基于FEM的直埋电缆载流量与外部环境关系的计算

利用有限元法对有外部热源的直埋电缆区域进行剖分,计算了给定电缆负荷的温度场.利用对分法计算了导体温度等于绝缘长期耐受温度时的电缆负荷,确定了有外部热源和地表空气温度变化时的直埋电缆的载流量.计算结果给出了电缆载流量随电缆与外部热源间距的变化规律,以及电缆载流量随地表空气温度的变化规律,为工程实际提供了参考依据.     

Extending the service life of 15 kV polyethylene URD cable usingsilicone liquid

The authors describe methods and materials used to extend the useful life of extruded polyethylene insulated cables rated at 15 kV that have developed electrochemical trees in the insulation of sufficient severity to cause service failures. Earlier rehabilitation methods treated extruded dielectric cables with both gases and insulating liquids. This new method fills the cable and impregnates the insulation with a silicone liquid. This liquid, which is reactive, significantly improves the voltage breakdown strength of the cables, which had been reduced by electrochemical trees, and extends the useful service life of the cable. A review of the criteria used to develop the silicone liquid for this application and the methodology used to inject it into the cable are presented. An assessment of the costs for this life extension indicates a significantly lower cost than conventional cable replacement with little disturbance to the service and property of the customer     

Effect of Thermal Overload on the Voltage Breakdown Strength of Service-Aged URD Cables

Present industry specifications allow thermoset insulated polymeric cables to be subjected to emergency conductor temperatures of up to 130°C. The effect of the high temperatures on cable integrity has been questioned. This study shows that cyclic, long-term or fast-rise application of 130°C to service-aged, water treed underground residential distribution (URD), crosslinked polyethylene (XLPE) insulated cables, result in an increase in dielectric strength. Contrary to what happens in new cables, an increase in temperature from ambient to 130°C also results in an increase in voltage breakdown strength. It appears that at high temperature, moisture and some remnant by-products of the crosslinking reaction such as volatiles, diffuse from the insulation, contributing to the higher levels of dielectric strength. It is shown that thermoplastic insulation shields on XLPE service-aged cables are adversely affected by emergency temperatures.     

Performance of the ±250 kV HVDC Skagerrak submarine cables.Further development of the HVDC paper-insulated, mass-impregnated (solidtype) submarine cable

A review is given of the performance of the ±250 kV HVDC mass-impregnated, solid-type submarine cables installed between Denmark and Norway. The cables, which have been partly overloaded, have successfully met all requirements. Three mechanical failures have occurred, two due to heavy beam trawls and the third during stormy weather. On two occasions the cables were repaired in stormy weather. They have been hit by a great number of trawlboards and fisherboats' anchors without any significant damage. Tests and investigations of the insulation have demonstrated that this type of cable can be used for far higher voltages than assumed before. Migration of the impregnant is of less significance than previously believed. The cable can tolerate very high mechanical strains, such as those arising during layering at very great sea depths. Bending tests were made on cable pieces at tensions up to 72 metric tons; the results of the subsequent electrical tests were excellent, and no visible traces of damage of the insulation were found. The design stresses are considered, and suggestions are made for the design of cable for very deep waters     

温度对车载高压电缆终端局部放电特性的影响研究

电缆终端作为高速列车的一个重要设备,在接触网与列车之间的能量传递中起着重要作用。然而由电缆终端界面缺陷引起的局部放电,严重影响着电缆终端的绝缘性能与列车的行车安全。通过实验的方法,制作了含有不同长度气隙的电缆终端试验品,并在27.5 kV的电压条件下进行了实验,探究了不同缺陷长度的电缆终端在不同环境温度下的局部放电特性。结果表明,相同气隙长度的电缆终端在27.5 kV的电压条件下,其局部放电量随着环境温度呈现出先上升后下降的趋势。根据这一特性可以知道在一定的电压等级之下,电缆终端的放电量主要受温度影响,当超过某一温度后,由于温升导致的电缆终端内部压力变化成为影响局部放电量的主要因素,并且随着气隙长度的增加,同一温度下的局部放电起始电压呈现增加的趋势。     

基于有限元法的海底电缆埋设深度实时预测研究

在洋流冲刷、人类活动和地质运动等外部激励的长期影响下,海缆的埋设深度容易发生持续性变化,从而导致海缆故障率急剧增加、负载能力大幅下降等一系列严重问题。本文以35 kV光电复合型三芯海底电缆为主要研究对象,采用有限元法仿真了不同环境温度、不同埋设深度以及不同载流量下的海缆温度场,建立了不同载流量下缆芯温度与埋设深度的关系曲线,不同环境温度下缆芯温度与埋设深度的关系曲线,并拟合了相应的关系式,以此整合出海缆埋设深度实时预测的关系方程式通式。最后运用工程实际监测的多源数据,通过该通式实时预测了海缆的埋设深度以及变化趋势,同时结合海缆扰动能量以及海缆埋设深度实测值,验证了该预测方法不仅具有可行性和正确性,也具有较高的预测精度。     

Fault arcs effects in cable bundles for space applications invacuum

A multitude of `arc tracking' tests on cables for space applications has been performed to improve the basic understanding of the phenomena responsible for the fault arc behavior. The damage in a cable bundle develops in a complex system consisting of metallic conductors, insulation materials and arc plasma. Considering the degradation effects, vacuum as one of the applied test parameters, has turned out to be an important test environment. The investigations are based on a new test method, developed to assess arc tracking properties of cables for space applications. Tests were conducted with different insulation materials at cables with different AWG at 125 V dc and nominal currents. The tests were focused on the vacuum environment, using air only for the purpose of comparison. For some cable types, vacuum has turned out to be a worst-case environmental condition with respect to fault arc effects, such as the conductor burn-off, degradation of the insulation of adjacent cables and the extension of the fault arc. This paper presents these worst case experiments in detail     

Long-term characteristics of XLPE cables

To study the long-term characteristics of XLPE cables installed in free air and in water, aging tests were conducted under various testing conditions using XLPE cables with both 3.5 mm and 6 mm insulation. From the Weibull plots of lifetime distribution under the voltage stress E_L as the minimum breakdown strength, the minimum value of time to breakdown t_L under the constant voltage was estimated. The results of accelerated aging tests of XLPE cables installed in free air demonstrated that the V-t characteristics of XLPE cables could not be described by the conventional inverse power law (t ∝ V⁻ⁿ) with a single constant life exponent n. Based on the microscopic observation of a sliced insulation removed from XLPE cables, it was concluded that bow-tie trees with longer tree length observed in cables tested in water were caused by the moisture from outside, whereas the trees in cables tested in free air were caused by the residual moisture originally existing in the insulation. The breakdown strength of the aged cables tested in water increases through cable drying. However, it does not recover to the original values.     

一种新型陶瓷化高分子复合耐火硅橡胶耐火电缆的研制

概述了一种新型的陶瓷化硅橡胶耐火电缆的研制。陶瓷化硅橡胶耐火材料由硅橡胶基料中加入无机硅粉末填充物、结构控制剂和其他的助剂材料等组成,可用于不同电线电缆产品的制造。这种材料在常态下仍然具备硅橡胶的特性,经500℃高温和750℃以上的火焰烧蚀,耐火硅橡胶将形成坚硬的陶瓷化防火保护层,起着隔绝火焰的作用,在火灾情况下保证电力和通信的传输功能。     

基于电热加速老化试验的XLPE电缆绝缘性能研究

为了掌握电缆绝缘性能与温度之间的关系,在实验室对运行年限不同的10 kV高压XLPE电缆进行电热加速老化试验,测量不同的载流量下电缆分别在空气和沙土中的温度变化数据。试验测量数据和温升曲线表明,运行中电缆的温度变化与所加载的流量和周围环境介质均有关系,运行年限相同的电缆在空气中的温度变化较在沙土中的要大,运行年限越久的电缆不论在空气中还是在沙土中温升都较快。基于电热加速老化试验方法研究运行年限不同的电缆的温度变化情况,为电缆绝缘性能的判断提供参考依据。     

Thermal Assessment of an Air-Filled Surface Trough for 400 kV Cables

Using a full-scale trough, temperature measurements around the cables and inside the trough yield an empirical formula for heat transfer from the central cable. This, together with assumed solar and wind quantities at the ground surface and the effective thermal resistance of the trough via the soil to ambient, yields the thermal resistance of the cable surface to ambient. Calculation of the current rating of the cables yields a value below the normal buried rating. It is concluded that the air-filled trough has no advantage over the sand-filled variety.     

Development of 500-kV XLPE cables and accessories for long distanceunderground transmission line-Part I: insulation design of cables

This paper discusses the results of a basic study for the development of 500 kV XLPE power cables. The authors have established that the factors that decide the performance of today's XLPE cables are impurities in the insulator and protrusions on the semiconductive layer, and that the insulation performance of XLPE power cables is determined by the size of these defects. In model tests of XLPE power cables, the minimum insulation breakdown stress of cables was determined, to set the design values for 500 kV XLPE cable. As a result, it was found that it is possible to design cables having an insulation thickness of 25 mm     

电缆群排管敷设形式下的分流运行优化方法

夏季地下排管电缆聚集运行温度异常,电缆温度过高会加速电缆绝缘材料的老化,热量累积到一定程度,还可能引起起火事故。为降低地下排管中电缆运行温度,提出了电缆群排管敷设形式的优化方法。基于有限元法计算地下排管中电缆群运行温度场,建立了电缆群敷设形式优化计算模型。以电缆群中最高温电缆的温度降到最低为目标函数,电缆群中总载流量不变为约束条件,对电缆群中温度较高的电缆进行分流优化计算。通过Comsol Multiphysics软件仿真计算的结果可见,与未优化之前相比,采用优化方法后排管中最高温电缆的导体芯温度降低了约11%,电缆群最大温差降低了3.6℃,增加了电缆群温度场分布的均匀度,优化效果显著。     

Rating power cables in wrapped cable trays

Conductor temperatures for a given ampacity loading is a function of ambient temperature inside the tray. In other words, the ampacity of cables included in these tray systems has to be rated at the ambient temperature inside the tray. Cable overheating and eventual failure can result if cables are overloaded or not derated for operation. IPCEA Pub. No. 54-440/WC lists cable ampacities in air ambient temperature of 40°C. Cables operating at temperatures above this have to be derated accordingly. An algorithm is presented for determining ambient temperatures in the cable tray for conditions of natural air convection with different cable loading. Hence, derated cable ampacities can be derived from those at 40°C. Although at present, there is no industry standard for wrapped cable trays, the method used here can be used to develop such a standard     

Comparative laboratory evaluation of TR-XLPE and XLPE cables with Super-smooth conductor shields

This paper provides data on four commercial tree retardant crosslinked polyethylene (TR-XLPE) and one cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) insulated 15 kV cables supplied by three manufacturers. The cables have "super-smooth" conductor shields and "extra-clean" insulation and insulation shields. AC and impulse voltage breakdown and selected other characterization data are presented for cables that were aged immersed in room temperature water (15-30/spl deg/C) up to 24 months of a planned 48 months aging program. The five cables have high ac voltage breakdown strength, three of the TR-XLPE cables, actually increased in breakdown strength during aging. The one TR-XLPE cable that had the lowest ac voltage breakdown had vented trees at the insulation shield and high dissipation factor, which the other cables did not have. The impulse voltage breakdown strength of all cables decreased during aging; the cable with the lowest ac voltage breakdown also has the lowest impulse voltage breakdown. The dissimilar performance of the TR-XLPE cables and the excellent performance of the XLPE cable indicates evaluations at longer times are required to differentiate between modern TR-XLPE and XLPE insulated cables.     

土壤直埋110 kV电缆中间接头稳态载流量仿真研究

针对目前没有成熟的交流电缆中间接头载流量校核方法,搭建了土壤直埋110 kV电缆中间接头和电缆本体稳态载流量三维仿真模型,利用有限元对比研究环境温度、土壤导热系数和敷设深度对电缆中间接头和本体稳态载流量的影响规律。结果表明：在不同环境温度、土壤导热系数和敷设深度下,电缆中间接头载流量始终小于电缆本体载流量,土壤导热系数为0.5 W·(m·K)^-1、环境温度为293 K以及敷设深度为1.75 m时的中间接头载流量相较于相同条件下的本体载流量减小了10.8%。因此,如按照电缆本体载流量校核电缆载流能力,将导致中间接头主绝缘处于加速热老化状态。为确保电缆长期稳定运行,建议以本体载流量确定电缆载流时应留有一定裕度。     

Electrical stress enhancement of contaminants in XLPE insulation used for power cables

The use of XLPE as the insulation for power cables has grown steadily since it first introduction more than 30 years ago. Today XLPE is rapidly becoming the preferred insulation system for even the highest transmission voltages. This preference is due to the high reliability, low dielectric losses, and low environmental impact that can be achieved with XLPE. The positive effects of high quality insulation materials on improved cable performance have been well known since the start of cable making. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the technical background for the cleanliness levels and to quantify the level of performance required from clean materials. The advantages of clean insulation materials are seen at all voltages. However, this work focuses on the technical basis for the benefits for HV and EHV cables, which typically are designed with a water impervious layer to ensure that the cable remains dry throughout its entire lifetime. The presence of metallic contaminants in MV cable is known to enhance the growth of trees by raising the electric stress level locally. The singular impact of cleanliness on the performance of MV cables is somewhat more complicated as it is influenced both by the cleanliness of the insulation and the ability of the insulation material to resist the growth of water trees.     

Underground cable technical trends for the largest rural electricco-ops

This paper discusses the technical trends, purchasing requirements, and installation practices for medium-voltage (15-35 kV) underground residential distribution (URD) insulated power cables specified by rural electric co-ops. The data was obtained from survey replies by 50 of the largest electric cooperatives, selected on their number of underground miles installed. These utilities furnished key information about their specification preferences for URD power cables including the following: filled/solid conductors, insulation and conductor shield compounds, extrusion and curing methods, copper neutral type, jacket type and material, and cable acceptance tests. Utilities also provided information on the number of cable miles purchased each year, the voltage class and insulation thickness specified and the percentage of cable direct buried versus installed in duct. The results provide meaningful information that enables all rural electric co-ops to determine whether or not their own URD cable specifications are keeping pace with the industry     

微水含量及老化状态对绝缘硅油介电特性的影响

长期电、热复合应力及潮湿环境作用下的绝缘硅油老化和受潮问题严重威胁电缆充油终端安全稳定运行.研究硅油的微水含量以及老化状态对其介电特性的影响,有利于推进介电测试手段在充油终端内填充硅油绝缘状态诊断的应用.因此,通过对未老化硅油实施自然吸湿实验与电热联合老化实验,分别制备得到6组不同水分含量及6组不同老化状态的硅油试样....     

Development of 500 kV DC PPLP-insulated oil-filled submarine cable

This paper outlines the development of a 500 kV DC oil-filled submarine cable capable of transmitting 2800 MW with ±500 kV 2800 A bipole system. Polypropylene laminated paper (PPLP) was employed as the insulation material, which is the world's first application to DC cables. The conductor size is 3000 mm², which is the largest size for submarine cables ever put into practical use. Through various fundamental and prototype tests, the cable proved to have excellent electrical characteristics for DC voltage as well as transient overvoltage. The cable and accessories are undergoing a long-term accelerated aging test as the final confirmation of their reliability and stability