Q345/SUS304异种钢对接接头残余应力和变形的分析

以ABAQUS软件为平台,开发了热-弹-塑性有限元计算方法用于模拟Q345/SUS304异种钢多层多道焊对接接头的温度场、残余应力和焊接变形. 同时,采用试验方法测量了焊接接头的残余应力、横向收缩和角变形. 计算得到的残余应力、横向收缩和角变形与实测值吻合良好,验证了计算方法的妥当性. 结果表明,Q345母材与焊缝交界处的应力分布有明显的不连续性,靠近交界处Q345侧的较窄范围内纵向拉伸应力明显低于该区的两侧;SUS304侧的高纵向拉伸应力区明显宽于Q345侧. 此外,试验和数值分析表明,Q345/SUS304异质接头有较明显的角变形.     

V形坡口和K形坡口Q345/SUS304异种钢对接接头残余应力和变形

以ABAQUS软件为平台,开发热-弹-塑性有限元方法模拟了V形坡口和K形坡口Q345/SUS304异种钢多层焊对接接头的温度场、残余应力和焊接变形.同时采用试验的方法测量了接头的残余应力和角变形.计算结果与试验测量结果吻合良好,验证了计算方法的妥当性.数值结果表明,不同坡口Q345/SUS304异种钢接头的Q345母材与焊缝交界处的应力分布均出现不连续性,且SUS304侧的高拉伸残余应力区明显宽于Q345侧;K形坡口开口朝向Q345侧相较于开口朝向SUS304侧的接头,Q345/焊缝交界处附近的峰值应力和高拉伸残余应力区均明显较小.试验和数值结果表明,坡口形式对接头的角变形有明显的影响.     

Distribution Features of the Residual Stress For T-Joints by Laser Welding

The residual stress of T-joints for SUS304 stainless steel by YAG laser welding was measured by the method of hole-drilling,and the effects of heat treatment and hardness distribution of weld joints on the distribution of residual stress for T-joints were analyzed.The results showed that the maximum of longitudinal residual tensile stress for T-joints was about 140MPa.The maximum of residual stress was not more than 40MPa after heat treatment,the peak of residual stress reduced obviously.The gradient of residual stress distribution was also reduced significantly.Strain hardening phenomenon occurred for T-joints,and the hardness of weld and heat affected zone was both higher than the hardness of base metal,the peak of hardness occurred in the fusion line.The effect of strain hardening phenomenon of weld and heat affected zone on the residual stress distribution of T-joints for SUS304 stainless steel was obvious,which made longitudinal residual tensile stress become higher.     

焊缝屈服强度对SM490A钢焊接残余应力预测精度的影响

基于有限元分析软件MSC. Marc,开发了用于模拟焊接温度场、焊接应力场和应变场的热-弹-塑性有限元计算方法. 以低合金高强度钢SM490A为研究对象,采用移动热源和实测得到的YGT50焊缝与母材高温热物理性能和力学性能数据,数值模拟了SM490A钢单道堆焊接头的焊接残余应力. 并重点讨论了高组配接头焊缝的屈服强度对焊接残余应力的峰值和分布的影响. 结果表明,对于高组配接头,当把焊缝和母材不加区分(等强匹配),两者都采用母材的屈服强度来计算焊接残余应力时,得到的焊缝处纵向残余应力明显低于实测值;当分别采用焊缝和母材的屈服强度来计算焊接残余应力时,得到的焊缝处纵向残余应力与试验值非常接近.     

焊缝余高对复合型坡口X80管线钢多层多道焊接残余应力的影响

基于熔池反演法获取与工程实际一致的热源模型和参数,采用非线性有限元软件MSC. Marc“生死单元”技术对X80管线钢复合型坡口GMAW多层多道焊接过程热–力耦合有限元程序,并进行了数值模拟计算,进一步分析了复合型坡口有无余高两种情况下焊接接头的残余应力分布情况. 结果表明,焊接余高对焊接热循环过程曲线无明显影响,对焊后残余应力影响显著,有余高和无余高的纵向、横向残余应力均呈现“双峰”现象,应力集中于焊趾处;有余高时的纵向与横向峰值应力均高于无余高情况,且超过了X80管线钢的屈服强度.     

Q345钢对接接头残余应力与变形的预测

以ABAQUS软件为平台,开发了用于模拟多层多道焊接头温度场、残余应力和焊接变形的热-弹-塑性有限元计算方法. 利用所开发的计算方法对板厚为16 mm的Q345钢平板对接接头的温度场、应力场和变形进行了数值模拟. 采用试验方法测量了对接接头的残余应力和角变形. 试验结果与数值结果比较吻合,验证了所开发方法的有效性. 结果表明,在板厚相同的条件下角变形和横向收缩随着焊接层数的增多有增大的趋势;焊缝附近的纵向拉伸应力区域分布范围随焊接层数的增加略有减小;焊接层数对纵向残余应力的峰值影响较小.     

不同退火条件下304L不锈钢埋弧焊接头组织及性能分析

采用埋弧焊方法,进行了304L不锈钢厚板的对接试验研究.通过对焊接接头处的组织观察,并结合焊接接头的-196 ℃冲击韧性以及不同退火条件下残余应力测试,分析了埋弧焊304L不锈钢焊接接头组织和性能. 结果表明,热影响区组织为奥氏体,焊缝区则为奥氏体与少量的铁素体的复相组织;采用残余应力盲孔释放测量方法对焊接接头进行测试,随着退火温度的升高,焊缝及热影响区的残余应力得到进一步的释放;冲击试验中,热影响区-196 ℃冲击吸收能量随退火温度的升高急剧下降,焊缝区-196 ℃冲击吸收能量则呈平稳下降趋势.     

不锈钢与耐候钢MIG电弧钎焊工艺

采用手工MIG电弧钎焊工艺对SUS304不锈钢与Q355GNHD耐候钢薄板对接接头进行工艺试验,按照相关技术标准进行焊接工艺评定。结果表明,MIG电弧钎焊工艺能够成功用于SUS304不锈钢和Q355GNHD耐候钢薄板对接接头的钎焊,焊缝成形质量良好,经X射线探伤无缺陷;接头的抗拉强度平均值为339.58 MPa,接头强度系数为78.97%。采用光学显微镜观察SUS304不锈钢与铜基钎料间产生的渗透裂纹,讨论渗透裂纹的产生机理。     

残余应力对Super304H焊缝金属再热裂纹敏感性的影响

采用预压缩CT试样的方法研究了残余应力对Super304H奥氏体不锈钢焊缝金属再热裂纹敏感性的影响。通过ABAQUS模拟结合EBSD表征分析了不同残余应力下的焊缝金属的塑性应变分布和位错密度分布,并从残余应力诱导焊缝金属晶内析出相的方面解释了残余应力对焊缝金属再热裂纹敏感性的影响。结果表明：高预压缩载荷的CT试样具有更高的残余应力,更容易产生再热裂纹。随着残余应力的增加,焊缝金属拉伸试样的抗拉强度逐渐降低。焊缝金属CT试样靠近U型口的高残余应力区域具有更高的位错密度和更高比例的亚晶,促进了晶内小颗粒相的析出,使得晶内硬化更为严重,再热裂纹更容易产生。     

Influence of Inter-Pass Temperature on Residual Stress in Multi-Layer and Multi-Pass Butt-Welded 9%Cr Heat-Resistant Steel PipesEI北大核心CSCD

9% Cr heat-resistant steels have been abundantly used in boilers of modern thermal plants. The 9% Cr steel components in thermal plant boilers are usually assembled by fusion welding. Many of the degradation mechanisms of welded joints can be aggravated by welding residual stress. Tensile residual stress in particular can exacerbate cold cracking tendency, fatigue crack development and the onset of creep damage in heat-resistant steels. It has been recognized that welding residual stress can be mitigated by low temperature martensitic transformation in 9% Cr heat-resistant steel. Neverthe-less, the stress mitigation effect seems to be confined around the final weld pass in multi-layer and multi-pass 9% Cr steel welded pipes. The purpose of this work is to investigate the method to break through this confine. Influence of martensitic transformation on welding stress evolution in multi-layer and multi-pass butt-welded 9% Cr heat-resistant steel pipes for different inter-pass temperatures (IPT) was investigated through finite element method, and the influential mechanism of IPT on welding residual stress was revealed. The results showed that tensile residual stress in weld metal (WM) and heat affected zone (HAZ), especially the noteworthy tensile stress in WM at pipe central, was effectively mitigated with the increasing of IPT. The reasons lie in two aspects, firstly, there is more residual austenite in the case of higher IPT, as a result, lower tensile stress is accumulated during cooling due to the lower yield strength of austenite; secondly, the higher IPT suppresses the martensitic transformation during cooling of each weld pass, thus the tensile stress mitigation due to martensitic transformation was avoided to be eliminated by welding thermal cycles of subsequent weld passes and reaccumulating tensile residual stress. The influence of IPT on welding residual stress relies on the combined contribution of thermal contraction and martensitic transformation. When the IPT is lower than martensite transformation finishing temperature (M-f), thermal contraction plays the dominant role in the formation of welding residual stress, and tensile stress was formed in the majority of weld zone except the final weld pass. While, compressive stress was formed in almost whole weld zone due to martensitic transformation when the IPT is higher than martensite transformation starting temperature (M-s).     

Joining of titanium to 304L stainless steel by friction welding

The dissimilar metal joint of titanium (Ti) to 304L stainless steel (SS) is essential in the nuclear industry for the dissolution of spent fuel that is carried out in boiling nitric acid in the dissolver vessel (made of Ti) and the dissolved solution is transported through the 304L SS pipes to the other plant components made of 304L SS. Because of the radioactive environment, leak tightness and corrosion resistance of this dissimilar joint are important. In this work, friction welding process was attempted to join Ti to 304L SS. Direct friction welding of Ti to 304L SS results in a stronger weld in which failure occurs in the Ti base metal during tensile testing. However, the joints have almost zero bend ductility that has been attributed to the formation of intermetallics due to mechanical alloying, strain hardening of Ti near the joint interface and residual stresses. Post-weld heat treatment marginally increases the bend ductility to 5° because of relieving of the effects of strain hardening and of residual stresses at the joint interface. Corrosion test in boiling nitric acid as per ASTM A-262 Practice C shows that the average corrosion rate is 10 mpy with the joints remaining intact after the corrosion test. The details of mechanical tests, microstructure analysis using optical and scanning electron microscopy, are discussed.     

关于焊接残余应力形成机制的探讨

分析了关于焊接残余应力形成过程描述的传统观点的局限性和不足,指出材料力学的“截面法”不能用于分析横向残余应力分量。认为在不考虑材科相变的前提下,焊缝金属冷却时收缩受制也是导致焊接残余应力产生的重要原因。虽然残余压缩应变和残余收缩应变在导致焊接残余应力产生的作用方面是等价的,但其机理却有本质的不同,区别二者有利于研究和开发新的焊接残余应力调控技术。对固有应变理论进行了分析和补充,认为应统一到拉伸塑性应变上。用钢板上堆敷锡钎焊焊道的方法,在母材温升值低于塑性应变所需温差的条件下,由盲孔法测得了板上大范围分布的高值残余应力,且因焊道和母材的线膨胀系数差异较大,其应变测试值与环境温度有关。     

材料硬化模型对316L不锈钢焊接残余应力的影响

316L奥氏体不锈钢具有较强的应变硬化特征,建立合适的硬化模型可以更加准确地预测焊接残余应力.建立一种新型的非线性混合硬化模型,基于SYSWELD软件,采用间接耦合的三维热弹塑性有限元法模拟316L奥氏体不锈钢三道槽焊缝的残余应力.结果表明,材料的硬化模型对焊接残余应力的预测具有重要的影响,随着热循环次数的增加,硬化模型的影响越明显;与实际测量结果比较,随动硬化模型低估了焊接残余应力,等向硬化模型高估了残余应力,采用非线性混合硬化模型可以更加准确地模拟焊接残余应力.     

镁合金/不锈钢激光-TIG复合焊的数值分析

应用Nd：YAG激光-TIG（非熔化极氩弧焊）复合焊接技术对AZ31B镁合金板和304L不锈钢板进行异种材料对接焊.根据复合焊接的能量耦合机理,建立了基于双椭圆平面分布、双椭球体积分布和旋转-高斯体积分布相结合的复合焊接热源模型,利用有限元数值模拟,分析了复合焊接温度场及残余应力分布.结果表明,对异种材料而言,焊缝处温度场差别较大,且镁合金侧的残余应力较高.     

碳钢与304不锈钢焊接残余应力的计算

采用弹塑性有限元法计算了Q235碳钢与304不锈钢的焊接温度场和焊接残余应力,计算结果表明,由于二者物理性能的差异造成了焊接温度场和残余应力分布的不均匀,焊接残余应力的峰值出现在304不锈钢一侧,其值略低于304不锈钢的屈服强度.当焊接热源偏向Q235钢时,焊接残余应力峰值变化较小,但高应力区减小,焊接变形明显减小,当焊接热源偏向304不锈钢时结果相反.当焊接热输入增大时会导致焊后高应力区范围的扩大,残余应力的峰值略有降低.采用红外热像仪测量了焊接过程中焊接接头上表面的温度变化情况,有限元计算的结果与其符合较好.     

数值计算模拟工艺参数对管道环焊缝残余应力的影响

以热——弹塑性理论为基础,建立了厚壁管环焊缝残余应力的二维轴对称有限元模型,利用ANSYS有限元程序分析了三种焊接工艺参数对管道环焊缝残余应力的影响,计算中考虑了材料热物理性能参数和力学性能参数的温度相关性.结果表明,管道内表面焊缝和近缝区的轴向和环向残余应力均为拉应力,而管道外表面焊缝和近缝区的轴向残余应力和环向残余应力均为压应力;接头内表面应力水平高于外表面;残余应力的最大值均位于距管道外表面一定距离处,其数值接近于材料的屈服应力;随着焊接热输入的增加,残余应力峰值变化不大,塑性变形区宽度增加.     

焊接参数对异种钢接头热应力影响的数值模拟

利用有限元分析软件ANSYS，对电站锅炉内使用的珠光体耐热钢G102和奥氏体不锈钢SUS304的异种钢接头的焊接温度场和残余应力场进行了数值模拟，并采用不同焊接参数及其焊后去应力热处理进行了对比性分析计算。在双道焊的数值模拟过程中，采用生死单元法，逐道激活焊缝参与计算。结果证明：双道脉冲焊时接头热影响区较窄，应力峰值较低。结果还表明焊后热处理能有效改善接头残余应力的分布状况。     

On the evolution of local material properties and residual stress in a three-pass SA508 steel weld

In multi-pass welds, the development of residual stress generally depends on the response of the weld metal, heat-affected zone (HAZ) and nearby parent material to complex thermo-mechanical cycles. Here, the evolution of local material properties and residual stress was investigated for each of these zones during the manufacture of a three-pass groove weld in SA508 steel. Residual stress distributions were measured by neutron diffraction for a sample in which only one weld bead had been deposited, and again for a completed three-pass weld. The evolution of material properties was also characterised by measuring local hardness and conducting tensile tests on small coupons that were extracted from the same welded specimens. Overall, the addition of subsequent weld passes resulted in lower peak tensile residual stresses in the weld as a whole, softening of the HAZ, modest cyclic hardening in nearby parent metal, and some softening in the low-carbon weld metal.     

屈服强度参数对10Ni5CrMoV钢焊接残余应力数值计算结果的影响

为了研究低合金高强钢在焊接过程中屈服强度参数变化对焊接数值计算结果的影响,测定了在稳态和冷却条件下10Ni5CrMoV钢在不同温度时的屈服强度和焊接接头的焊接残余应力,并采用有限元软件分别根据两种条件下所测屈服强度参数对10Ni5CrMoV钢焊接接头的焊接残余应力进行了数值计算.结果表明,冷却条件下不同温度的屈服强度测试值低于稳态条件下相应温度屈服强度测定值,根据冷却条件下测定的屈服强度曲线计算所得焊接残余应力分布与实测值具有更好的吻合度.     

铝合金薄板焊接应力三维有限元模拟

采用热弹塑性有限元方法,对铝合金薄板脉冲TIG焊接接头的焊接应力进行了三维数值模拟,考虑材料性能随温度的变化,对焊接残余应力进行测量.结果表明,铝合金薄板中的焊接应力产生、发展很快,加热结束后不久应力便趋于稳定.热源前缘和两侧区域存在数值很高的纵向和横向动态压应力,焊缝中心的纵向残余拉应力低于母材的屈服强度,距焊缝中心10 mm处的最大纵向残余拉应力达到母材的屈服强度,并且拉应力区较宽,远离焊缝区域的纵向残余压应力数值较大,因此铝合金薄板焊接结构易发生动态和焊后失稳,横截面上纵向残余应力的数值模拟结果与实测结果基本一致.