Relationship between histochemical, structural characteristics and oxidative stability of rhea limb muscles

Histochemical and structural characteristics were investigated in Gastrocnemius pars interna (GN) and Iliofiburalis (IF) limb muscles of Rhea americana. The average myofibre area cross-section was greater in GN than IF muscle (p < 0.001), whereas the fibre density per section was higher in IF than GN muscle. The only type of myofibre found in both the rhea limb muscles analysed in this study was fast-twitch oxidative-glycolytic fibres (FOG). Immunolabelling analysis and ultrastructural observation of myofibres confirmed the contractile and metabolic characteristics of rhea myofibres, revealing the absolute fast isoform of myosin heavy chain and the abundance of glycogen and mitochondria inside the cells, mainly in IF muscle. These findings converged with previous results on the biochemical and physicochemical characteristics of rhea meat to provide further evidence that myofibre composition substantially influences the oxidative reactions of the muscle and therefore the meat quality, but more in-depth examination is needed to establish the links between myofibre characteristics, myofibre glycogen concentration and meat stability during storage.     

Meat quality comparison between fresh and frozen/thawed ostrich M. iliofibularis

A pairwise comparison of the meat quality between fresh and frozen/thawed Musculus iliofibularis was conducted. Thirty-two (16 left; 16 right) muscles were collected and allocated to two treatments: fresh and frozen/thawed. Frozen vacuum-packed samples were stored for 1 month at -20°C before thawing. The fresh samples had higher pH (P<0.05), water binding capacity (P<0.05), CIE L* (P<0.0001), CIE a* (P<0.05) and Chroma values (P<0.05) than the frozen/thawed samples, indicating the fresh samples were bright red in appearance and had minimal exudate. The frozen/thawed samples lost 5.09±0.21% moisture during thawing and had a greater drip loss (P<0.0001) and shear force (P<0.001). No differences were obtained with regard to cooking loss, CIE b*, hue and TBARS. Protein oxidation (mM carbonyls/mg protein) was lower (P<0.05) in the frozen/thawed samples, which was attributed to the higher (P<0.0001) protein concentration negating the higher (P<0.001) carbonyl content. Industrial freezing and thawing regimes negatively affected the quality of ostrich meat.     

Colour,lipid and protein stability of Rhea americana meat during air- and vacuum-packaged storage: Influence of muscle on oxidative processes

Physicochemical characteristics and oxidative stability during storage were determined in Gastrocnemius pars interna (GN) and Iliofiburalis (IF) muscles of Rhea americana. Glycolytic potential (GP) and pH decline of muscles were measured within the first 24 h post mortem. Colour, lipid and protein stability were determined during storage of meat, i.e. 5 days under air-packaging at 4 °C, or 28 days under vacuum-packaging at 4 °C. In parallel, anti-oxidant status of muscles was estimated by measuring α-tocopherol content and anti-oxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase and catalase), while pro-oxidant status was evaluated by determining haeminic iron and long chain fatty acids (especially polyunsaturated fatty acids). The ultimate pH was similar in both muscles, but the GP value was significantly higher in IF than in GN muscle. Haeminic iron and alpha-tocopherol content differed between muscles, with 30% more haeminic iron (p < 0.05) and 134% more alpha-tocopherol (p < 0.001) in IF than GN muscle. The IF muscle presented higher lipid content and lower PUFA/SFA ratio (polyunsaturated fatty acids/saturated fatty acids) than GN muscle. With storage under air-packaging, lipid and protein oxidation of rhea muscles increased up to 275% and 30%, respectively. This increase was more rapidly and marked in IF muscle. The IF also showed high level of metmyoglobin accumulation after 3 days of storage (47%) and was rejected by 1 consumer out of 2 in sensorial analysis. Under vacuum-packaging, both muscles showed a high stability of colour and no oxidation of lipids and proteins.     

Effect of precooking and polyphosphate treatment on the quality of catfish fillets cooked in pouch in boiling water

Cooking or reheating food in a vacuum‐sealed bag has been a common method of preparing vegetables, meats and poultry products. However, there are very few examples of vacuum‐sealed bags designed for cooking catfish fillets. The objective was to examine properties of raw frozen and precooked frozen catfish fillets that were cooked in a vacuum‐sealed pouch in boiling water. The effect of a commercial polyphosphate blend (IQF) on product properties was also evaluated. Sample analyses included weight loss, proximate content, colour (CIE L*a*b*), pH, mechanical texture and lipid peroxidation (TBARS) measurements. Both raw frozen and precooked frozen IQF fillets showed a significantly lower per cent moisture loss after cooking, of less than 2.7% relative to the fillets without polyphosphate (6.2–7.4%). Colour analysis showed a significantly higher b*(C) (yellowness) value for fillets without polyphosphate. Similar texture properties were observed between cooking treatments, with a harder texture (~1.3–1.7 times) determined for fillets without polyphosphate.     

脂肪添加量和冻藏时间对冷冻水饺肉馅品质的影响

研究添加猪肉背膘的冷冻水饺肉馅在0、30、60、90、180d冻藏过程中脂肪氧化的程度以及对水饺肉馅品质的影响。以过氧化物值(POV)和硫代巴比妥酸值(TBARS)判断脂肪的氧化程度,通过测定蒸煮损失、生肉馅的红色值(a*)、肉馅的质构(TPA)判断肉馅的品质变化。结果表明:随着脂肪添加量的增加和冻藏时间延长,水饺肉馅的POV值和TBARS值增加;对于相同脂肪添加量的水饺肉馅随着贮藏时间的延长,脂肪氧化程度也在加深;水饺肉馅的a*值下降,蒸煮损失增加,弹性、硬度、黏聚性、咀嚼性整体呈下降趋势。     

Higher drip loss is associated with protein oxidation

The study aimed to investigate the mechanisms underlying drip loss in meat other than those related to post mortem energy metabolism. The study was carried out on M. longissimus thoracis assessing carcass and meat quality traits plus metabolic parameters and drip loss. Based on the data obtained, three drip loss groups were established: low, medium and high. Heat treatments were performed at 100 °C for 30 min. Physicochemical protein modifications were assessed before and after cooking. IMF and L* were higher in the high drip loss group, whereas b* was higher in the medium drip loss group. Residual glycogen, glucose and glycolytic potential were higher in LT muscle from the high drip loss group. Before cooking, protein surface hydrophobicity and carbonyl levels were similar in the three groups. However, after cooking, carbonyl, oxidized actin and oxidized aggregates were higher in the high drip loss group, suggesting that protein oxidation may affect the water holding capacity of meat.     

Nutritional value and digestion rate of rhea meat proteins in association with storage and cooking processes

The nutritional value of proteins was investigated after the storage and cooking of rhea M. Gastrocnemius pars interna. Oxidation of basic and aromatic amino acids, surface hydrophobicity and aggregation state of proteins, were determined in raw and cooked meat. In addition, myofibrillar proteins were exposed in vitro to proteases of the digestive tract. Cooking markedly affected the protein surface hydrophobicity. The BBP bound content was three times greater in cooked than in fresh rhea meat. A small increment in tryptophan content after cooking was observed. Storage influenced Schiff bases formation indicating the presence of protein-aldehyde adducts after cooking. High content of Schiff bases was found after cooking of samples stored for 5 days, demonstrating a probable implication of free amino groups, most likely from lysine. Cooking decreased the myofibrillar protein susceptibility to pepsin activity. After cooking, the proteolysis rate by pancreatic enzymes increased. Our findings support the importance of protein aggregation in the nutritional value of meat proteins.     

不同脂肪添加量的牛肉饼在反复冻融过程中的品质变化

探究不同脂肪添加量的牛肉饼在反复冻融过程中,其肌原纤维蛋白氧化、理化性质及感官品质的变化情况,阐明反复冻融、脂肪含量与蛋白氧化之间的关系,并分析由此导致的产品品质变化。将绞碎的牛背部脂肪按比例添加于绞碎的牛背最长肌肉中,分别添加相同的食盐等辅料,制得3组脂肪含量不同的牛肉饼,即未添加牛脂肪组(F_0)、添加10%牛脂肪组(F_(10))和添加20%牛脂肪组(F_(20))。真空包装后于-18℃冷冻贮藏,期间反复冻融5次循环,每次冻融后测定样品的感官品质、硫代巴比妥酸反应产物(thiobarbituric acid resctive substances,TBARS)值、色泽参数、解冻损失率,提取肌原纤维蛋白测定羰基含量、总巯基含量、蛋白溶解度,并通过十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis,SDS-PAGE)观察肌原纤维蛋白的聚集和降解程度。结果表明:随着冻融次数和脂肪含量的增加,牛肉饼的TBARS值、解冻损失率、亮度(L*)值、黄度(b*)值、羰基含量显著增加(P0.05),红度(a*)值、总巯基含量、蛋白溶解性显著降低(P0.05)。SDS-PAGE结果显示,随冻融次数和脂肪含量的增加,肌原纤维蛋白的肌球蛋白重链发生聚合,副肌球蛋白和肌动蛋白发生降解。牛肉饼经油煎熟制后进行感官评价,其品质随脂肪含量增加而提高,但随冻融次数增加而下降,特别是冻融3次之后的牛肉饼质地变硬,多汁性下降。相关性分析表明,冻融次数及脂肪含量均与蛋白氧化指标(羰基、总巯基、蛋白溶解性)及理化指标(TBARS值、解冻损失率、L*、a*、b*)极显著相关(P0.01)。实验表明,反复冻融引起牛肉肌原纤维蛋白氧化,导致牛肉饼品质下降;脂肪含量的增加提高了感官得分,但同时加速了蛋白氧化和理化性质的变化。所以在实际的生产中,适当的脂肪含量可提高牛肉制品的品质,但注意冷冻贮藏要保持温度尽可能低且恒定。     

放养鸡肌肉品质和产肉性能分析

本试验旨在研究放养鸡肌肉品质和产肉性能.随机选取12周龄健康的放养铁脚麻母鸡10只,同时选取健康的笼养铁脚麻母鸡10只作为对照组,屠宰和产肉性能按"家禽生产性能名词术语和度量统计方法"中规定的方法进行,取胸肌和腿肌进行肉品质分析,主要分析蒸煮损失、pH、肉红度(a*)、黄度(b*)、亮度(L*)、电导率(EC)、肌肉中...     

不同冻藏条件对鸡胸肉品质特性的影响

为研究不同冻藏条件对鸡胸肉品质特性的影响,本实验以新鲜鸡胸肉为原料,于-16、-26和-36 ℃分别冻藏1、2、3、4、5、6个月,分析比较不同冻藏温度和时间对鸡胸肉的系水力、色泽、蛋白质变性程度、嫩度、脂肪酸败及新鲜度的影响情况。结果表明,随着冻藏温度的升高及冻藏时间的延长,pH呈现先降低后升高的趋势,鸡胸肉的解冻损失率、蒸煮损失率、剪切力以及b*值也逐渐增加,L*值、总蛋白及肌原纤维蛋白溶解度显著降低(p<0.05),但对肌浆蛋白的溶解度无显著影响(p<0.05);a*值则在冻藏前1个月显著增加(p<0.05),但随后逐渐降低,且随着冻藏温度升高而减小(p<0.05)。衡量系水力指标的解冻损失和蒸煮损失结果,衡量色差的L*、a*和b*值以及衡量蛋白变性指标的三大蛋白溶解度和TBARS值与TVB-N值均表明,鸡胸肉在冻藏温度为-36~-26 ℃及冻藏时间为5个月内能有效维持较好的鸡胸肉食用品质。此外,各指标间的相关性分析表明,不同冻藏条件下解冻损失率、蒸煮损失率、剪切力、TVB-N值、TBARS值、a*值、b*值、蛋白溶解度与新鲜鸡胸肉呈现显著的差异(p<0.05),而pH、L*值与新鲜鸡胸肉差异不明显(p>0.05)。本文为快速发展的冷冻禽肉的加工及贮藏环境提供了理论依据。     

冷藏时间对冷却猪背最长肌品质的影响

以宰后24 h的猪背最长肌为研究对象,研究4 ℃条件下冷藏0、12、24、36、48 h对猪背最长肌pH值、色 差、冷藏损失、蒸煮损失、剪切力和水分迁移状态的影响。结果表明：随着冷藏时间的增加,猪背最长肌的pH 值、黄度值（b*）、冷藏损失率和蒸煮损失率均显著提高（P＜0.05）;亮度值（L*）和红度值（a*）在冷藏24 h 内差异不显著（P＞0.05）;冷藏48 h时,猪背最长肌的pH值、L*、b*、冷藏损失和蒸煮损失最大,剪切力最小; 低场核磁共振结果表明,随着冷藏时间的增加,T2b、T21和T22起始弛豫时间显著延长（P＜0.05）,T21的峰面积比例 降低,T22的峰面积比例增加。综上所述,4 ℃条件下冷藏24 h以内有利于保持猪背最长肌的品质。     

Genetic parameters of carcass and meat quality traits of double muscled Piemontese cattle

Genetic parameters of meat quality (MQ) were estimated on Longissimus thoracis muscle of 1208 Piemontese young bulls, progeny of 109 AI sires. Carcass weight (CW), conformation (EUS) and pH (pH24h) were recorded at 24h and lightness (L*), redness (a*), yellowness (b*), pH (pH8d), drip loss (DL), cooking loss (CL) and shear force (SF) were assessed. The heritability (h(2)) of pH24h was very low (0.06), but h2 of pH8d was markedly higher (0.42). Heritability was 0.32, 0.33, and, 0.14, for L*, a* and b*, respectively, whereas was 0.24, 0.07 and 0.14, for DL, CL, and SF, respectively. The two pH measures showed opposite genetic relationships with color measures. Genetic correlations of DL and CL were positive with L* and b* and negative with a*. Genetic correlations between carcass traits and MQ suggest that animals with superior growth potential tend to exhibit reduced EUS scores and pale meat with lower tenderness and water holding capacity. Conversely, improvement of EUS score through selection would lead to light, bright, and tender meat with enhanced water holding capacity.     

冻融循环对秘鲁鱿鱼蛋白及肌肉品质的影响

研究反复冻融对秘鲁鱿鱼肌原纤维蛋白及肌肉品质的影响,为水产品保鲜提供理论依据。将鱿鱼肌肉分别进行0、1、3、5、7次冻融处理,测定蛋白羰基、总巯基、表面疏水性、蛋白的聚集情况及蛋白浊度、乳化活性、乳化稳定性等,并结合感官评价对肌肉品质如解冻损失、蒸煮损失、色泽、嫩度、质构特性及肌肉脂肪氧化程度等进行分析。结果发现经过冻融处理后,蛋白羰基含量和表面疏水性增加,总巯基含量下降,蛋白出现一定程度的聚集,肌原纤维蛋白的浊度增加,乳化活性和乳化稳定性降低。随着冻融次数的增加,鱿鱼肌肉脂肪氧化程度、解冻损失、蒸煮损失、b*等显著增加(p0.05),而L*、a*、W、嫩度、弹性和硬度等下降,同时感官评价结果和仪器分析结果保持一致。因此,反复冻融促进蛋白和脂肪发生氧化,导致鱿鱼肌肉品质下降。     

Cryoprotectants Affect Physical Properties of Restructured Trout During Frozen Storage

ABSTRACT: Cryoprotectants other than sucrose/sorbitol were evaluated to reduce the sweetness of restructured trout products during frozen storage. Bacterial growth, lipid oxidation, thaw loss, cook yield, color, and texture were evaluated after 1 d, 3 mo, and 6 mo of storage at-20 °C. Sucrose/sorbitol, trehalose, andtrehalose/sorbitol at 8% equally exhibited a cryoprotective action and minimized thaw loss and texture changes, whereas sodium lactate did not at 2% during 6 mo of frozen storage. Raw, carbohydrate-treated products had less L * values than the control and sodium lactate products. After cooking, no difference in L * value was observed. Cryoprotectants and frozen storage time did not affect bacterial growth and lipid oxidation of raw products.     

Effect of heat treatment on protein oxidation in pig meat

We investigated the oxidative mechanisms and identified the target protein induced by heat treatment. The study was carried out on M. longissimus thoracis from Galia and Redone pigs. Post mortem metabolic parameters and drip loss were determined. Heat treatment was performed at 100 °C for 10 and 30 min. Physicochemical state of the protein, TBA-RS and Schiff bases were assessed. Protein aggregates were evaluated and the protein target of oxidation studied. Muscles from Galia had higher residual glycogen and drip loss. Heat treatment increased surface hydrophobicity, carbonyl, protein aggregate and Schiff bases and TBA-RS whatever the treatment time. Immunoblotting revealed oxidized myosin, oxidized actin and high molecular weight proteins after 30 min cooking. Oxidation products were significantly correlated with drip loss, suggesting a possible reduced ability of oxidized proteins to retain water. Moreover, residual glycogen was positively correlated with oxidized myosin, suggesting a possible role of glycogen as a glucose donor.     

Effect of plant extracts on lipid oxidation during frozen storage of minced fish muscle

The aim of the study is to determine the effect of pomegranate seed extract (PSE) and grape seed extract (GSE) addition to chub mackerel minced muscle on lipid oxidation during frozen storage. Each extract was added to minced fish muscle at 2% concentration and then stored at ?18 °C for 3 months. The effect of plant dietary fibres to control lipid oxidation was compared with untreated samples (control). Formation of lipid hydroperoxides and thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances (TBARS) was significantly inhibited by PSE and GSE addition when compared with control. Both extracts significantly retarded lipid oxidation according to the results of TBARS. A significant reduction of L* (lightness), a* (redness) and b* (yellowness) values was detected during frozen storage. GSE added samples had the highest redness and the lowest lightness and yellowness. However, samples with PSE showed the lowest redness and highest yellowness and h° (hue angle) values. The results from this study suggest GSE is a very effective inhibitor of primary and secondary oxidation products in minced fish muscle and have a potential as a natural antioxidant to control lipid oxidation during frozen storage of fatty fish.     

没食子酸对猪肉糜脂肪和蛋白氧化的抑制作用及对肉糜品质特性的影响

为研究没食子酸对冷藏（4 ℃,9 d）猪肉糜脂肪和蛋白氧化的抑制作用及对肉糜品质的影响,将没食子酸添加到猪肉糜中（0、0.05、0.10、0.20 g/kg）,添加0.20 g/kg叔丁基羟基茴香醚（butylated hydroxyanisole,BHA）作为对照组,对肉糜的硫代巴比妥酸（thiobarbituric acid reactive substances,TBARs）值、总巯基含量、羰基含量、表面疏水性、色泽及蒸煮损失进行分析。结果表明：空白组猪肉糜的TBARs值显著增加,蛋白质总巯基含量降低,羰基含量增加,表面疏水性升高,红度值降低,蒸煮损失增加;没食子酸的添加降低了TBARs值的增加幅度,抑制了羰基化合物的生成和表面疏水性的增加,并且随着贮藏时间的增加,能够减少总疏基含量的损失,降低脂肪氧化和蛋白氧化的程度,没食子酸还有利于猪肉糜红度的保持,但对蒸煮损失无改善作用。因此,没食子酸可作为天然抗氧化剂应用于肉及肉制品中。     

黑切牛肉贮藏过程中活性氧相对含量变化及其与肉品质指标相关性分析

活性氧在宰后肉品质形成过程中起重要作用,研究活性氧在黑切(dark, firm and dry,DFD)牛肉中对肉品质变化的影响。以黑切牛肉(pH_{24 h}>6.2)为研究对象,取宰后4℃排酸24 h牛肉,4℃贮藏,在贮藏1、24、72、120 h分别测定活性氧相对含量、色差值、pH值、蒸煮损失率、滴水损失率、羰基含量及巯基含量,并进行相关性分析。结果表明：贮藏期间黑切牛肉的pH值大于6.5,显著高于正常牛肉;活性氧相对含量在贮藏期间呈升高趋势,一直高于60 L/(min·mg),贮藏72、120 h高于正常牛肉;红度值在贮藏期间均在4.47以下,低于正常牛肉;滴水损失率低于8.90%,蒸煮损失率低于28.10%,均低于正常牛肉;羰基含量高于2.80 nmol/mg、巯基含量高于37.16 nmol/mg,羰基含量在贮藏72、120 h高于正常牛肉,巯基含量贮藏期间低于正常牛肉;相关性分析表明,黑切牛肉中活性氧与肌肉蛋白质氧化指标羰基含量、巯基含量显著相关。活性氧与黑切牛肉成熟过程中肉品质形成密切相关,其可能是调控黑切牛肉品质变化的重要因子。     

电磁场保鲜对贵州黑山羊品质的影响

本文以贵州黑山羊肉为研究对象,比较研究电磁场保鲜和冷冻贮藏对贵州黑山羊肉品质的影响。在不同贮藏时间（0、15、30、45、60 d）测定贵州黑山羊肉的色差、保水性、pH、剪切力、脂质氧化值（TBARS）、挥发性盐基氮（TVB-N）以及挥发性风味物质的变化。实验结果显示,羊肉经电磁场处理15 d时,L*值显著高于冷冻组,电磁场处理在30 d内可以改善羊肉的a*和b*值。两组pH无显著变化（P>0.05）,但冷冻组下降较电磁场组快。贮藏45 d内电磁场处理后羊肉的嫩度和持水力较冷冻组显著提高,且显著降低羊肉蒸煮损失率。贮藏45 d内电磁场组与冷冻组羊肉TVB-N值均小于国家安全标准（≤15 mg/100 g）。冷冻组共检出挥发性风味物质48种,电磁场组54种,其中,醛类、酯类和醇类物质的含量增高。电磁场处理后ROAV≥1的关键挥发性风味物质最多,相对含量也较高。综上所述,电磁场保鲜在贮藏45 d内对保存羊肉品质有一定的改善作用,此研究为肉类在电磁场保鲜技术延长货架期提供了一定的理论依据。     

不同包装方式对冷藏过程中水牛肉品质特性的影响

为研究不同包装方式对冷藏过程中水牛肉品质特性的影响。以水牛肉为原料,分别采用托盘包装、涂膜托盘包装和真空包装对肉样进行包装,并测定其在4 ℃冷藏过程中色泽、pH、离心损失、蒸煮损失、挥发性盐基氮（TVB-N）值、羰基含量、菌落总数和大肠菌群数等品质指标的变化。结果显示,随着冷藏时间的延长,三种包装方式水牛肉的L*值、a*值呈不断下降趋势,但蒸煮损失、b*值、TVB-N、羰基含量、菌落总数和大肠菌群数呈不断上升趋势,而pH、离心损失呈先下降后上升的动态变化。冷藏第6 d,托盘包装组的TVB-N值达17.56 mg/100 g,冷藏第10 d,涂膜托盘包装组的TVB-N值达19.17 mg/100 g,冷藏第15 d,真空包装组的TVB-N值达16.20 mg/100 g,超出国标限定值（15 mg/100 g）。3种包装方式中,真空包装不仅可以保持水牛肉的色泽和保水性,降低TVB-N、菌落总数和大肠菌群数,还能有效抑制蛋白质的氧化。因此,真空包装对水牛肉的品质保持效果最好,其保鲜效果优于托盘包装和涂膜托盘包装。