The influence of confinement on the penetration of ceramic targets by KE projectiles at 1.8 and 2.6 km/s

This paper presents the results of scale size experiments using a tungsten-alloy long-rod projectile fired against 97.5% Al₂O₃ ceramic targets at 1.8 and 2.6 km/s. Two targets were used, one having lateral steel confinement; the other without. The projectile overmatched the target, and residual projectile length and velocity were recorded using ballistic-syncro photography. Flash radiography was used during penetration of the unconfined target to obtain the penetration velocity. Manganin pressure gauges were also used to obtain additional data on the response of the ceramic target during penetration. Results from the eight experiments indicate that the confinement reduced the residual energy of the projectile at both impact velocities. Expressed in terms of the projectile impact energy, 55–56% was lost in the unconfined target at 2.6 km/s compared with 60% for the confined design. The same trend was found at 1.8 km/s with 68% and 72–73% for the unconfined and confined, respectively. Predictions using the QinetiQ GRIM2D hydrocode and a simplified form of the Johnson–Holmquist ceramic material model agreed well with the experiments for three out of the four test configurations. The predicted projectile erosion and retardation against the confined target at 1.8 km/s was excessively high. Analytical predictions using the Tate modified Bernoulli equation also gave reasonably accurate predictions for three of the tests, but values for the Tate target ‘strength’ extracted from experiments using a different target configuration were not accurate for the target design used in this paper.     

FORMATION OF FILTER CAKES WITH PARTICLE PENETRATION AT THE FILTER SEPTUM

The mass of solid particles entering the formation is an important factor in industrial cake filtration operations. Predictions of the concentration at the filter septum require the ability to predict the mass transport of solid particles under variety of conditions.

This study analyzes cake formation, including particle penetration at the filter septum. In addition to the total instantaneous mass balance equation, mass balance equations for captured and suspended particles and the fluid phase are averaged along the cake thickness taking into account conditions at the surface and the septum. Capture mechanisms, such as surface straining, and internal cake erosion and particle capture are included in the analysis.

The results are ordinary differential equations in terms of thickness, concentration of suspended particles in the filtrate, average particle concentration, average porosity, and such operational parameters, as slurry concentration, injection rate, and volumetric solid fraction.

To test tbe validity of the analysis presented here, the numerical results are compared to results for a simplified case. The conclusions from the sensitivity analysis conducted in this study agree with earlier conclusions. Results show that the concentration of suspended particles in the filtrate increases rapidly and then decreases gradually until it reaches zero after 13 hours. This yields that after 13 hours we have a clear filtrate.     

Hypervelocity penetration of gold rods into SiC-N for impact velocities from 2.0 to 6.2 km/s

This paper presents the experimental design and results of an advanced set of reverse ballistic experiments with long gold rods, impacting SiC-N ceramics at impact velocities from 2.0 to 6.2 km/s. Important issues for these experiments were the high accuracy and position requirements necessary to detect a possible failure wave or failure kinetics in SiC-ceramics as might be evidenced by a change in the slope of the penetration velocity–impact velocity curve. New and sophisticated evaluation methods were developed for this purpose and produced very reliable results. Analyses of the experimental results show clearly that there is no change in the slope of the penetration velocity–impact velocity curve, contrary to that inferred from previous data and analysis.     

超声速旋转火箭弹气动流场的微楔控制

超声速弹箭表面的流体分离是影响飞行稳定的主要影响因素之一。研究表明,微楔涡流发生器可有效控制超声速流体边界层的流动分离。该文基于制式122火箭弹,通过在弹肩前端安装微楔来研究边界层流动分离控制对火箭弹气动性能的影响。运用DES方法数值模拟了122火箭弹在有无加装微楔条件下的流场变化,对比分析了微楔对弹体表面边界层结构以及弹气动数据的改变,讨论了微楔对弹的气动力及稳定性作用。数值结果表明,微楔可以抑制弹体表面流体分离,提高火箭弹的升力及俯仰力矩,减小马格努斯力矩,有利于提高其飞行稳定性及射击精度,可为相关旋转火箭弹的改进提供指导。     

Particle launch to 19 km/s for micro-meteoroid simulation using enhanced three-stage light gas gun hypervelocity launcher techniques

Particle launch experiments were performed to study application of the enhanced hypervelocity launcher (EHVL), i.e. the third-stage addition to the two-stage gun, for launching micron to millimeter sized particulates at velocities unobtainable with a standard two-stage light gas gun launch. Three types of particles or fliers were tested along with several barrel designs. For micron scale particles fine-grain polycrystalline ceramics were impacted and fractured, launching particulate clouds at velocities of 15 km/s. Multiple titanium particles 400 μm diameter embedded in plastic were “shotgun” launched to velocities of 10 km/s. Flier plates of 3 mm diameter by 1 mm thick Ti6Al4V were launched to 19 km/s. All experiments used a second-stage projectile with graded density facing impacting a flier in an impact generated acceleration reservoir. This paper describes the modification and adaptation of the Sandia EHVL to provide micrometeoroid simulation capabilities.     

Penetration of HSLA-100 steel with tungsten carbide spheres at striking velocities between 0.8 and 2.5 km/s

A 51 mm thick plate of high-strength low-alloy (HSLA-100) steel was impacted by 6.4 mm diameter tungsten carbide spheres traveling at velocities ranging from 0.8–2.5 km/s. The width and depth of the crater for each impact event are provided in tabulated form and graphed as a function of velocity. The impacts were simulated using an explicit Lagrangian finite element model. A residual stress map over a cross-section through the crater was also measured by the Contour Method for the 2.2 km/s impact. The predominant feature of the stress map was a peak compressive stress of 1100 MPa, which is 1.6 times the yield strength, centered approximately one crater diameter below the crater floor. Residual stresses in the as-received HSLA-100 plate were also measured and were used to evaluate the effect of initial stresses on the model prediction. Good agreement is shown between the numerical simulation of the impact event and the experimental data.     

基于FE-SPH自适应耦合算法对长杆弹侵彻反应装甲的模拟研究

该文采用自编程序实现的FE-SPH 自适应耦合算法对长杆弹侵彻反应装甲的过程开展了数值模拟研究。为了实现反应装甲中的凝聚炸药在长杆弹冲击作用下的起爆过程,在FE-SPH 自适应耦合算法中嵌入了凝聚炸药的点火-增长模型。该文首先应用FE-SPH 自适应耦合算法对二维轴对称反应装甲冲击起爆模型进行了模拟分析,并以此验证了自适应FE-SPH 自适应耦合算法对此类问题模拟的可行性和有效性。其次,针对长杆弹斜侵彻反应装甲的过程进行模拟,再现了反应装甲动态响应干扰长杆弹入侵的过程。通过与相关实验数据结果及其他方法模拟的结果对比,FE-SPH 自适应耦合方法能够有效地对长杆弹侵彻反应装甲和后效目标靶进行一体化仿真。     

Experimental impacts above 10 km/s

In the proceedings of the last symposium, recent work on a technique for launching small projectiles to hypervelocities above 10 km/s using an inhibited shaped charge was presented [1]. In the interim, experiments have been conducted using the inhibited shaped charge to launch aluminum, nickel, and molybdenum projectiles. This paper presents the results of the impact tests, as well as discusses the shaped charge design modifications for the nickel and molybdenum launchers. Radiographs are presented of the impacting projectiles, as are post test photographs of various targets. The data are unique in that they represent low L/D projectile impacts into both monolithic blocks and spaced plates at velocities above 10 km/s. The aluminum projectiles are being launched at 11.25±0.20 km/s, the molybdenum projectiles at 11.72±0.10 km/s, and the nickel projectiles at 10.81±0.10 km/s.     

Ultra-high velocity impacts: cratering studies of microscopic impacts from 3 km/s to 30 km/s

Cratering experiments performed under carefully controlled conditions at impact velocities ranging from 3 km/s to 30 km/s into a wide variety of target materials are presented. These impact experiments use the 6 MV vertical Van de Graaff accelerator of the Ion Beam Facility at the Los Alamos National Laboratory to electrostatically accelerate highly charged iron micro-spheres. The sub-micron spheres, from a random size distribution, are shocklessly accelerated along an 8 m flight path. Ultra-sensitive charge detectors monitor the passage of the projectiles at a rate of up to 100 projectiles/second. An online computer records and displays in real time the charge, velocity and mass of the projectiles and provides cross correlation between the events observed by the several in-flight charge detectors and impact detectors. Real-time logic controls an electrostatic kicker which deflects projectiles of selected charge and velocity onto the target. Thus each experiment consists of an ensemble of 10 to 40 impacts onto a single target within a narrow window of the projectile parameter space, providing excellent statistical resolution of each data point.

The target materials used include single crystal copper and single crystal aluminum, gold, and quartz as well as pyrolytic graphic and anoxy used in composite materials of interest to space applications. We also conducted impact experiments onto thin Mylar and nickel foils. This paper presents these experiments and summarizes the cratering characterization performed to date. Emphasis is placed on cratering results in several materials over a range of impact velocities.     

空化器形状对超空泡射弹尾拍运动影响的数值研究

为研究空化器形状对超空泡射弹尾拍航行时运动特性的影响,基于有限体积法和Mixture多相流模型,结合动网格技术构建了三维自由尾拍运动仿真模型,在两种长径比下比较了平头弹、凹口弹、锥头弹的尾拍运动特性,并分析了其水动力影响因素。结果表明：较小长径比下,平头弹可以保持运动稳定,凹口弹和锥头弹易失稳,主要是由于空化器产生的空泡尺寸差异导致其临界失稳攻角依次降低。较大长径比下,临界失稳攻角消失,三种头型射弹均能保持尾拍稳定,锥头弹在速度较高时以“单侧尾拍”保持稳定,速度降低后以“双侧尾拍”保持稳定,而平头弹和凹口弹始终以“双侧尾拍”保持稳定;锥头弹由于“单侧尾拍”会产生与初始扰动方向相反的垂直位移,而平头弹和凹口弹由于弹头升力产生与初始扰动方向相同的垂直位移。     

TENSILE AND LCF PROPERTIES OF AISI 316LN SS AT 300 AND 77 K

Tensile and low-cycle fatigue tests were performed on a 316LN austenitic stainless steel at 300 and 77  K. The tensile and low-cycle fatigue properties were obtained and analysed in terms of the influence of temperature on the plastic deformation process and the formation of strain-induced martensite. The martensite content was evaluated using measurements of magnetic saturation. No α'-martensite was detected at 300  K under either monotonic or cyclic straining. On the contrary, at 77  K, strain-induced martensitic transformation is responsible for the higher elongation in tension and the secondary hardening observed on hardening/softening curves in low-cycle fatigue. The induced martensite content in tensile tests is a function of strain which deviates from Angel's model. In low-cycle fatigue, it is a function of the strain level and the accumulated plastic strain. At a given total strain amplitude, the decrease of temperature from 300 to 77  K results in the decrease of plastic strain amplitude and homogenization of plastic strain distribution, and thus in the prolongation of fatigue life. The cyclic over-stress at 77  K, due to an intermediate ageing at 300  K, is related to pinning of initially free dislocations resulting from nitrogen diffusion during isothermal holding at room temperature. This results in a reduced fatigue life.     

Performance of Whipple shields at impact velocities above 9 km/s

The results of 18 impact tests performed on Whipple shields were compared to the predicted ballistic limits of the shields in the region where the impact velocity of the threatening particle was high enough to produce melting and incipient vaporization of the particle. Ballistic limit equations developed at NASA Johnson Space Center were used to determine nominal failure thresholds for two configurations of all-aluminum Whipple shields. In the tests, 2017-T4 aluminum spheres with diameters ranging from 1.40 to 6.35 mm were used to impact the shields at impact velocities ranging from 6.94 to 9.89 km/s. Two different aluminum alloys were used for the rear walls of a simple Whipple shield. The results of 13 tests using these simple Whipple shields showed they offered better-than-predicted capability as impact velocity increased and that the strength of the rear wall material appeared to have a smaller-than-predicted effect on the shield performance. The results of five tests using three configurations of a scaled Space Station shield - a plain shield at 0 degrees, two shields with multilayer insulation in the space between the bumper and the rear wall (also at 0 degrees), and two tests with the plain shield at 45 degrees obliquity - showed that these shields met their predicted capabilities.     

非对称膜及其复合膜结构参数的确定

根据非对称膜及其复合膜与气体渗透之间关系的数学模型，建立了通过测定气体渗透率确定膜结构参数的计算方法，并建立了相应的电算软件。可确定的膜结构参数为涂层厚度、致密层厚度、底膜和复合膜的表面平均孔径及表面孔隙率。并利用此方法确定了两种气体分离复合膜的结构参数。     

层压玻璃钢板的侵彻阻抗的试验研究

本文给出层压玻璃钢板和钢板的侵彻阻抗的试验研究结果。撞击速度范围为V=600～800m/s,弹丸为钢球。试验结果表明,对于同样的撞击极限速度,层压玻璃钢靶比钢靶约轻(30～40)%。      

对弹体侵彻混凝土靶体阻力函数计算公式的探讨

基于动态球形空腔膨胀理论,探讨了混凝土材料的单轴抗压强度、弹性模量、泊松比、压力硬化系数对阻力函数的影响,并指出,混凝土靶体的弹性模量和单轴抗压强度对阻力函数影响较明显,而泊松比和压力硬化系数的影响可以忽略不计。在此基础上,该文忽略泊松比和压力硬化系数的影响,通过引入弹性模量与单轴抗压强度的关系式,分别建立了基于弹性-断裂-塑性和弹性-塑性两种靶体响应模型下,同时考虑单轴抗压强度和弹性模量影响的阻力函数理论公式,并建立了弹体侵彻靶体的加速度时程计算模型。通过与不同尺寸弹体侵彻实验数据对比,验证了该文提出阻力函数表达式的适用性及其在加速度时程以及较大尺寸弹体侵彻深度计算中的优 越性。     

高能炸药驱动下弹体膨胀破碎过程试验研究

为了获得高能炸药驱动下战斗部壳体破碎机理,选取新型弹体材料30CrMnSiNi2A钢、40CrMnSiB钢以及典型弹体材料50SiMnVB钢,采用超高速摄影技术拍摄壳体静爆,获得了不同弹体材料壳体膨胀破碎过程,引入弹体径向膨胀系数,建立了考虑弹体材料性能影响的壳体径向膨胀距离随时间变化的函数关系式,并试验测定了三种材料弹体形成破片的最大初速。分析试验结果发现,新型弹体材料壳体膨胀速度和破片初速更大,相比50SiMnVB钢壳体,30CrMnSiNi2A钢和40CrMnSiB钢壳体形成破片的最大初速分别提高了19.0%和31.9%。不同合金钢材料壳体形成破片初速沿壳体轴向分布规律相同,最大初速出现在距起爆点约70%圆筒长度处。该研究结果将为杀爆战斗部壳体材料选取及设计提供参考依据。     

不同倾角侵彻下半穿甲战斗部结构件受力仿真分析

利用有限元软件LS-DYNA建立了某型半穿甲弹战斗部模型,进行了在初始速度为300m/s,靶厚为34mm,倾角分别为0°、15°、30°、45°、60°条件下的侵彻数值模拟,对战斗部穿甲性能进行了研究,分析在侵彻过程中不同倾角对战斗部内部结构部件所受过载、应力及应力集中位置分布的影响。结果表明:小倾角侵彻时内部结构件所受最大应力随倾角的增大略有减小;大倾角侵彻时内部结构件所受最大应力随倾角的增大而增大,容易出现变形和失效,最终可能影响战斗部的整体功能。     

三维编织复合材料弹道侵彻准细观层次有限元计算

三维编织复合材料相比于层合复合材料有较高的层间剪切强度和断裂韧性,因而具有更高的冲击损伤容限。用钢芯弹对三维编织复合材料作弹道贯穿测试,得到弹体的入射速度和剩余速度,并考察侵彻破坏模式。目前对三维编织复合材料弹道侵彻性能计算主要建立在连续介质假设上,从真实细观结构计算三维编织复合材料弹道冲击性能尚有一定难度,用三维结构复合材料的纤维倾斜模型在准细观结构层次上分解三维编织复合材料,就其中的一块倾斜单向板作弹道侵彻有限元计算,由弹体动能损失得到贯穿整个复合材料靶体后弹体的剩余速度。有限元计算及与弹道测试结果的比较证明在准细观层次上计算三维编织复合材料弹道冲击性能的有效性。      

间隔介质对射流侵彻间隔靶影响的数值模拟

为了研究间隔介质对聚能射流侵彻间隔靶能力的影响,运用AUTODYN软件分别对射流侵彻水和空气介质间隔靶过程进行数值模拟。主要从侵彻过程中射流形态、间隔介质形态、射流头部速度三个方面出发,对模拟结果进行分析。首先与试验结果进行对比,验证了数值模拟分析的合理性和可靠性。然后通过分析数值模拟结果,得到射流头部速度随侵彻介质距离变化的拟合公式,并得出:射流头部速度在间隔靶水介质中衰减比空气介质中高17.6%,且金属射流速度愈低,相同距离水间隔介质对射流侵彻能力的衰减效果愈明显。     

聚丙烯／玻璃纤维复合材料界面区的结晶行为

通过对聚丙烯／玻璃纤维复合材料体系等温结晶情况的研究。分析了ＰＰ／ＧＦ复合材料界面附近的结晶行为。结果表明ＧＦ对ＰＰ没有明显的异相成核作用,对ＰＰ基体内的成核杂质也无明显的吸附作用。由于ＰＰ快速冷却结晶生成斯迈其卡结构和缓慢冷却过程中ＰＰ分子的松弛作用,导致在等温结晶,淬冷和缓冷条件下制备的ＰＰ／ＧＦ试样界面处均未能生成明显的横晶结构。