基于CPTU的中国实用土分类方法研究

国际上已有比较成熟的基于原位孔压静力触探测试（CPTU）的土分类方法,这些方法多以美国统一土质分类标准（USCS）为依据,其土类与中国土的工程分类标准不对应。因此,建立基于CPTU原位测试参数、符合中国标准的土工程分类方法具有重要工程意义。通过选择江苏典型地质成因的试验场地,进行了95孔CPTU测试和相应的钻孔取样与室内土工试验,其CPTU孔和相应钻孔之间距离小于5 m,对采用室内土工试验依据中国国家标准《岩土工程勘察规范》得到的土分类和CPTU测试参数进行了系统对比分析。选择国外7种常用的CPTU土分类图进行应用比较,发现Robertson的土类指数法分类图能提供最好的分类结果,据此建立了中国基于CPTU土类指数法的实用土分类方法,已有测试资料应用表明该分类图的准确率达到95%以上,可用作为中国工程场地采用原位CPTU测试进行土工程分类的方法。     

饥饿对黄颡鱼血液中几种免疫相关因子的影响

对黄颡鱼分别饥饿0(对照)、6、12、18、24、30 d后再恢复投喂18 d,测定了饥饿时和恢复投喂后各组黄颡鱼血液中具有吞噬能力的免疫细胞数、血清中溶菌酶活力、溶血素含量以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性。结果表明:黄颡鱼经短期饥饿(6 d),其血液中具有吞噬能力的免疫细胞数和血清中溶菌酶的活力较对照组略有增加,其它2种指标略有下降,但差异均不显著(P>0.05);延长饥饿时间后,其它4组鱼免疫细胞的吞噬能力、溶菌酶活力(饥饿12 d组除外)及溶血素含量显著下降(P<0.05),而血清中SOD的活性在饥饿时间<18 d内没有显著变化(P>0.05)。恢复投喂18 d后,以上4种指标都明显上升,且饥饿时间为6、12、18 d 3组鱼可以或基本恢复至对照组的水平;饥饿超过24 d,黄颡鱼的4种指标不能完全恢复,说明黄颡鱼饥饿一定时间后,其免疫机能明显受到了影响。     

A predictive model based on the experimental investigation of collapsible soil treatment using nano-clay in the Sivand Dam region,Iran

Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment - As a kind of problematic soil, collapsible soils can withstand relatively high stress in an unsaturated state. Still, upon wetting and being...     

EPB tunneling challenges in bouldery ground: a new experience on the Tabriz metro line 1, Iran

Underground construction of the Tabriz metro line 1 involved boring twin tunnels with two earth pressure balance machines in alluvial deposits. Although this type of machine is recommended for excavation in fine soils, its performance was evaluated in this project where part of the ground consists of alluvial deposits with particle size ranging from silt to boulder and even rock blocks. It was found that the tunnel boring machine (TBM) performance was highly reduced due to the variation in ground conditions. Many types of problem were observed during the excavation in coarse grained alluvial deposits including high cutter-head torque, excessive wear of tools, breaking of TBM parts and ground instabilities in the form of large settlement and ground collapse. A trial effort was implanted to stabilize the overburden ground by the injection of cement grout, but this proved to be unsuccessful. In both cases, the excavation operation was delayed. With the experience gained from the excavation of the first tunnel and use of foam with a high foam expansion ratio as a soil conditioner in closed mode, the performance of the TBM in the second tunnel improved.     

浅谈岩土粒度成分对土质分类的影响

介绍了土质分类的现状，分析了粗粒土粒度成分的影响，探讨了粘性土的塑性指标与粒度成分及其相互关系，指出工程设计中不能过分信赖分类的作用，正确的分类有赖于正确的鉴别，以达到促进土质分类研究的目的。     

土质分类的图解分析方法

针对我国目前尚无统一的土质分类标准,采用土的力学参数作为分类指标,利用阖值对不同土类进行划分,指出这种分析方法具有统一性、综合性的特点且利于电算,从而为工程中土体分类的应用提供了一条简捷途径。     

On the critical particle size of soil with clogging potential in shield tunneling

Shield tunneling is easily obstructed by clogging in clayey strata with small soil particles. However, soil clogging rarely occurs in strata with coarse-grained soils. Theoretically, a critical particle size of soils should exist, below which there is a high risk of soil clogging in shield tunneling. To determine the critical particle size, a series of laboratory tests was carried out with a large-scale rotary shear apparatus to measure the tangential adhesion strength of soils with different particle sizes and water contents. It was found that the tangential adhesion strength at the soil–steel interface gradually increased linearly with applied normal pressure. When the particle size of the soil specimen was less than 0.15 mm, the interfacial adhesion force first increased and then decreased as the water content gradually increased; otherwise, the soil specimens did not manifest any interfacial adhesion force. The amount of soil mass adhering to the steel disc was positively correlated with the interfacial adhesion force, thus the interfacial adhesion force was adopted to characterize the soil clogging risk in shield tunneling. The critical particle size of soils causing clogging was determined to be 0.15 mm. Finally, the generation mechanism of interfacial adhesion force was explored for soils with different particle sizes to explain the critical particle size of soil with clogging risk in shield tunneling.     

软土地区盾构下穿既有铁路安全性分析

以杭州地区某盾构隧道区间下穿既有铁路为工程背景,通过三维有限元模拟,对盾构施工造成的铁路路基沉降进行了分析,计算结果表明,对土层采取合理加固,可以大幅度控制地层变形,保证既有铁路运营安全不受影响。     

泥炭质土层盾构施工扰动引起隧道长期沉降的研究

为了研究泥炭质土层盾构施工扰动引起隧道的长期沉降问题,将隧道周围土体视为连续、均质、各向同性的饱和黏弹性介质,采用五元件模型描述泥炭质土的流变特性,耦合Terzaghi-Rendulic二维固结理论,建立了隧道衬砌在完全不透水的情况下,盾构施工扰动引起周围土体超孔隙水压力消散的控制方程。采用分离变量法、保角映射、Laplace变换及逆变换等数学方法对该控制方程进行求解,得到了隧道周围土体超孔隙水压力消散的解析解,最后对土体的竖向应变进行积分获得了隧道长期沉降的计算公式。结合一工程算例分析了昆明泥炭质土层超孔隙水压力消散及隧道长期沉降的变化规律,研究结果表明:与上海软黏土相比,在初始阶段泥炭质土层中超孔隙水压力的消散速度较快,然后迅速变缓并趋于稳定。泥炭质土层中隧道的长期沉降持续时间更长且沉降量更大,在900 d的时间内隧道沉降趋于稳定,其累积沉降量约高达150 mm。此外,昆明泥炭质土的流变特性显著,如将土体中超孔隙水压力消散90%作为主固结沉降的完成时刻,则土体次固结沉降约占隧道总沉降量的36%,是隧道长期沉降中不可忽视的一个重要组成部分。     

基于CPTU试验成果在土体定名中的研究

根据孔压静力触探所获得的连续读数,分别绘制摩阻比和修正后的端阻力(Fr—qt)、标准化的摩阻比和标准化的锥尖阻力(RF—Qt)以及侧摩阻力和有效端阻力(fs—qE)的三幅关系图,并结合图确定各层土体的类型;与钻孔取样后的室内试验结果进行对比,得出了一些有参考价值的结论。     

Tunnel stability and arching effects during tunneling in soft clayey soil

A series of centrifuge model tests and numerical simulations of these tests were carried out to investigate the surface settlement troughs, excess pore water pressure generation, tunnel stability and arching effects that develop during tunneling in soft clayey soil. The two methods were found to provide consistent results of the surface settlement troughs, excess pore water generation, and the overload factors at collapse for both single and parallel tunneling. The arching ratio describes the evolution of the arching effects on the soil mass surrounding tunnels and can be derived from the numerical analysis. The boundaries of the arching zones for both single tunneling and parallel tunneling were determined. In addition, the boundaries of the positive and negative arching zones were also proposed.     

基于随机过程的盾构施工地表沉降仿真

通过研究已有盾构施工参数数据,提出了基于随机过程生成盾构隧道施工仿真参数的方法,并建立了施工地表沉降的仿真系统,可以得到比基于随机参数仿真更准确的沉降预测数据,为实际工程提供参考。     

中国细颗粒土的统一分类体系初步研究

当前中国工程界对细粒类土的分类存在两种不同标准,一种是按液限w_L和塑性指数I_p构成的塑性图进行分类,一种是按单一塑性指数I_p进行分类,并且这两种分类方法的分类指数I_p的确定标准也不相同,造成了使用上的混乱。对中国细粒类土的两种分类标准的历史由来进行了探寻,并与国际上通行的细粒类土的分类标准进行了分析比较,最后对中国细颗粒土分类标准的统一途径提出了建议。     

水泥土桩土体改良技术在暗挖隧道施工中的应用

以江门隧道施工为例,介绍了旋喷桩、搅拌桩等技术在浅埋富水软弱围岩暗挖隧道施工中的应用,分别阐述了多种技术的具体处理方案及相关技术要求,可供设计与施工参考。     

Investigations on air pressure and air losses in compressed air tunneling through saturated clayey soil

Determination of air pressure and assessment of air losses in clayey soil are of great importance to implementation of compressed air tunneling. In the present work, a series of air flow tests were performed to provide a more reasonable method based on flow characteristics of snap-off pressure and the dissolution/diffusion. Results showed that, the nonlinear air flow behavior and gas breakthrough were presented with the increase in air pressure. After that, the excessive pressure decreased continuously to reach an equilibrium termed as the snap-off. For the tested clayey soil, snap-off pressures around 250 kPa could be adopted as the air pressure, which was significantly lower than the gas breakthrough pressures. Diffusion coefficient of 1.5 × 10^-11 m²/s could be determined in the followed dissolution/diffusion stage, which bring 3 orders of decreasing magnitude in air losses compared to the capillary flow occurred after gas breakthrough. As a conclusion, the adoption of snap-off pressure in compressed air tunneling could effectively prevent the continuous air/water flow in clayey soil and create a more human-friendly environment. Additionally, less air losses could be presented compared to that using gas breakthrough pressure, indicating tremendous energy savings in field implementation.     

Introduction of an empirical classification system for evaluating tunneling impact on the discharge of springs (TIS) in the surrounding areas

Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment - Water inflow caused by tunneling can have severe impacts on the springs’ discharge rate. If these impacts have not been predicted...     

Parametric study of soil abrasivity for predicting wear issue in TBM tunneling projects

The lack of reliable methods for evaluation of soil abrasivity and revealing the effects of different parameters on wear rate are nowadays considered as a deficiency in geotechnical investigation during feasibility study, design and construction phases of tunneling projects with the use of tunneling boring machine (TBM). The subject is recently attracts a broad international attention and focus.The background of existing standard test methods are reviewed and wear types occurrences in TBM tunneling are discussed in this paper. A new soil abrasion testing system is developed which is called Soil Abrasion Testing Chamber (SATC) and the results of soil abrasion tests are compared with results of the commonly used tests such as: Cerchar, LCPC and SAT tests. Some of the most influencing factors including presence of water, bentonite slurry, soil particle size, quartz content, water pressure and confining chamber pressure are considered for the use of the new devise. The test results indicate that the soil abrasivity tends to increase with the increasing of soil particle size, bentonite slurry, soil pressure and quartz content. The effect of water on abrasivity varies for different types of soil. The soil abrasivity decreases with the increase of water pressure. The internal friction does not seem to have any influence on the wear rates measured with the new proposed apparatus.     

Crack classification in concrete based on acoustic emission

The fracture mode of cracking in concrete is normally changing from tensile mode to shear mode at impending failure. As for crack classification in concrete by acoustic emission (AE) techniques, two crack classification methods have been carried out. One of them is parameter-based method (parameter analysis) which has been carried out by employing two parameters of the average frequency and the RA value. The proportion of these two parameters, however, has not been determined yet. The other crack classification is simplified Green’s functions for moment tensor analysis (SiGMA) procedure which is known as signal-based method. The SiGMA analysis is based on the generalized theory of AE, while the parameter analysis results from an empirical relation. Therefore, an optimal proportion of the parameter analysis is in great demand. In this study, these crack classification methods are compared and discussed from results of three types of concrete failure tests. As a result, ratios of the shear crack which are identified by SiGMA analysis are good agreement with those by parameter analysis in the case that the proportion of the RA value and the average frequency is set to 1–200.     

基于特征增强的盾构掘进参数显式预测分析

盾构法施工时掘进参数的选取是保证盾构机安全、高效掘进的关键。为了实现掘进参数的预测与揭示参数之间的关联性,提出一种掘进参数的显式分析方法。依托实际的盾构隧道掘进数据,首先通过构造掘进参数的二次项以及耦合项进行特征增强;其次通过五折交叉验证和逐步线性回归相结合的方式获得最优特征子集;最终通过最优特征建立掘进参数的显式预测模型。研究结果表明：结合特征增强和特征选择可成功地将模型中的20个特征缩减到5个之内;建立的掘进参数预测模型,能良好反映真实值的变化趋势,且刀盘转速、土仓压力、总推进力、推进速度、螺机转速相对误差在15%以内,刀盘扭矩相对误差约21%,各参数误差基本可满足工况需求;此模型可定量揭示特征参数对预测量的影响程度,如对总推进力影响最大的特征是刀盘扭矩与推进速度的耦合项,其权重为1257,而推进速度和土仓压力受到多个独立参数组成的耦合项的共同影响。     

土钉墙支护设计与施工的几点体会

通过对工程实践的总结，从土钉墙支护的应用现状、附加荷载及整体稳定性系数取值、时空效应及信息化施工等方面对土钉墙的设计与施工进行了探讨，对提高设计水平，改进施工方法具有一定的指导意义。