盘条与钢丝国家标准与对应国际标准、国外先进标准的比对分析及对策研究

通过对盘条与钢丝20项具体的国家标准与对应国际标准、国外先进标准的比对分析,提出了盘条与铜丝国际标准研制以及有效应对该领域技术性贸易措施的对策建议。     

连轧钢板国际标准制定动态——2007年第35届ISO／TC17／SC12连轧钢板国际标准会议情况汇报

介绍了2007年10月在我国召开的第35届ISO／TC17／SC12连轧钢板及钢带国际标准会议的情况,提出我国应进一步参与国际标准化活动,积极推进采用国际标准的工作。     

The first international standard for serum amyloid A protein (SAA). Evaluation in an international collaborative study

In this study, 275 fatalities in Hamburg's prisons from 1962 to 1995 have been evaluated retrospectively. 57% unnatural causes of death have been found. These included 120 suicides, 21 drug-related deaths and 6 homicides. Suicides are committed primarily by socially desintegrated prisoners with some experienced time of custody and the expectation of another, longer period of arrest. The preferred method is hanging. Mostly the motivation to suicide is due to the situation in prison as such. It cannot be stated that the staff had neglected the suicidal tendency of the imprisoned. Compared with other regions, the number of suicides lies in average bounds and remained constant over the years, with about 138/100,000. The "Law of Imprisonment"/"Strafvollzugsgesetz" (1977) did not recognizably influence the number of suicides. Especially in the last years violent acts with succeeding death increased, but the absolute numbers are very low. Since 1989 a series of drug-related deaths occurred; among these there were no imprisoned being substituted with methadone up to 1995. Although one must regret every single case of death in prison, this study has shown in general that the circumstances in Hamburg have to be assessed by far less critical than it has been done occasionally with single cases in the public discussion.     

A collaborative approach to standards, practices. Setting the stage for continuous quality improvement

In retrospect, the most important thing we did was work together. We analyzed, refined, and validated our philosophical approach to patient care. We provided an information data base that is readily available for on-the-job reference and serves as a starting point for CQI activities. The very act of joint documentation of practices encourages open discussions about improvements to patient care. One physician states, We know that flaws in the process through which we produce care are everywhere--waste, duplication of effort, unnecessary complexity, and unpredictability . . . I believe that modern total quality management offers enormous hope to a medical care field that is rather desperate. . . . Collaborative practice and CQI activities are one hope. The scope of what nurses and physicians traditionally consider when discussing standards and practices must widen. We should no longer look only at patient care. We must simultaneously focus on how the management of total systems influences quality care for all patients. The CQI process, a proactive method, requires an accurate data base of information that is easily retrieved when looking for systems and individual patient care improvements. Our Computerized Collaborative Standards and Practices Manual is the reservoir for documenting practice plans developed and approved by all the disciplines involved. The process described here began with two closely knit operating room disciplines; this framework, however, offers the potential for expansion into a hospital-wide system of information organization and use.     

Type A behaviors for children, social comparison, and standards for self-evaluation.

Assessed the impact of performance standards on the social comparison behaviors of 40 Type A and Type B (as determined by the Matthews Youth Test for Health) 4th graders. Ss performed a 5-trial task. Half were given an explicit standard by which to evaluate their performance prior to each trial; half were given no standard. In between trials, Ss could compare their performance with that of hypothetical coactors, and the frequency of their comparisons were recorded. After 5 trials, all Ss were informed that their total score represented the middle score of the tested Ss and were asked to select 1 score for further examination. Results show no significant differences among groups on the frequency of comparisons. In contrast, results did show that regardless of the presence or absence of an explicit standard, Type A Ss chose to evaluate their performance against the top scoring coactor, whereas Type B Ss chose to do so only in the absence of an explicit standard. The implications of these results for understanding the childhood antecedents of Pattern A are discussed. (24 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

国际标准的内涵价值

论述了国际标准的主要内涵价值:科学合理普遍适用;国际贸易准则;先进技术、先进管理经验与新技术载体;科技动态信息。文章还论述了ISO附加值。作者在本文最后着重指出,我国标准要走上国际,必须与国际标准接轨,迈上三个台阶:强制性标准转化为自愿性标准,生产型标准转化为贸易型标准,国家标准化与国际标准化同步。     

钢的酸蚀宏观检验国内外标准对比分析

酸蚀宏观检验是最常用的检验钢的低倍组织及缺陷的方法,国内外都制定了钢的酸蚀宏观检验方法标准。本文针对酸蚀试验用试样的取样部位、取样方法、试样的尺寸与制备、试验方法、浸蚀剂的类型、试验温度和时间等方面差异作了对比分析,同时介绍了新修订的GB／T226和由我国主导修订中的国际标准ISO／DIS4969标准的主要修订内容,并对钢的酸蚀宏观检验方法标准的发展提出了建议,供大家参考。     

Establishing minimum performance standards, calibration intervals, and optimal exposure values for a whole breast digital mammography unit

Methods are developed to establish minimum performance standards, calibration intervals, and criteria for exposure control for a whole breast digital mammography system. A prototype phantom was designed, and an automatic method programmed, to analyze CNR, resolution, and dynamic range between CCD components in the image receptor and over time. The phantom was imaged over a 5 month period and the results are analyzed to predict future performance. White field recalibration was analyzed by subtracting white fields obtained at different intervals. Exposure effects were compared by imaging the prototype phantom at different kVp, filtration (Mo vs Rh) and mAs. Calcification detection tests showed that phantom images, obtained at 28 kVp with a Mo/Mo anode/filter and low mAs technique, often could not depict Al2O3 specks 0.24 mm in diameter, while a 28 kVp Mo/Rh, higher mAs technique usually could. Stability of the system tested suggests that monthly phantom imaging may suffice. Differences in CCD performance are greater (12%) than differences in a single CCD over time (6%). White field recalibration is needed weekly because of pixel variations in sensitivity which occur if longer intervals between recalibration occur. When mean glandular dose is matched, Rh filtration gives better phantom performance at 28 kVp than Mo filtration at 26 kVp and is recommended for clinical exposures. An aluminum step wedge shows markedly increased dynamic range when exit exposure is increased by using a higher energy spectrum beam. Phantoms for digital mammography units should cover the entire image receptor, should test intersections between components of the receptor, and should be automatically analyzed.     

Social comparison, task motivation, and the development of self-evaluative standards in children.

Investigated whether 30 1st graders and 27 4th graders were more interested in comparing with a similarly performing other than with others whose performances were superior or inferior to their own. Ss were given the opportunity to compare performances with a peer on each trial of an achievement task. Ss were given feedback that the peer's performance level was either consistently higher than, lower than, or roughly the same as their own. Ss who were offered comparison with a similarly performing peer (a) chose to compare more often, (b) persisted at the task for more trials, and (c) self-rewarded on a smaller proportion of the trials than did Ss offered comparison with a consistently superior or inferior peer. Those offered a superior peer did not differ from those offered an inferior peer on any of these measures. However, younger Ss compared more often with a similar other than did older ones. Results are discussed in the context of the role social comparison plays in children's establishment of standards for evaluating the goodness of their own performance. (19 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Evaluation of brain tumor by 99mTc-MIBI: comparison study with 201Tl and predictivity of therapeutic effect

Spider silks are highly repetitive proteins, characterized by regions of polyalanine and glycine-rich repeating units. We have obtained two variants of the Spidroin 1 (NCF-1) silk gene sequence from Nephila clavipes. One sequence (1726 bp) was from a cloned cDNA, and the other (1951 bp) was from PCR of genomic DNA. When these sequences are compared with each other and the previously published Spidroin 1 sequence, there are differences due to sequence rearrangements, as well as single base substitutions. These variations are similar to those that have been reported from other highly repetitive genes, and probably represent the results of unequal cross-overs. We have also obtained 708 bp of sequence from pCR of genomic DNA from Araneus biocentenarius. This sequence shows considerable similarity to a dragline sequence (ADF-3) from A. diadematus, as well as Spidroin 2 (NCF-2) from N. clavipes. Minor but consistent differences in the repeating unit sequence between A. bicentenarius and A. diadematus suggest that concerted evolution or gene conversion processes are acting to maintain similarity among repeat units within a single gene.     

Clinical features of Beh?et's disease in children: an international collaborative study of 86 cases

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to characterize the clinical picture of Beh?et's disease (BD) in children. STUDY DESIGN: A questionnaire was completed by five BD specialists from Turkey, France, Iran, or Saudi Arabia. We first reviewed 86 cases retrospectively with a specially designed computerized database and then selected 65 who met the criteria of the International Study Group for BD, which include buccal aphthosis plus at least two among recurrent genital aphthosis, eye lesions, skin lesions, and positive pathergy test. The remaining 21 patients, who had features suggestive of BD but did not fulfill the international criteria, were analyzed separately and then compared with the other 65 patients. RESULTS: BD affected boys and girls equally. The clinical picture frequently included mucocutaneous lesions. Uveitis was less frequent than in adults but carried a poor prognosis, especially in male patients (p < 0.001). The mortality rate (3%) was related to large vessel involvement. Familial cases were particularly frequent (15%). Erythema nodosum and skin hypersensitivity were common in Turkish patients, whereas neuro-BD was more frequent in French and Saudi Arabian patients. Patients who did not fulfill the international criteria had significantly less genital aphthosis (p < 0.01), less skin lesions or hypersensitivity (p < 0.01), and less uveitis (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: BD in children is similar to BD in adults. The high frequency of familial cases calls for further investigation of the immunogenetic factors that may favor early expression of the disease.     

Heat stability of two candidate international reference preparations for recombinant human tissue factor

Adequate heat stability of international reference preparations (IRP) for thromboplastin (tissue factor) is an essential requirement. Accelerated degradation testing was performed by three laboratories on two candidate IRP for recombinant human tissue factor. Heat treatment of these candidates resulted in slight shortening of the PT, contrasting with heat-induced prolongation of the PT observed with a conventional human brain derived IRP. Heat stability of these candidates was improved when compared with the stability of previous recombinant human tissue factor preparations. The PT-ratio did not change significantly when the candidates were stored for 28 days at 44 degrees C. It can therefore be concluded that both candidates are acceptable with regard to stability.     

Biotechnological approaches to the development of therapeutic and diagnostic preparations of lipid nature

The paper summarizes own results of studies on phospholipids and glycolipids from natural biological sources. New approaches for synthesis of inositol-containing sphingophospholipids, glycophosphatidylinositols, semisynthetic synthesis of phosphoglycerols have been introduced. New industrial method of phosphjatidylcholine isolation and production of number of lipid preparations were developed. Incorporation of DOPA into liposomes increases efficacy of its action in the medication of MPTP-induced parkinsonism in mice.     

Biological testing of dental materials: development of national and international standards

Testing of dental materials helps to ensure that they are of satisfactory quality. Most standardized testing programs have focused on the physical, chemical, and mechanical properties of the materials, and started at the National Bureau of Standards, USA, in 1919. The need for biological evaluation of dental materials became evident after some material-related adverse incidents. The first document concerning standardized testing of the biological properties of dental materials was published by the American Dental Association in 1972. During the last twenty-five years, increased attention has been focused on the evaluation of biological properties by standardized testing. The development of standards concerning biological testing of dental materials since 1972 at the national and international level is described.     

In search of value: an international comparison of cost, access, and outcomes

The United States spent the most resources on health care of all the twenty-nine industrialized countries in 1996 by a wide margin. Managed care and other recent initiatives have been credited with slowing the rate of increase in the U.S. health care spending in recent years. Although the rate of increase slowed, it was still more rapid than the rate in most other industrialized countries between 1990 and 1996. Among the twenty-nine industrialized countries, the United states had the lowest percentage of its population eligible for publicly mandated insurance in 1995. Since 1960 Greece, Korea, and Mexico have surpassed the United States on this measure. AMong the twenty-nine industrialized countries, only the United States had less than half of its population eligible for publicly mandated health insurance in 1995. The United States appears to be comparable to the other G7 countries in terms of access to physicians, in-patient hospital services, and pharmaceuticals. However, on outcomes indicators such as life expectancy and infant mortality, the United States is frequently in the bottom quartile among the twenty-nine industrialized countries, and its relative ranking has been declining since 1960.     

我国金属力学性能试验方法标准采用国际标准现状简介(下)

介绍了我国金属力学性能试验方法标准采用国际标准的现状 ,提出进一步等效采用国际标准的设想。对等效采用国际标准后的我国标准技术内容变化作了简要说明     

Ultracentrifugal analysis of factor VIII and von Willebrand factor in therapeutic preparations

The X-ray structures of the maltose bound forms of two insertion/deletion mutants of the Escherichia coli maltodextrin binding protein, MalE322 and MalE178, have been determined and refined. MalE322 involves a one residue deletion, two residue insertion in a hinge segment connecting the two (N and C) domains of the protein, an area already identified as being critical for the correct functioning of the protein. MalE178 involves a nine residue deletion and two residue insertion in a helix at the periphery of the C-domain. The function of both mutant proteins is similar to the wild-type, although MalE322 increases the ability to transport maltose and maltodextrin whilst inhibiting the ability of the cell to grow on dextrins. Both proteins exhibit very localized and conservative conformational changes due to their mutations. The structure of MalE322 shows some deformation of the third hinge strand, indicating the likely cause of change in its biochemistry. MalE178 is stable and its activity virtually unchanged from the wild-type. This is most likely due to the long distance of the mutation from the binding site and conservation of the number of interactions between the area around the deletion site and the main body of the protein.     

The effectiveness of bone density measurement and associated treatments for prevention of fractures. An international collaborative review

This review assesses the evidence regarding the effectiveness of bone density measurement (BDM) screening and related interventions--hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and intranasal salmon calcitonin (SCT[N])--in menopausal women to prevent fractures in later life. Data sources included systematic reviews of evidence and relevant primary studies identified through literature searches on MEDLINE and EMBASE. Study selection included trials of BDM screening programs, prospective studies examining the predictive value of BDM, randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, and case-control studies of HRT and SCT (N). The evidence was evaluated using a classification system incorporating study design and quality. Outcomes were measured in terms of relative risk of fracture for a 1 SD decrease in bone mineral density below the age-adjusted mean, relative risks or odds ratios for fractures associated with treatments, and proportion of hip fractures potentially prevented by BDM screening linked to treatments. Fair evidence from prospective cohort studies suggests that BDM can predict the risk of fractures, but not with high accuracy. Fair evidence from low-quality randomized controlled trials and observational studies suggests that HRT and SCT(N) are efficacious in preventing fractures. Good evidence supports the efficacy of these treatments in preserving bone mass, but there is fair evidence that the effect wears off after cessation of therapy. There is little evidence on the impact of screening menopausal women with BDM in association with HRT or SCT(N) treatment. Estimates based on combining existing evidence regarding the predictive value of BDM and efficacy of HRT suggests that 1-7% of hip fractures might be prevented.     

Mood, self-efficacy, and performance standards: Lower moods induce higher standards for performance.

Examined the effects of induced mood on personal standards for performance and judgments of one's performance capabilities, or self-efficacy judgments. Three experiments involving 208 undergraduates were conducted. In Exp 1, standards and self-efficacy judgments were assessed on common social and academic tasks. In Exp 2, these variables were assessed on 2 novel tasks. In both experiments, negative mood induced higher standards for performance. Induced mood had no effect on perceived self-efficacy. Negative mood Ss thus held minimal standards for performance that significantly exceeded the levels of performance they judged they actually could attain. Exp 3 provided support for the hypothesis that negative mood raises standards by lowering evaluations of prospective outcomes. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)