全球第三次能源转型的特征

正能源转型是指能源生产和消费结构发生根本性的改变,并对一国社会经济发展乃至全球地缘政治格局产生深刻影响。从全球来看,曾经发生过两次能源转型,第一次是煤炭取代木材成为主导能源,第二次是油气取代煤炭成为主要能源。当前正在进行第三次能源转型,尽管处于初期阶段,与前两次能源转型相比,已具有明显的区别。一是开发利用可再生能源是当前全球能源转型的重要内容。近年来,清洁、低碳、可再生能源发展迅速,并将取代化     

发展问题诸多生物质能产业前景几何

正由于受产业政策不到位、原料收集困难、技术尚存瓶颈等影响,我国生物质能产业发展还面临一系列挑战。作为全球最大的能源生产与消费国,我国目前的一次能源结构仍然以化石能源为主,客观上导致了我国当前面临能源安全、碳排放和环境污染等多重挑战。通过改善能源结构来解决能源安全、杜绝污染问题已被公认为是最佳选择。生物质能,具有绿色、低碳、清洁、可再生等特点,是当今世界继煤炭、石油和天然气之后的第四大能源,已成为国际能源转     

论能源开发战略转型与煤炭利用的发展前景

当前,煤炭在我国能源结构中的地位正面临着其他能源形式的挑战。今后化石类能源向可再生能源和新能源转变是能源发展的大趋势,目前还处在化石类能源与非化石类能源并重、能源使用由传统能源向新型能源转变的转型期,煤炭利用在工业化过程中还有很大的发展空间。但我们也应当未雨绸缪,大力促进煤炭向工业原料和油气替代品的转化,积极推进煤炭行业的转型升级。     

中石油董事长王宜林谈能源低碳转型

<正>全球能源向清洁低碳化转型已不可逆转,这已成为全球共识。能源转型不仅包括更多清洁能源(天然气和可再生能源)的利用,也包括增加油气和可再生能源比例,挤占煤炭的份额,同时也包括煤炭的清洁利用。但是由于目前技术尚不十分成熟,煤炭清洁利用和可再生能源发展有限。从短期看,化石能源的清洁高效开发利用是应对气候变化最为现实的途径,石油公司有责任在缓解气候变化方面有所作为;在能源结构调整方面,要供应更多清洁能源,包括天然气和可再生     

碳中和背景下的深层页岩勘探开发

碳中和是我国应对气候变化、调整能源结构的重要战略举措.在碳减排、碳中和政策背景下,我国化石能源领域必将迎来重要的结构调整和转型升级,页岩气作为重要的清洁非常规能源类型和国家能源安全的重要保障,也将在这一阶段扮演重要角色.文中通过对我国传统能源转型和能源结构调整的分析,表明我国深层页岩气资源将在能源结构调整中起到重要接续...     

低碳发展背景下光伏发电项目建设及管理问题北大核心CSCD

低碳发展是我国未来社会经济发展的主要方向。在能源行业,今后的趋势是传统化石能源逐渐被光伏发电、风力发电取代,降低碳排放,实现社会经济的可持续发展。能源是社会经济发展的基础,作为能源消耗大国,我国自进入新世纪以来开始逐步调整以煤为主的能源消费结构,高度重视可再生能源、新能源等无碳或低碳能源的发展,稳步推动能源结构的优化。光伏发电项目是实现低碳发展的重要组成,是保护环境、低碳发展、推动产业结构转型的重要保障。     

德国、美国、日本推进可再生能源发展的政策及作用机制

化石燃料的大量使用导致世界能源安全和环境污染问题，可再生能源作为一种可持续的清洁能源，日益受到各国政府的高度重视，他们纷纷制定相关政策推动其发展。德国、美国、日本近几年的表现尤为突出，制定并实施了一系列政策，以风能、太阳能和生物质能为代表的可再生能源发展位居世界前列。     

能源安全的复杂性

在全球应对气候变化的背景下,清洁利用传统化石能源,提高非化石能源在一国能源消费结构中的比重成为必然选择。非化石能源形式的优点在于能够减少碳排放;缺点在于价格相对于化石能源较高,并且供应不稳定。核能和水电既是非化石能源,也是环境友好型能源。核能安全问题主要表现在对核泄漏以及核扩散的担忧,水电安全问题主要表现在水利开发对周边自然环境和气候环境的影响。所以,传统的能源安全与非传统的能源安全很难兼容。     

化石能源从燃料向原料转变的战略构想

本文通过对美国和中国化石能源利用现状的分析,将化石能源利用归纳为原料用途和燃料用途两种方式,并结合世界可再生能源和新能源发展趋势,提出化石能源从燃料向原料转变的战略判断。为了实现这一战略构想,除了要大力发展可再生能源及新能源用以替代化石能源的燃料用途外,还要重点发展以煤炭深加工转化为核心的化石能源科技,最终构建无碳电力系统与碳资源转化系统相融合的新型能源体系。我国应在现有基础上,进一步加大煤炭深加工转化技术研发、示范和产业化步伐,为化石能源从燃料向原料转变做出贡献。     

废弃油井存储太阳能前景分析

随着社会经济的发展,能源问题已经成为社会经济发展的制约因素,进一步受到国际社会重视。减少化石能源生产和使用过程中的碳排放,加快能源绿色低碳转型,发展可再生能源是中长期解决能源安全问题的主要出路。太阳能作为一种新兴的可再生清洁能源,取之不尽,用之不竭,其节能减排效益、环境效益和社会效益均十分显著。借助成熟的地热技术,利用废弃油井,储存集中式太阳能产生的热蒸汽,需要时将热蒸汽排出进行蒸汽发电,应对可再生能源的随机性、间歇性或波动性问题,正在西方各大能源公司开展试验与应用。     

美国碳强度指标走势及其对中国的启示

碳强度作为衡量二氧化碳排放量与GDP关系的指标,将成为中国减排工作的一个约束性指标。它不仅受能源效率影响,更受能源结构的影响,与能源强度相比,其实质上是一个能源质量的问题。美国早已建立了全面的碳强度指标系统及完善的数据收集系统,并出台了众多相关政策。美国二氧化碳排放强度从2000年的521t二氧化碳当量/百万美元(2005年价)下降到2009年的416t二氧化碳当量/百万美元(2005年价),9年间下降了20.15%。在能源供应相关碳强度方面,自2000年以来也呈逐年下降趋势,且2008~2009年间下降尤为突出,可见碳强度指标真实地反映了美国经济发展的趋势及强弱。美国信息产业不仅GDP贡献值远高于传统工业,且碳排放量也远小于传统工业。新能源已被赋予了改变美国命运的重要使命,特别是风能已成为美国非化石能源发展的主力军。我国除应对气候变化外,还面临着扶贫、就业、区域差距等一系列发展问题,实现碳强度指标降低任务非常艰巨。建议政府首先应在中央层面建立一个全面而又公开的碳强度信息数据系统,这是所有工作的起点和基础,并将碳强度指标纳入地方经济发展考核目标;借助"十二五"发展契机,推动国内能源结构调整,促进经济结构转型,加速低碳城市创建,注重节能技术的创新开发和应用;逐步应用新的清洁能源取代化石能源,推动新能源的应用和产业发展。     

Prospects for the production of green hydrogen: Review of countries with high potential

The article provides a review of the current hydrogen production and the prospects for the development of the production of “green” hydrogen using renewable energy sources in various countries of the world that are leaders in this field. The potential of hydrogen energy in such countries and regions as Australia, the European Union, India, Canada, China, the Russian Federation, United States of America, South Korea, the Republic of South Africa, Japan and the northern countries of Africa is considered. These countries have significant potential for the production of hydrogen and “green” hydrogen, in particular through mining of fossil fuels and the use of renewable energy sources. The quantitative indicators of the production of “green” hydrogen in the future and the direction of its export are considered; the most developed hydrogen technologies in these countries are presented. The production of “green” hydrogen in most countries is the way to transition from the consumption of fossil fuels to the clean energy of the future, which will significantly improve the environmental situation, reduce greenhouse gas emissions and improve the energy independence of the regions.     

The role of public policy in optimizing renewable energy development in the greater southern Appalachian mountains

This research presents a third component of a comprehensive decision support system for energy planning that allows for combining existing electricity generating capabilities with increased use of renewable energy sources. It focuses on energy planning at the regional level, and concentrates specifically on the greater southern Appalachian mountains of the eastern United States: a region that was chosen for analysis not only due to its heavy dependence on coal for electricity, but also because of its potential for increased use of wind and solar power. Previous research used a geographic information system (GIS) model for identifying renewable energy potential to provide input data for a multi-objective linear programming (MOLP) model to determine the optimal constrained mix of renewable energy sources and existing fossil fuel facilities by balancing annual generation costs against the corresponding greenhouse gas emissions. This new component of the system analyzes three potential public policies—renewable portfolio standard, carbon tax, and renewable energy production tax credit—that have been used to foster increased renewable energy usage. These policies require minor modifications to the MOLP model for implementation. The results of these policy cases were then analyzed to determine the impact that these policies have on generation cost and pollution emissions within the region.     

China in the transition to a low-carbon economy

China, from its own perspective cannot afford to and, from an international perspective, is not allowed to continue on the conventional path of encouraging economic growth at the expense of the environment. Instead, China needs to transform its economy to effectively address concern about a range of environmental problems from burning fossil fuels and steeply rising oil import and international pressure on it to exhibit greater ambition in fighting global climate change. This paper first discusses China’s own efforts towards energy saving and pollutants cutting, the widespread use of renewable energy and participation in clean development mechanism, and puts carbon reductions of China’s unilateral actions into perspective. Given that that transition to a low carbon economy cannot take place overnight, the paper then discusses China’s policies on promoting the use of clean coal technologies and nuclear power. Based on these discussions, the paper provides some recommendations on issues related to energy conservation and pollution control, wind power, nuclear power and clean coal technologies and articulates a roadmap for China regarding its climate commitments to 2050.     

金融危机期间世界主要国家能源构成变化及启示

金融危机导致的全球性经济衰退,使世界各国的能源消费量增速、特别是能源构成发生了相应变化。多数国家煤炭消费占比有所上升,其中尤以能源消费量大且最强调绿色环保的德、法、英、西、意等欧盟五国表现最为典型,中国、印度等许多发展中国家也有程度不同的表现,这是与改善能源构成的大方向相反的逆行性变化。但美国因页岩气革命导致非常规油气大发展而表现与众不同。期间各国新能源多有较快发展,不过皆表现出后期增速减缓的趋势。这些变化给我们以启示:市场竞争力是影响能源构成变化、能源替代和新能源发展的决定性因素。促进新能源发展的补贴政策应以帮助其提高科技水平、获得市场竞争力为目的,为此各种扶持政策应向产业链上游、特别是科研项目和工业化试生产倾斜。新能源补贴标准不应过高、时间不应过长。能源新时代的到来是以经济和科技的大发展为前提的,需要经历艰苦并可能是曲折的一段发展历程。能源发展模式和能源构成要因地制宜,实现多元化发展。     

Renewable energy sources in Turkey for climate change mitigation and energy sustainability

In Turkey, there is a much more potential for renewables, but represent about 37% of total energy production and 10% of total energy consumption. This share is not enough for the country and the governments should be increase to this situation. Renewable energy technologies of wind, biomass, hydropower, geothermal, solar thermal and photovoltaics are finally showing maturity and the ultimate promise of cost competitiveness. With respect to global environmental issues, Turkey's carbon dioxide emissions have grown along with its energy consumption. States have played a leading role in protecting the environment by reducing emissions of greenhouse gases. In this regard, renewable energy resources appear to be the one of the most efficient and effective solutions for clean and sustainable energy development in Turkey. Turkey's geographical location has several advantages for extensive use of most of these renewable energy sources. Certain policy interventions could have a dramatic impact on shaping the relationship between geological, geographic and climatic conditions and energy production. This study shows that there is enough renewable energy potential in Turkey for fuels and electricity. Especially hydropower and biomass are very well.     

世界主要国家应对气候变化政策分析与启示

美国、欧盟、澳大利亚、日本等主要温室气体排放国家或地区为了应对气候变化,都制定了各自的温室气体排放控制目标。为了实现减排目标,各国（或地区）分别制定了应对全球气候变化的法律法规,建立了应对气候变化的碳排放交易体系,实施了各种气候变化税收政策。各国加大资金投入研究开发减缓气候变化的低碳技术,普遍对可再生能源的开发利用颁布了政策法令并建立气候变化资金。世界各主要国家或地区的应对气候变化的政策对完善我国气候变化政策框架体系有一定的启示。我国应加快建立温室气体统计制度,通过技术进步与财税政策促进节能降耗,大力发展可再生能源,降低对化石能源的依赖,建立应对气候变化专项科学基金和低碳技术基金。     

Making carbon dioxide sequestration feasible: Toward federal regulation of CO2 sequestration pipelines

As the United States moves closer to a national climate change policy, it will have to focus on a variety of factors affecting the manner in which the country moves toward a future with a substantially lower carbon footprint. In addition to encouraging renewable energy, smart grid, clean fuels and other technologies, the United States will need to make substantial infrastructure investments in a variety of industries. Among the significant contributors to the current carbon footprint in the United States is the use of coal as a major fuel for the generation of electricity. One of the most important technologies that the United States can employ to reduce its carbon footprint is to sequester the carbon dioxide (“CO₂”) from coal-fired power plants. This article focuses on the legal and policy issues surrounding a critical piece of the necessary sequestration infrastructure: CO₂ pipelines that will carry CO₂ from where it is removed from fuel or waste gas streams to where it will be sequestered. Ultimately, this article recommends developing a federally regulated CO₂ pipeline program to foster the implementation of carbon sequestration technology.     

中国能源温室气体排放与可持续发展

全球气候变化对经济社会的可持续发展带来严重挑战。影响温室气体排放的因素主要有经济增长、人口、能源消费强度、能源结构等。预计中国2005～2020年GDP年均增长率为8.0%～8.6%。基准情景下,中国2050年能源需求总量达到66.19×108t标煤,人均能源消费量4.4t标煤,CO2排放量117.3×108t,能源消费弹性系数0.42,2020年CO2排放强度比2005年下降43%～48%;减排情景下,中国2050年能源消费量50.4×108t标煤,人均能源消费量3.5t标煤左右,CO2排放量70.7×108t,人均CO2排放量4.8t左右,能源消费弹性系数0.32,2020年CO2排放强度比2005年下降48%～52%,若能实现减排情景,则意味着中国已做到了低碳经济;而从可预见的技术条件以及清洁能源和可再生能源利用的规模来看,实现低碳情景难度很大。中国正处于工业化中期的发展阶段,能源需求增加是客观存在的,应力争转变经济增长方式,优化产业与产品结构,减少与控制高耗能产品出口,提高非化石能源比重和能源利用效率。发展中国家在应对全球气候变化行动中应制定中、短期目标与长期目标。中、短期目标即相对减排,中国政府制定的2020年CO2排放强度相对2005年降低40%～45%的约束性目标就属于相对减排;长期目标指的是当发展中国家实现工业化后,若全球技术发展迅猛,这时发展中国家温室气体的总量控制与减排才有可能做到。     

Exploring the impacts of a carbon tax on the Chinese economy using a CGE model with a detailed disaggregation of energy sectors

This paper applies a computable general equilibrium model to investigate the impacts of a carbon tax on China's economy and carbon emissions based on China's 2010 Input–Output Table. To obtain robust simulation results, we further disaggregate the energy sectors into eight departments according to energy use characteristics. The empirical results indicate that a moderate carbon tax would significantly reduce carbon emissions and fossil fuel energy consumption and slightly reduce the pace of economic growth. However, a large carbon tax has a significantly negative impact on China's economy and social welfare. Moreover, a large carbon tax would entail marked price changes in China. Of the fossil fuels in use, reducing coal consumption would have the greatest impact on reducing carbon emissions, and the ad valorem duty rate for coal would be the highest after levying a carbon tax because it has the highest carbon emission coefficient. Therefore, China should strive to promote clean coal technology, which may be crucial to reducing carbon emissions. Moreover, levying a carbon tax would improve the use of clean energy, which would be an effective means of reducing carbon emissions. Therefore, the Chinese government should formulate the regulations for and pass a carbon tax as early as possible to achieve its carbon emission abatement target and further contribute to mitigating climate change.