A dual‐field method is described to produce aligned fibers by electrospinning. By applying a secondary electric field perpendicular to the primary field, control over the orientation of the fibers on the collector is obtained. The dual‐field approach is used in conjunction with dual electrodes and a rotating collector. Both approaches were used to electrospin poly(lactic acid) fibers under conditions intended to produce fibers with a diameter greater then 400 nm to aid observation by optical microscopy and digital photography. Digital photography was used to visualize a large area of aligned fiber and image analysis software was used to quantify the degree of alignment. Fibers aligned with the aid of a dual field showed better alignment than those from a single electric field under otherwise identical conditions.
A modified air-jet electrospinning (MAE) setup was demonstrated for contributing to the large-scale nanofibers production. With this single nozzle air-jet electrospinning device, the productivity of nanofibers can be increased more than forty times as compared with using the single-needle electrospinning (SNE) setup. When compared with other needle-less electrospinning setups, the benefits of this setup include ability to keep stable concentration of electrospun solution and to produce more uniform and thinner fibers, controlling of the jets formed speed and position, higher throughput, lower critical voltage, easier assembling, simpler operation, and so on. Four different parts of the fiber generator were, respectively, charged as electrospun electrodes to produce fibers. The distributions of the electric field with different electrodes were simulated and investigated for explaining the experimental results including the fibers productivity, the deposition area of nanofiber mats, as well as the surface morphology of the fibers. When the whole nozzle was charged, as compared with charging other electrodes, the MAE system produced thinner fibers with larger standard deviation on a much larger scale. By reduction of charged area, the received fibers presented lower productivity and thicker diameter with lower standard deviation. Especially, when a half of the nozzle was charged, the deposition area of nanofiber mats was larger than charging other electrodes. Besides, when a half of the nozzle was charged, the influences of electrospinning parameters such as applied voltage, collecting distance and the flow rate of air on nanofibers morphology were also investigated. Furthermore, based on this spinning unit, multi-nozzle air-jet electrospinning setup can be designed for larger production of nanofibers. 相似文献
An external electric field was applied on the filter to improve its collection efficiency, and the collection efficiencies of the different filters under various conditions were evaluated. Dominant electrical filtration mechanisms for each condition were investigated using experimental and theoretical approaches. Four types of air filters were used as test filters: a charged fiber filter, a low-grade filter with 50% collection efficiency in the most penetration particle size (MPPS) zone, and two high-grade filters with more than 95% collection efficiency in the MPPS zone. Three different particle charge states—neutralized, single-charged and uncharged—were considered. For neutralized particles, the external electric field led to a 14.5%p. and 2.5%p. increase in the collection efficiencies of the low-grade filter and charged fiber filter, respectively. With the electric field, the collection efficiency of the low-grade filter increased by 30%p. for single-charged particles. The electric field also affected the collection efficiencies of the charged filter and high-grade filters, but the effect was not significant. For uncharged particles, the electric field did not lead to a remarkable increase in the collection efficiencies of any of the filters. Through experimental and theoretical analysis, it was found that the polarization force imposed on the charged fiber was the dominant factor for the charged fiber filter regardless of application of the external electric field. The Coulombic force imposed on the electric field was the dominant factor for the low-grade filter, while both the Coulombic and the polarization forces affected the collection efficiency of the high-grade filter.
We report on a nanoparticle manipulation method for assembling carbon nanocones and disks (CNCs) into molecular wires that create a regular two-dimensional network inside thin films. This technique includes electric field induced assembly and electric field orientation (dielectrophoresis), curing and pyrolysis. First, CNCs are dispersed near to the individual particle scale in a two component epoxy adhesive containing phenolic resin. Second, a thin layer (?10 μm) of this dispersion is spread onto interdigitated metal electrodes (spacing between 10 and 100 μm) on a glass substrate (area of several cm2). CNC wires are assembled and aligned by an alternating electric field (∼1 kHz, ∼1 kV/cm) yielding an epoxy film with uniaxially aligned CNC pathways (diameter 1–5 μm) in-plane. Third, the aligned film is cured by heating, which leads to a solid film where the wire alignment is maintained within the cross-linked polymer matrix. Finally, most of the cured epoxy is removed from in between the CNC wires by further heating (pyrolysis), which results in a network of aligned, separated wires with a CNC interior and polymer covering. This procedure provides a general concept for forming aligned and stable networks of CNC wires over large surfaces. 相似文献
The viscosities of suspensions of glass fibers in an aqueous solution of sucrose have been studied by use of a capillary viscometer. In the aligned condition in the capillary, the viscosity depends little on shear rate within the range studied or on fiber length, but increases with increasing volume fraction of the fibers. The entrance effect was found to depend strongly on fiber volume fraction and fiber length: this indicates that the suspensions are relatively resistant to flow during the initial stages while alignment takes place. 相似文献
A simple and novel unipolar charger using carbon fiber ionizers was developed to effectively charge fine and ultra-fine aerosol particles without the generation of ozone. The particle penetration in the charger was investigated for non-charged, neutralized, and singly charged particles in the size range of 20–200 nm. Particle loss and the intrinsic, exit and extrinsic charging efficiencies of fine and ultra-fine particles were also investigated for non-charged particles at different applied voltages to the charger. Particle penetrations in the charger were nearly 100% for particles larger than 20 nm, irrespective of the initial particle charging state. Particle losses in the charger could be decreased by decreasing the applied voltage to the charger from 4.0 kV to 2.3 kV. The intrinsic charging efficiencies were proportionally increased with the applied voltage, whereas the exit charging efficiencies were almost independent of the applied voltage. Therefore, the extrinsic charging efficiency of the charger becomes higher for the lower applied voltage (2.3 kV), at which about 60% of 20 nm particles were charged. Little (less than 4 ppb) to no ozone was generated under all operation conditions. It can be concluded that the newly developed unipolar charger using carbon fiber ionizers can charge fine and ultra-fine particles at least as effectively as currently available unipolar chargers, but with the major advantage of negligible ozone generation, a highly desirable feature if the charged particles are to be used for chemical or biological analysis. 相似文献
Advanced polymer-matrix composites are defined as materials consisting of continuous high strength, high modulus fibers, aligned and embedded in a polymeric matrix. Due to their low density they exhibit specific mechanical properties (i.e., strength/density and stiffness/density) that considerably exceed those of high strength metals, which demonstrates their great potential for lightweight structural components. The primary reinforcement materials are various types of carbon fibers, aramid fibers and glass fibers. While these are commonly combined with epoxy resins, many new matrix systems with distinct property profiles, including heat resistant thermoplastics, have been developed recently. This paper presents an overview of this rapidly developing field covering principles of composite-property improvement, synthesis and processing of the constituent materials, and processing and manufacturing techniques to combine fibers and matrix to produce a composite laminate or part. Several mechanical composite properties critical for structural design and performance are discussed in terms of the contribution of and interaction between the fiber and matrix constituent. 相似文献
The interfacial region between fibers and matrix in fiber composites governs the transfer of forces between the relatively weak and compliant matrix and the reinforcing fibers. An effective interphase can ensure that the mechanical properties of the composite reflect the high strength and modulus of the fibers. Although composites can be made with the expected strengths and moduli, it is not entirely clear why this is achieved: Tests with critical composites, i.e., those containing very short aligned fibers, do not show the expected stress-strain behavior. This paper examines the effect of an interphase having a shear modulus that is less than that of the matrix. It is found that to explain the Young's moduli of the short fiber composites, the interphase must have a very low modulus indeed; i.e., a few kPa at most. In addition, the strength results can be accounted for only if we assume that the short lengths of fiber used in the experiments had higher strengths than anticipated. Although agreement between experiments and theory is thus not very good, the small amount of experimental evidence available indicates a need for further systematic experiments on critical (i.e. short aligned fiber) composites before firm conclusions are drawn. 相似文献
Crocidolite asbestos fibers suspended in light mineral oil were aligned by means of an electrostatic field of 1500 V / cm. The maximum fiber concentration was ~8 μg / mL. The light scattered by the suspended fibers, with the incident laser beam normal to the fiber axis, was recorded by two probes: one rotating about the fiber axis and another rotating about the incident beam near the forward direction, i.e., 17.5° from the incident beam. The Rayleigh-Debye-Gans theory was utilized in order to determine the modal diameter and modal aspect ratio of assumed logarithmic normal distribution functions in both the fiber diameter and the fiber aspect ratio. Multiple scattering effects were assumed to be negligible. 相似文献
A method has been developed to fabricate borosilicate glass matrix composites reinforced with monofilament SiC fibers by tape casting. Green matrix tapes are laminated with fiber mats of a uniform fiber spacing. The resulting laminate is sintered at 710°C to >98% relative density and HIP-consolidated to full density. The final specimens contain a high volume fraction of fibers (>35 vol%) in a uniform array. A variation of this technique can be used to mount "microcomposites" (i.e., coated fibers) in a glass matrix to facilitate fabrication of push-out test specimens. 相似文献
Electrospinning offers a versatile way to produce one-dimensional micrometer or nanometer materials; however, electrospun fibers are typically collected in a random orientation limiting their applications. In the present study, we have expanded upon a technique used to align fibers for control of the fiber distribution during the spinning process through the use of auxiliary counter electrodes. The electrostatic force imposed by the auxiliary electrodes provides a converged electric field, which affords control over the distribution of the fibers on the rotating collector surface. Experimental results demonstrate that the width of electrospun mats can be decreased dramatically when parallel auxiliary electrodes are employed at the collector. There was no apparent difference in the average diameters of the electrospun fibers as a result of the additional auxiliary electrodes, but the fiber distribution density in terms of mat width was greatly improved. Thus, the use of auxiliary counter electrodes at the rotating collectors provides a viable method of converging and controlling the deposition of electrospun fibers. 相似文献