*

以柳树河油页岩为原料在微波功率为300W、400W、550W 条件下进行干燥试验,结果表明:对干燥处理后样品进行脱附/ 吸附、孔径和比表面积及孔特性测定得出,微波干燥有利于中孔的形成;运用Fick 第二定律对水分有效扩散系数进行分析可知,由于较高微波功率会在原料中心和表面产生很大的蒸汽压差,导致水分的有效扩散速率在加速干燥段与微波功率成反比;降速干燥段与微波功率变化成正比,但总体上还是随着微波功率的增加而增加。     

微波在煤泥低温脱水提质的应用研究

利用微波能对煤泥低温脱水提质,探讨了微波干燥的影响因素;分析了微波干燥对煤泥性质的影响;寻求煤泥资源化利用的途径。微波时间、功率和煤泥形状、质量对微波干燥效果影响显著。在微波作用下,煤中水分的蒸发过程分三个阶段:煤加热,外在水分减少,内在水分减少,因而干燥速度较快。烘干重量为200g,水分25%的煤样所需时间不超过700s。试验表明:干燥200s后,煤样温度可达110℃;600s后,温度可达240℃。不仅蒸发了水,也排出了挥发成分。煤泥在微波低温干燥条件下具有较好的脱水效果,干燥后煤泥的含水率和热值提升幅度均达到了预期目标,证明了微波在煤泥干燥提质方面应用的可行性。煤泥微波脱水后,由于微波加热在加热物料内形成的特殊传热传质机理,煤泥内部的矿物盐等会在煤泥表面积聚,形成"硬壳",煤泥不易粉化、破碎,且水分回吸不明显,有助于后续运输和利用。     

星载功率放大器相位抖动问题研究

针对合成孔径雷达(SAR)双星成像时对相位差要求较高的现状,文中从微波传输线理论人手分析了影响功率放大器相位变化的因素,从工程力学角度人手对材料应力应变的状态进行了理论分析,利用应力分析软件进行仿真分析了功率器件管壳引线、SMA接头引线在不同温度条件下的应力及应变,利用电磁场仿真软件分析了材料应变造成的接地不连续和传输...     

基于多物理场计算的微波加热均匀性改善研究

针对微波加热过程中存在温度分布不均匀的问题，提出利用多端口加热方式，通过多物理场耦合计算分析了端口布局、位置、数量以及功率配比对微波加热马铃薯块均匀性的影响。仿真计算结果表明，在四端口馈入时，端口分布于腔体四面，四个端口坐标分别为(-55,-162.5,70)、(162.5,-55,70)、(55,162.5,70)和(-162.5,55,70),且四端口馈入功率比为200∶200∶300∶300时，微波加热均匀性效果最佳。     

改善隧道式微波干燥设备均匀性的研究

隧道式微波设备在干燥过程中存在物料温度不均匀的问题.本文采用在现有隧道式微波干燥设备中增加热风机,结合热风干燥温度均匀的优势,选用生物质颗粒作为研究对象,将热风干燥技术和微波干燥技术联合使用,从而改善微波设备干燥不均匀的现象.     

高Q值小型化氢频标蓝宝石微波腔的实验研究

针对蓝宝石氢原子频标的小型化问题,通过理论分析推导出微波腔参数的求解方程;通过计算机仿真分析,提出了设计小型微波腔的方法.该方法利用腔频率、Q值随腔尺寸及填充蓝宝石尺寸的变化关系,在保证温度系数的前提下,获得一种高Q值、小尺寸宝石的小型化腔,并利用仿真软件进行验证及优化,最后通过实验测得了该微波腔的参数,与仿真计算结果基本一致.实验得到该腔的Q值为68000,温度系数为-59.7kHz/℃,圆柱腔的外径为153mm,高度为172mm,与传统微波腔的参数(其中Q值50000,温度系数-62kHz/℃,腔外径176mm)相比有较大进步.     

微波频率与功率对微波等离子体参数的影响

本文研究了微波功率和微波频率对等离子体参数,如电子密度、电子温度、气体温度以及火焰长度的影响。对等离子体的多物理场数值仿真是在基于有限元法的COMSOL Multiphysics中进行的。计算结果显示,等离子体电子密度、电子温度、气体温度都会随着输入微波功率的增大而增大;2450 MHz的微波等离子体相比于915 MHz的微波等离子体,具有更好的性能。同时,本文对不同输入功率下等离子体火焰长度进行了实验测量,结果显示输入功率对火焰长度仅有很微弱的影响。     

激光辐照CFRP下温度对铺层结构的敏感性研究

为了研究连续激光作用下层叠型碳纤维增强环氧树脂基复合材料(CFRP)的铺层结构对材料温度的影响,采用有限元软件COMSOL模拟连续激光辐照5种典型层叠型CFRP的烧蚀过程.通过材料表面的温度偏差,获得了5种典型层叠型CFRP的温度分布和演化规律;通过对材料整体温度分布进行统计分析,获得了材料温度均匀性随激光辐照时间的变...     

Ultrafast Nanoscale Polymer Coating on Porous 3D Structures Using Microwave Irradiation

Thin polymer coatings are very popular, but the coatings on uneven surfaces or porous 3D structures are difficult to obtain with traditional methods. The pores are easily clogged due to nonuniform polymer curing processes caused by inevitable macroscale temperature gradients from their hotter outer to colder inner sides. Here an ultrafast and simple fabrication method is developed to obtain nanoscale coating layers on the inner and outer surfaces of a porous 3D sponge‐like carbon nanotube (CNT). Microwave irradiation rapidly and selectively heats the CNT immersed in a mixture solution of an uncured polymer and a diluent solvent, solidifying the polymer only adjacent to the CNT with five repeated 3 s microwave irradiation. The coating layers can be controlled by adjusting the concentration of the uncured polymer in the solution and controlling the CNT temperature via microwave power and irradiation time. The nanoscale coating strongly ties the junction between CNTs without filling the pores with the polymer, resulting in excellent resilience to compressive stress with large strains (≈180 kPa at 60%), which is maintained throughout repeated 8000 cycles of 0–60% strain. The unfilled pores allow for maintaining the low thermal conductivity, ≈26 mW m^?1 K^?1, and the electrical resistance is varied with strain. This facile selective polymer curing methodology can be utilized in processing various materials with uneven surfaces or pores.     

芯片背金属剥离分析

封装制程中发生金属层剥离对产品可靠性产生致命伤害。背金属制程污染是产生剥离的主要原因,封装制程使用的材料和工艺对金属剥离的程度有影响。EDX电子显微镜分析有助于确认金属剥离界面的物质元素,通过比对背面金属设计可以确定剥离是在金属镀膜过程还是封装过程中产生。蒸金过程提高清洗质量和防止化剂交叉污染,封装过程降低胶带粘性、使用胶木/集束顶针、降低热烘温度和时间、降低顶出高度和速度等可减少背面金属膜剥离。     

DC-18GHz微波功率薄膜电阻器的设计及制作

设计并仿真了频率范围为DC-18GHz,功率负载为20W的微波功率薄膜电阻器,根据仿真结果,采用反应磁控溅射法制备了TaN微波功率薄膜电阻器。仿真结果表明,所设计的薄膜电阻器在DC-18GHz频率范围内,电压驻波比均小于1.2,加载20W微波功率时,薄膜电阻器表面的最高温度为108℃。实验结果表明,所制备的TaN薄膜电阻器在DC-18GHz频率范围内,电压驻波比小于1.25;加载20W直流功率96小时,电阻器的阻值变化小于2%,表面最高温度为105℃;在25-125℃温度范围内电阻器的温度电阻系数为-40ppm/℃。     

An automated workcell for meniscus coating on 24-in packagingsubstrates

Improved coating procedures are essential to the success of low-cost large substrate multichip module (MCM) fabrication, as existing coaters are slow and waste too much material. New coaters are needed that are able to coat large area substrates and have sufficient throughput and material savings to substantially reduce the manufacturing costs. The requirements for a large substrate coater include sufficient flexibility to coat a wide range of materials at various film thicknesses. This paper describes a meniscus coating workcell that meets these requirements. The complete coating workcell includes robotic material handling, automated sample transport, and convection drying of coated films. In-situ viscosity monitoring and in-line thickness measurements can be retrofitted into this workcell. Feasibility of a thin and uniform polymer coating with thickness on the order of a micrometer is demonstrated on a 24×24 in glass substrate using the automated coating operation. Preliminary study indicates that a throughput of ~20 substrates/h is achievable by optimizing the turnaround time of the coater heads, substrate holder, and substrate loading/unloading by the robot     

Microwave vacuum dryer setup and preliminary drying studies on strawberries and carrots.

A laboratory scale microwave vacuum dryer with the ability to record temporal variation of mass and temperature of a drying product was designed and built. The initial study was set up to investigate the effect of the position of a vacuum pressure control valve at two vacuum pressure levels, 6.5 and 13.3 kPa, with a fixed microwave power input of 1.5 W/g. Then, strawberry halves and carrot cubes (10 x 10 x 10 mm) were used for a preliminary study to investigate the effect on drying product temperature and the effect of input microwave powers (1, 1.5 and 2 W/g) at a fixed level of vacuum pressure (6.5 kPa). The position of the valve which allows air to pass through the vacuum container was found to provide shorter drying time and reduced the occurrence of water vapor condensation. The product temperature at the end stage of drying under continuous microwave mode was too high to ensure quality for both dried strawberry halves and carrot cubes.     

An automated meniscus coating system for polymer deposition onlarge-area MCM-D and MCM-L substrates

Material deposition techniques can be a significant contributor to the overall electronics manufacturing costs. The present study evaluates meniscus coating as a low-cost tool for large-area polymer deposition. Meniscus coating has the following advantages over conventional spin coating: (1) minimal material waste; (2) higher throughput; (3) higher planarity; (4) minimal defect density; (5) thickness uniformity over a large area. Each of these factors help reduce the overall manufacturing costs. The objective of this effort is to develop, install, and qualify an automated, low-cost, high-throughput polymer deposition method for large area MCM-D and MCM-L substrates. A variety of polymer photoresists, dielectrics, and composites are used for thick film coating on 12 in PWB and glass substrates. For each material, the deposition process is optimized to the desired film thickness. In this paper, we report materials and process optimization for 12 in×12 in substrates that is scalable to 24 in×24 in substrates. For higher throughput and lower manufacturing cost, an automated coating workcell is designed. The proposed workcell includes a robotic material handling and convection drying of coated films with automated loading/unloading capability. Design and fabrication of the integrated workcell are also addressed     

A Green Electrically Conductive Textile with Tunable Piezoresistivity and Transiency

A green textile-based conductor with controllable electrical resistance change with deformation and transiency (i.e., dissolution in water) will be the holy grail in wearable electronics since it can satisfy divergent needs with a single solution and be sustainable simultaneously. Nevertheless, designing such material is challenging since opposite requirements shall be satisfied. To solve such a problem, cotton is functionalized using conductive inks made of graphene or carbon nanofiber, a biodegradable polyvinyl alcohol binder, and environmentally friendly solvents. The electrical resistance shows an anisotropic response to bending depending on the composition of the coating and the stress direction, functioning either as a deformable compliant electrode or a tunable piezoresistor. Indeed, it can withstand thousands of bending cycles with a change in resistance of less than 5% or change its resistance by many orders of magnitude with the same deformation thanks to the combination of cotton twill and different nanofillers. A simple modification in the binder composition adding waterborne polyurethane allows the coating to go from entirely transient in water within minutes to withstanding simulated washing cycles for hours without losing its electrical conductivity. This green versatile conductor may serve opposing needs by altering the material composition and the deformation direction.     

固相微萃取用改性聚氨酯涂层的AFM表征

针对目前固相微萃取（SPME）商用纤维头品种单一、极性跨度小、萃取效率低等问题,本研究合成一种新型的丙烯酸改性聚氨酯材料,并采用紫外光固化技术制备SPME萃取头涂层。应用原子力显微镜（AFM）对不同组分配比的改性聚氨酯涂层进行表征。AFM观察表明,合成的丙烯酸改性聚氨酯树脂是一种具有极性硬段和非极性软段微相结构分离的聚合物,随组分配比不同,软段和硬段的相畴尺寸及其分布有所不同,涂层材料的表面形貌也有所不同。其中甲苯二异氰酸酯（TDI）和烷羟基硅油（PDMS-OH）用量比为1.5∶1时合成的涂层材料,相畴精细,极性硬段和非极性软段均匀地分布在涂层中。     

Study of a microwave assisted vacuum drying process applied to the granulated pharmaceutical drug hydrochlorthiazide.

Drying processes have evolved considerably over the years, aiming at the best conditions to shorten the processing time, but maintaining the highest final product quality. The application of vacuums to the microwave drying process might be interesting, especially for thermally sensitive products because the reduced boiling point of the solvent allows a lower temperature processing. The objective of the present work is to study and evaluate the process of drying a granulated product that is the basis of the drug hydrochlorthiazide, with an initial moisture content of 21% in dry basis. This study monitored the drying kinetics, product temperature and power absorbed by the sample using a bench scale vacuum microwave dryer. The equipment consisted of a cylindrical pressure vessel crossed by a wave guide, setting up a system whereby the vacuum pressure, the sample weight and the incident, reflected and residual microwave powers could be measured and evaluated, throughout the entire process. The experimental runs were established with an approximate incident microwave power at 20 W for absolute pressure levels of 50 and 75 mbar, working with samples of about 1.4 g. It was observed that the vacuum microwave process kinetics at both pressure levels showed little difference. The processes were carried out almost entirely in a regime of water evaporation, the product's temperature remaining below the solvent boiling temperature. The drying times were similar for both processes, whereas the absorbed power was slightly higher at the pressure of 75 mbar.